Sociology of the Family Chapter 3
AVERAGE CHILDREN BEING BORN FOR EACH GROUPS
2.4 LATINA 2.0 Black 1.8 Non-Hispanic Whites 1.7 Asian 1.4 American Indians
ASIAN AMERICAN-INEQUALITY AND DIVERSITY
3 LARGE ASIAN AMERICAN GROUPS HAVE: HIGHER LEVELS OF EDUCATION, LOWER LEVELS OF UNMARRIED CHILDBEARING and LOWER POVERTY RATES than US at large
LATINOS
50 MILLION, LARGES MINORITY GROUP IN THE COUNTRY AND FASTEST GROWING Some have been here in the country for a while, but A GREATER NUMBER are relatively RECENT IMMIGRANTS
FAMILISM DEFINITION
A personal outlook that puts family obligations first, before individual well-being
AFRICAN AMERICANS-SLAVERY LEGACY
Families of slaves and their descendants were MORE FLUID and LESS STABLE than those of other groups. That is, Black adults had more informal or common-law marriages (living together without legal recognition of marriage) and higher divorce rates Black children more often lived with foster or adoptive parents—FORMALLY OR INFORMALLY—and more extended families were directly involved in child rearing
AMERICAN INDIANS-TRADITIONAL FAMILY LIFE
Families were a central building block of SOCIAL STRUCTURE for American Indians before their contact with Europeans Their Societies frequently stressed the VALUE OF COOPERATION OVER COMPETITION, THE WELL-BEING OF THE COLLECTIVE OVER THAT OF AN INDIVIDUAL, and a SPIRITUAL ORIENTATION Family boundaries were broad: ex: among Hopi, mothers sisters were also called "mother" and maternal cousins were called "brother" and "sister".
THE NEW IMMIGRATION
Family based immigration also ensures that immigrant communities are regularly "REPLENISHED" which helps the leading immigrant group, but it may also increase the social distance between immigrant groups and the rest of society by encouraging them to intact within their own community.
LATINOS-FAMILISM
Family relationship—including strong intergenerational ties—play a central role in daily life for most Latinos. Latinos are 2-3 times more likely to live in extended families than most other groups---especially among immigrants, most of whom maintain close family ties back home. Many also have joined relatives in the US who migrated earlier, creating family chains of immigration
DEFINITIONS
Federal Government collect info about race and ethnicity mostly to enforce civil rights laws against discrimination. U.S. Census, Governments main statistical agency, the racial categories they measure are "NOT TO ATTEMPT TO DEFINE RACE BIOLOGICALLY, ANTHROPOLOGICALLY OR GENETICALLY", but rather "REFLECT A SOCIAL DEFINITION OF RACE RECOGNIZED IN THE COUNRY'
ASIAN AMERICANS
First Asians were Chinese working men in the 19th Century, most didn't intend to stay and those who did were forbidden to marry Whites and their numbers dwindled, but immigrants later came Today's population is 6% Asian American
2005: International Marriage Broker Regulation Act
Congress passed to require that potential immigrants be notified if their would-be spouses have a criminal background or have filed many immigration petitions. As of 08, it hasn't been effectively implemented, leaving the: Mail-to-Order Brides" at risk of abuse by their American Sponsors.
MINORITY GROUPS
(American Indians, African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans) Groups are usually smaller than the dominant groups Subordinate groups merit special attention in sociological analysis because their status raises questions about RIGHTS and SOCIAL JUSTICE, which are sources of CONFLICT and CHANGE IN SOCIETY.
GENERATIONS
**Both the immigrant groups and the mainstream culture adapt to each other, moving toward the point—perhaps never filly reached—when the ethnic distinction is no longer recognized at all—Unlike ACCULTURATION, ASSIMILATION is successful only when the host society accepts the new group. In America, new groups have received very different levels of acceptance, depending on the timing of their arrival, the economic and social role they play and the attitudes of the dominant group toward them.
RACIAL ETHNICITY DEFINITION
- An ethnic group to share physical characteristics (referring to cultural groups, NOT skin color)
TOP ANCESTRYS (not considered accurate)
- GERMAN - IRISH - ENGLISH - US - ITALIAN -some people write US or White which dosent help calculations
MINORITY GROUP DEFINITION
-A racial or ethnic group that occupies a subordinate status in society
AMERICAN INDIANS-ON AND OFF THE RESERVATIONS
Constellation of health problems, mostly from poverty and social isolation: Obesity & diabetes, alcoholism and its related maladies, such as family disruption. High rates of accidental and violent deaths, including suicide (young men), more than 3 times the national average.
AMERICAN INDIANS
Those that self-identify American Indian and another race are in some ways doing better than those who are only American Indian: they have higher rates of Education, lower rates of Poverty, and fewer children born to unmarried women. Both groups are much poorer though, less educated and show higher rates of single-parenthood than the US average
BLACK AND WHITE
Throughout the period of slavery and well beyond, whites were willing to resort violence, legal or illegal to prevent mixing between races. Several thousand African Americans were the victims of LYNCHING and in more than 1/3 of these cases the MOB sought revenge and alleged interracial sex crime. 1. ANTI-LYNCHING CRUSADER-WELLS-BARNETT "The old thread-bare lie that negro men rape white women" 2. Outcome was often Death, 20th century, 455 Americans were executed for rape, 89% black mostly for raping white women
THE FUTURE OF SOCIAL DISTANCE
Still a largely generational difference on interracial marriage, but trend is in the distance of narrowing social distance Both Asians and Latinos are considerable more likely to be intermarried in the 2nd & 3rd Generation after immigration, compared to those who migrated themselves. Possibly moving towards the breakdown of the strictest barriers- Black-White
The case of the fraternal twins
The case of the fraternal twins from a black dad and a white mom, sharing many but not all the same genes, there skin color was difference. If they were to be separated at birth they would most likely have different outcomes in life because of how others would see them and how they would see themselves.
US POPULATIONS BY RACE & ETHNICITY HIGHEST TO LOWEST
US population by race & ethnicity -White —Hispanic —Black —Asian —American Indians --Some other races —Native Hawaiian-Pacific Indian —multi races
GENERATIONS
When people move from one society to another, they adapt to their new cultural environment through "A COMPLEX PATTERN OF CONTINUITY AND CHANGE" Immigrants and their children learn the ways of their new homeland through ACCULTURATION
ETHNICITY DEFINITION
is a group of people with a common cultural identification, based on combination of language, religion, ancestral origin, or traditional practices
BIOLOGY AND RACE
After Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution, 19th century scientists ranked races in "Hierarchical order' believing the more advanced (rich & powerful) populations were more evolved
1924: IMMIGRATION ACT
After European immigration brought Millions to America Congress virtually shut the door with the Immigration Act, permitting only a few immigrants per year according to a country based quota system- and completely shutting off immigration from ASIA Immigration communities were not "REPLENISHED"
GENERATIONS
Age has a major impact on the role in the families ACCULTURATION Generational change is evident among LATINO immigrants on such key family indicators as: AGE IN MARRIAGE(COHABITATION), NUMBER OF CHILDREN, AND OVERALL FAMILY SIZE LATINAS OVERALL AVERAGE 2.4, BUT MARRIED LATINOS born abroad average more than 5 children each Problems can arise when children change more rapidly than their parents, a pattern exacerbated by children's access to new technology, online in edition to quicker language acquisition
IMMIGRATION UNITING AND DIVIDING FAMILIES
American legal history has resulted in confusing patterns of family division and unification, depending at different times of race, ethnicity, national rights and family structure
THE FUTURE OF SOCIAL DISTANCE
Americas increasing racial and ethnic diversity makes very visible the idea of different families enacting different traditions in their own way.... MAYBE THAT MAKES FAMILY DIVERSITY SEEM MORE NATURAL OR INEVITALBE, BUT IT DOSENT ELIMINATE THE SOCIAL CONFLICTS OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF FAMILY LIFE
**Why Sociologists and Government Bureaucrats classify this way:**
As long as people continue to mistreat, group definitions continue to matter---Our daily experience is partly shaped by our identification with racial and ethnic categories, both social scientist and govern. Officials need to pay close attention to these distinctions.
ASIAN AMERICAN-INEQUALITY AND DIVERSITY
Asian Americans realitvely have high incomes and occupational status: more than ½ of Chinese and Asian-Indian workers are managerial or professional occupations Among smaller groups of South-east ASIA-poverty rates are high and most adults work in blue collar occupations Most recent waves of immigrants from SE Asia were political and economic refugees fleeing desperate circumstances in the hope of a better future, usually without professional skills or education
ASIAN AMERICANS-FAMILY TRADITIONS, MODERN TIMES
Asian Americans tend to be more AUTHORITARIAN in their parenting style and place less value on their children's independence than do members of most other groups Besides cultural tradition education Achievements and common practice is also because many Asian adults themselves immigrated with higher educational degrees or more here to study for professional careers, both of which probably helped children do better in school.
ASIAN AMERICANS
Asian immigrant is mostly professionals, students or the family member's previous immigrants and because so many include immigrants, 70% speak a language OTHER THAN English
LATINOS-CULTURE AND DIVERSITY
Because of RECENT IMMIGRATIONS (AND HIGHER BIRTH RATES) LATINOS remain a VERY YOUNG GROUP ON AVERAGE, WITH A MEDIAN AGE OF 27.5, which is 10 years younger than the national average
LATINOS-CULTURE AND DIVERSITY
Biggest influx of Puerto Rican migrants was in the 2 decades following WWII, when many poor workers came to NY and NJ. First Cubans arrived in large numbers were fleeing the Cuban Revolution of 1959-Mostly well educated professionals who were received positively in FL by the government and assisted financially as political, rather than economic refugees. Joined by more waves of migrants Continuing flow of immigrants helped maintain a cultural continuity among LATINOS-That's why more than ¾ of LATINOS speak SPANISH AT HOME.
DEFINITIONS
Biology DOSEN'T support the classification of people into races, but deeply felt division between groups of people remain important SOCIALLY.
RACE
Common decent and physical similarity remain a matter of perception, NOT BIOLOGICAL CERTAINITY. RACE IDENTITY is usually passed from parents to children within families, and family interaction in the first site of racial self-awareness.
AFRICAN AMERICAN-FAMILY RESILIENCE
But rather than adopt the "BLAME THE VICTIM" approach, later scholars seen the Black families as RESILIENT AND ADAPTIVE. In the view, Black families may have been more MOTHER-CENTERED, or MATRIFOCAL, than WHITE FAMILIES, but there was no "problem" of female domination. This approach emphasized the economic and political oppression exp. By black families and saw their fluid family structure as a useful reaction to, rather than the cause of, persistent poverty.
BLACK AND WHITE
Declared Unconstitutional in 1967—Supreme Court Case—LOVING VS VIRGINIA 1. Loving was a white man who married an African American woman and it led to his arrest, in their bedroom, by local police 2. Nixon-There are times when abortion is necessary 3. Since the 1970s, steady growth in interracial marriage 4. 2010-11% African Americans Married to Whites (translated to white population 1%)
AMERICAN AFRICAN-URBAN POVERTY
Despite the high profiles, African Americans have the HIGHEST POVERTY RATE of any MAJOR RACIAL-ETHNIC GROUP and more than 2/3 s OF BLACK CHILDREN ARE BORN TO MOTHERS WHO ARE NOT MARRIED—THE HIGHEST PROPORTION OF ANY GROUP.
AMERICAN AFRICAN-URBAN POVERTY
Due to deterioration of the southern agricultural economy, black workers and their families left the south by millions between WWI and the 1950's called "THE GREAT MIGRATION".
ETHNICITY
ETHNIC identities are focused on CULTUAL TRAITS
AFRICAN AMERICAN-FAMILY RESILIENCE
Economic hardship continued to keep the "TRADITIONAL" nuclear family out of the reach for many African Americans. Strong women's leadership was in a part a necessary reaction to such hardships, as Black men alone were rarely able to earn enough to keep their families out of poverty.
LATINOS-FAMILISM
Even though some thought familisim makes the Latinos inward looking and slows their integration, Family Cooperation has also helped immigrants survive and even thrive in their new American context. If Poverty and hardship drive families together for support, strong intergenerational ties among LATINOS are probably as much a response to such challenges as they are a reflection of cultural tradition
AFRICAN AMERICANS-RETREAT FOR MARRIAGE?
Extended households are a historical continuation of BLACK FAMILY RESILIENCE, EASING OF BURDENS OF RACIAL INEQUALITY BY POOLING SOCIAL< ECONOMIC AND EMOTIONAL RESOURCES.
WHAT ABOUT THE WHITES?
Immigrants from Germany, Ireland, Italy, Eastern Europe in 19th & 20th century went through a period where they were excluded from the mainstream of being considered "WHITE" and were considered the OUTSIDERS. Improved as each group intermarried with Europeans, improved economic status, and moved out of immigrant ghettos in the cities where hey widely accepted as Whites. Jumbled different mixtures do to no enforcement on intermarriage boundaries leave some white Americans with a strong ethnic identity associated with European Ancestry while others don't, but the Census Bureau offers two blank spaces for people to write in the Ancestry. Ancestry is SELF IDENTIFIED.
IMMIGRATION UNITING AND DIVIDING FAMILIES
Immigration creates both OPPORTUNITIES and OBSTACLES for FAMILIES Chance to live a new life motivates many to move to US, but the resulting family dislocations and disruption bring bittersweet returns -IMMIGRATION-journey from one country to another, also crossing a legal boarder, whether legal or not, so changes to LAW
1965: Amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act
Important immigration laws of the 20th Century Lofted all numerical restrictions on the immigration of spouses, children and parents of US citizens, ended the country based quota system (most arrive from Latin American and Asia)
BLACK AND WHITE
In 2000 More than half of American Indians and Native Hawaiians were intermarried, Asian Americans and Latinos were in the middle @ 15% Asian and Latinos are more likely to marry outside their specific national-origin group THAN THEY ARE to marry outside the LARGER RACIAL-ETHNIC GROUP
1882: CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT
In response to ANTI CHINESE SENTIMENT and WHITE-DOMINANT MOVEMENT Congress passed Chinese Exclusion Act-barring Chinese from becoming citizens and blocking new immigration's Restricting Ark from returning from China visit with family because his parents were Chinese citizens, but Supreme court overruled it In 1898 and declared his citizenship back
AFRICAN AMERICANS-RETREAT FOR MARRIAGE?
Incarceration on African Americans families, especially the poor, have been dramatic. 20% blacks compared to 3% whites since 1960 s until reaching the age of 34. Explosive expansion of prison system. Grown dramatically, more people for Drug Crimes. Has impacted families and children being separated from parent—usually father...1 in 4 black children in 1990 experienced the incarceration of a parent
LATINOS-CULTURE AND DIVERSITY
LANGUAGE, RELIGION AND LESS RIGID RACIAL DIVISIONS CONSTITUTE COMMON ELEMENTS OF LATION CULTURE
LATINOS
MOST are MEXICAN (63%), then PUERTO RICO (9%), and then the CUBANS (4%)
ASIAN AMERICANS-FAMILY TRADITIONS, MODERN TIMES
Many bring elderly parents here to settle and live with which is permitted under FAMILY REUNIFICATION LAWS Many others who aren't well integrated may experience loneliness and isolation having left behind the land of their upbringing
INTERMARRIAGE DEFINITION
Marriage between members of different racial or ethnic groups
LATINOS-CULTURE AND DIVERSITY
Mexicans and Cubans are much more likely to live in married-couple households than Puerto Ricans, who have much higher births to unmarried women ALL Latinos trace their history back to SPANISH-speaking countries dominated by a CATHOLIC CHURCH In Colonial days, Latinos were more tolerant to mix with Europeans, slaves and native people than the protestants
1942-1964-BRACERO PROGRAM
Needing both agricultural works and full scale immigration, US extended "TEMPORARY" work permits to millions of Mexican workers Programs opened the doors that many families eventually went through. Repeating trips over the border often led to permanent settlement in US where many BRACEROS (manual laborers) made connections to bring family members as well.
AMERICAN AFRICAN-URBAN POVERTY
North Cities, hit hard by the 2nd half of the 20th Century when the economy shifted from production of goods to the provision of services—from making steel cars, and appliances. THIS TRANSFORMATION CAME TO BE KNOWN AS DEINDUSTRIALIZATION
AMERICAN AFRICAN-URBAN POVERTY
Most African Americans in the North came to the cities, high levels of residential segregation, blacks and white living in separate neighborhoods. Direct result of business and government policies and the mortgage programs for WHITE FAMILIES.
AMERICAN AFRICAN-FAMILY RESILIENCE
Most African Americans lived in Nuclear Families in decades after Civil War. End of slavery made it possible to make decisions of family well-being, but were heavily constrained to economic opportunities. Families bonds were uncommonly strong.
MOST IMPORTANT CHANGE WITH HOW THE US GOVERNMENT MEASURES RACE
Most important change: option to check more than one race- was a response to growing presence of interracial couples who resisted to choose 1 category for their children. Also aimed at the millions of immigrants (mostly Latin Amer. & Asia)
AMERICAN INDIANS-ON AND OFF THE RESERVATIONS
Most left during the 20th century and worked there way into Mainstream American Society, weakening the hold of traditional values and practices. 2010 only 22% with American Indian racial identity were living on reservations or tribal lands where social and economic conditions are often desperate. The largest reservations, NAVAJOS in the South West 175k residents, very poor 44% children living below poverty and less than 1/3 of population having an education beyond high school. Teenage childbearing is common, and unmarried mothers often raise their children with support of extended family networks.
DANIEL MOYNIHAN
Moynihan-a sociologist and government analysist-Moynihan report "A fundamental fact of Negro American family life is often reversed roles of husband and wife.....The matriarchal pattern of so many Negro families reinforces itself over generations" race inequality is a large part of the nature of Black life, they appear to be 'BLAMING THE VICTIM" and contributed to racist sterotypes
AFRICAN AMERICANS
Prevented from exercising family choices first by slavery and then by a series of DIRECT AND INDIRECT FORCES in American Society. These include: DISCRIMINATION, POVERTY, UNEMPLOYMENT, HIGH MORTALITY, and SEGREGATION. As a result, they experienced important aspects of RACIAL INEQUALITY through their family lives
RACE & IDENTITY
RACE & IDENTITY OVERLAP IN US-Many people use the ETHIC TERM AFRICAN AMERICAN and the RACIAL TERM BLACK INTERCHANGEABLY, because the group includes both perceived physical similarities and common cultural identification.
AFRICAN AMERICANS-RETREAT FOR MARRIAGE?
REASONS WHY BLACK FAMILY STRUCTURE CHANGED WITH ECONOMIC TIMES: 1. Job loss and economic stress increased separation and divorce 2. Jobless also prevented marriage in the first place, MEN WITHOUT JOBS USUALLY DON'T MAKE ATTRACTIVE MARRIAGE PARTNERS 3. Black men have higher mortality rates and higher incarceration rates than another group 4. And most people still marry within their own race—especially black women, who have the lowest intermarriage rates than any other group
RACE
Race and Ethnicity are both SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED, but the two concepts reflect DIFFERENT ideas. Race identities reflect perceptions about BIOLOGICAL TRAITS.
INTERMARRIAGE
Racial and ethnic groups can only exist if the categories they represent stay distinct in the minds of society members and the idea of separate groups can only persist as long as there is some actual separation between groups in daily life THE 'LITMUS TEST" of racial and ethnic differences The experience of intermarriage CREATES the integration of two groups In US..stiffest barrier is between WHITES & AFRICAN AMERICANS
GENERATIONS
Researchers refer to IMMIGRATION according to their relation to the families MIGRATION. 'FIRST GENERATION is the immigrants themselves, the SECOND GENERATION is their children. Each generation has their own experience, in some cases that fosters STRONG SELF-IDENTITY Japanese ISSEI(first generation) NISEI(second generation) The original immigrants were cultural standard-bearers, and their children played the role of mediators between the old ways and the new society.
AFRICAN AMERICANS-RETREAT FOR MARRIAGE?
Retreat for Marriage> Rates between African Americans and the rest of the population has widened
AFRICAN AMERICANS-RETREAT FOR MARRIAGE?
SINGLE MOTHERS,INCARCERATED PARENTS, JOBLESSNESS, HEALTH PROBLEMS ALL POSE CHALLENGES FOR CHILD REARING. In response, black grandparents are more likely to live with their grandchildren THAN are the grandparents of ANY OTHER RACIAL-ETHNIC GROUP
AMERICAN AFRICAN-URBAN POVERTY
Segregated inner cities where most blacks lived, POVERTY AND SOCIAL ISOLATION even with RACIAL DISCRIMINATION blocking access to better jobs. Still today, Milwaukee, most racially segregated city
ASIAN AMERICANS-FAMILY TRADITIONS, MODERN TIMES
Several features common-not universal-among different national-origin groups Chinese and East Asians with a Confucian religious background, there is a tradition of striving for educational excellence Confucian exam system-even the poor children could achieve success through diligent study
ASIAN AMERICAN-INEQUALITY AND DIVERSITY
Since the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882- some Americans have resisted what they see as competition from Asian workers. Ex: Chinese immigrant was beaten to death outside a Detroit bar for being mistaken as Japanese. The stereotype of Asian Americans as successful students may create hostility and cultural divisions as well as warping the expectations held by teachers and students themselves The DIVERSE minority groups in the US make it impossible to offer simple GENERALIZATION about their experiences-especially those immigrants in last century
BIOLOGY AND RACE
Skin Color-most important biologically Dark skin more likely to live to become parents, dark skin was important to adaptation that improved survival, they grew to dominate the population near earths equator
1945: WAR BRIDES ACT
Tens of Thousands of military married locals while serving in Europe or Asia during WWII. This act permitted the immigration of their wives and children and later was extended to Korean wives of US Soldiers from Korean War. Not a warm welcome from other US women
THE U.S POPULATION
The GROWING DIVERSITY in FAMILY STRUCTURE has coincided with a rapidly expanding diversity in the RACIAL-ETHNIC composition of the population. White population is gradually LOSING DOMINANT NUMERICAL STATUS
AMERICAN INDIANS
The MIXED ANCESTRY is a painful legacy which many people have to leave behind their ancestral traditions to become more successful in MODERN AMERICAN SOCIETY. SOCIAL WELFARE AUTHORITIES forced many American Indian children into boarding schools or placed them with White foster families. Even today American Indian children are THREE TIMES more likely than those in the general population to be living in foster families.
ACCULTURATION DEFINITION
The acquisition on a new culture and language
BIOLOGY AND RACE
The differences between groups around the world led eighteenth century scientist to attempt to categorize people into "RACE" which corresponded to populations of the different continents.
SOCIAL DISTANCE DEFINITION
The level of acceptance that members of one group have toward those of another
AMERICAN INDIANS
They make up 2% of US Population The LARGEST tribes today are CHEROKEE, then NAVAJO and CHOCTAW who together account for 40% of those American Indians who specify tribal identity. Raid growth due to: Greater desire and willingness, of those with mixed ancestry to express that identity
MULTI-RACE OPTION
This simple response to the multiple-race option shows the SYMBOLIC POWER of a Government category to alter such intimate details of individuals live as their RACIAL IDENTITY.
WHAT ABOUT THE WHITES?
Whites often do not identify themselves as a member of ANY RACIAL OR ETHNIC GROUP. Wide ethnic backgrounds, mostly Europe. European Americans get a lot of attention in the book for: DOMINANCE OF ECONOMIC, CULTURAL AND POLITICAL LIFE IN THE US According to RACIAL Statistics, White people are the LARGEST group in the US, even excluding the Latinos who consider themselves White. 19th Century-Creation of "AMERICA" race made up of different European groups
LATINOS-FAMILISM
Younger average age, more children per family, and extended households all make up the average Latino family substantially larger than any other major group.
RACE DEFINITION
a group of people believe to share common descent, based on perceived innate physical similarities
ASSIMILATION DEFINITION
the gradual reduction of ethnic distinction between immigrants and the mainstream society.
AMERICAN STORIES
For many MINORITY GROUPS, the struggle for collective autonomy and self-discrimination remains a dominant theme in family life. Large Social Issues Effecting these race and ethnic groups Diversity, Inequality and Social Change
AMERICAN INDIANS
1 million -350 tribes in 1600 when European's arrived, by the 20th century the population catastrophically reduced by 2/3 more by DISEASE AND WAR. Since then they have rebounded to 5.2 million including the self-identity as American Indian as well as another race, this group has historically married, reproduced, and lived among the White and Latin populations at relatively rates.
**Why Sociologists and Government Bureaucrats classify this way:**
1. Many aspects of the family and social life still reflect persistent separation between people along racial-ethnic group lines. Most still live, marry, reproduce and raise children primarily within their own racial-ethnic group. a. ENDOGAMY-Marriage and reproduction within a distinct group (group boundaries) b. EXOGAMY-Marriage and reproduction outside one's distinct group 2. The enforcement of these divisions in the past has stamped contemporary American society with long lasting inequalities between racial-ethnic groups. Many still discriminate and maintain preconceptions about their nature and human qualities.
THE NEW IMMIGRATION
13%of US residents were born in another country, highest since the wave of European immigration peaked. About ¼ of the population belongs to Immigration Immigration has accelerated in past 3 decades increasing in parts of the country that didn't have large numbers of immigrants like Midwest and Southeast
US POPULATION
ASIAN population increase is mostly the result of IMMINGRATION
AMERICAN AFRICAN-URBAN POVERTY
African Americans suffered the most in the transformation for several reasons: 1. Hardest on workers without higher education, especially men 2. Loss of jobs was greatest in the old industrial cities, where so many black families has settled 3. Good paying BLUE-COLLAR jobs left the city
THE NEW IMMIGRATION
Current wave dates back to 1965 when a reform of the federal laws allowed immigration of any number of spouses, children and parents of US citizens. This change in policy opened the door to family reunification through immigration. Without this principle, immigration would result in an influx of individual works rather than families
HOW THE US GOVERNMENT MEASURES RACE
Currently Counts 5 distinctive races: White, Black, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaii or Pacific Islander You can identify as many as you like Separate Category for Hispanic or Latino US population by race & ethnicity—Most to least White—Hispanic—Black—Asian—American Indians--Some other races—native Hawaiian-PI—multi races
BLACK AND WHITE
First law passed in Maryland 1661 and most African Americans lived under laws till 1960s During slavery, while male slave owners fathered many children with black slave women, and the 'ONE-DROP RULE" ensured that their children remained slaves, protecting the perceived integrity of the white race. But the possibility of a black man fathering children with a white woman remained an unacceptable affront to southern white opinion.
GENERATIONS
For Families that ACCULTURATION maybe CONSONANT, when parents and children together gradually transition away from their home culture language or it may DISSONANT, when children develop English ability more quickly and integrate into the new society easier than their parents
AMERICAN INDIANS-ON AND OFF THE RESERVATIONS
Gambling industry has provided flow and increased income into these communities, more than 300 which now operate casinos in 29 states. 2011 generated more than $25B. These businesses have funded expansion of social services and new school facilities and medical centers
AMERICAN AFRICAN-URBAN POVERTY
Good paying BLUE-COLLAR jobs left the city: poor urban families not only faced unemployment or low wages but also found themselves surrounded by neighbors with the same dire straits—a situation exacerbated by the rigid residential segregation. Concentration of poverty contributed to a breakdown in family and other social systems IE, other working family members, churches, schools. The rise of concentrated urban poverty has many negative effects on the people in the INNER CITIES: Most far reaching since slavery, THE RAPID, DEEP DECLINE IN MARRIAGE RATES, AND INCREASE IN CHILDREN BORN TO UNMARRIED PARENTS.
THE US POPULATION
Greatest growth is among: LATINOS They have more than TRIPLED their share of the population from 1970 too present and if trend continue it will reach 30% the total population by 2050
AMERICAN INDIANS-TRADITIONAL FAMILY LIFE
Historical Practices: Informal same-sex Marriage In these couples, one of the members fulfilled the duties commonly performed by members of the other sex. Rather than be stigmatized, this CROSS-GENDER ROLE was often a recognized status, constituting in effect a THIRD GENDER IDENTITY .American Indian Tribes practiced Polygamy, those men who had enough property to support multiple wives would and the woman labor supported the larges family
2002: Homeland Security Act
Homeland security took over Immigration Enforcement Through fence buildings and patrols along the border, the government has made illegal crossing much more difficult and dangerous. Undocumented immigrants that used to travel back and forth are to US are more likely to establish permanent residence in the US and bring their families.
GENERATIONS
Immigrants don't leave the old culture behind and join a new one. Immigrants don't leave the old culture behind and join a new one. New groups blend into American society to varying degrees through a process called ASSIMILATION
ASIAN AMERICANS
Largest group traces ancestry to CHINA (23%), Philippines (20%), INDIA (18%)
RACIAL ETHNICITY
Latinos are thought of as an ETHNICITY because of SHARED CULTURAL HERITAGE. BUT in other ways they are thought of in RACIAL TERMS as "LATINO" Both African Americans and Latinos fit the combined concepts of a RACIALIZED ETHNIC GROUP, or RACIAL ETHNICITY.
AFRICAN AMERICANS-SLAVERY LEGACY
Long term role of slavery legacy? Black family resilience as a reoccurring them in the struggle for freedom and survival and maintained a powerful presence in the family life into modern times. Their family were shaped by SLAVERY, DISCRIMINATION, and POVERTY MORE than CULTURAL TRADITIONS
ASIAN AMERICANS-FAMILY TRADITIONS, MODERN TIMES
Parental support for education-parental pressure as represent by the figure of "TIGER MOTHER" is one reason why only 3% of Asians Americans 16 to 24 years of age are high school dropouts compared to 8% of the total population
IMMIGRATION
Patinkin Family Story-like so many other families, a millions more since, the family was first pulled apart and then put back together through the process of IMMIGRATION-brings new influences to American Societies but also provokes rapid and sometimes difficult transitions
ASIAN AMERICANS-FAMILY TRADITIONS, MODERN TIMES
Most Asia cultures include strong imperatives to respect and care for elders Likely to live in multigenerational households 13% of Asian American Children live with one or more grandparent
HOW THE US GOVERNMENT MEASURES RACE LATINOS
Most Latinos consider themselves to be white but also another race, such as Indian referring to descents of Central & South America. Relatively few people identify more than 1 race 9million out of 309 Million is US chose more than one. 1/3 were Latinos
ONE DROP RULE
Not based on scientific understanding of race, but on economic interest of MALE SLAVE OWNERS, they wanted to make sure that the children they fathered with black slave women remained their property instead of becoming their HEIRS. By the rule, a white woman could give birth to a black child, but a black woman couldn't give birth to a white child.
BIOLOGY AND RACE
Now Biologists understand that groups called races don't fit the scientific criteria for racial classifications we see in other animals where subspecies, or "breeding populations" are genetically more distinct from each other because modern humans emerged from Africa (evolution time 100k yrs ago) to populate other continents and even though they didn't remain separate population, but continued to migrate around producing mixed children, PREVENTING THE FORMATION OF VERY DIFFEENT RACES.
AMERICAN INDIANS
Once hundreds of tribes, but have now shrank to a tiny fraction of US population is one of CONQUEST, GENOCIDE, OPPRESSION and PERPETUAL STRUGGLE. Many now live hundreds of miles from their ancestry homelands, in territories chosen by the government for their undesirable qualities- those harsh realities still remain today. The family life of American Indians has been crucial to their survival and persistence and gives meaning to their lives of many people who remains connected to the cultural traditions of their ancestors
ETHNICITY
One important DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ETHNICITY AND RACE: The sometimes voluntary nature of ethnic identity: Ethnicity can change over a person's lifetime—for example when a child grows up and leaves the family. It can even change one social setting to another: when we move from group of friends to a family celebration. RACE IDENTITY IS MORE STABLE
WHAT ABOUT THE WHITES? Timothy Coakley
Timothy Coakley- "We have evolved the race of races, The American race" which is described as a "RACIAL FRATERNITY" of diverse Europeans— NOT INCLUDING American Indians, Mexicans, Blacks and Asians. American Race, replaced by name "WHITES" in the 20th Century (many still used the erroneous term "Caucasian")
AMERICAN AFRICAN-URBAN POVERTY
Today, black middle class, have better education and job skills for a higher standard of living and live outside the suburbs, led by workers with college degrees and technical skills and even owning their own homes. Growth of Black middle class considered a cultural event, a change from the historical dominance of first rural and then urban poverty. As a result: popular TV shows, The Cosby Show-Fresh Price of Bell-air
MULATTO
U.S. Census created "MULATTO" for mixed race individuals for several decades and has largely stuck (mostly informality) to this day. This is why Obama grew up w black identity even though his father was black, and mother was white.
AFRICAN AMERICANS-RETREAT FOR MARRIAGE?
UNMARRIED, young black women outnumber UNMARRIED, EMPLOYED Black men in their age group by 1 to 2 in LA, CHICAGO, NY and PHILADELPHIA...The rest are either unemployed, prison, in military, no longer living, or already married.
AFRICAN AMERICANS-SLAVERY LEGACY
Weak tradition as a nuclear family, some people saw black families as MATRIARCHAL, or female dominated. Family structure was viewed as a problem for black families, especially with regard to raising boys to be providers and leaders of their own families. Those who saw the legacy of slavery as contributing to the contemporary plight were sympathetic, but their emphasis on family structure created the impression that family behavior, more than ONGOING RACISM AND POVERTY, WAS THE PRINCIPAL CAUSE OF RACE INEQUALITY
Main factors behind US population change
IMMMIGRATION- especially Latin America and Asia, and HIGHER BIRTH RATES AMONG IMMINGRANTS and THEIR CHILDREN THAN AMONG THE MORE SETTLED GROUPS IN THE POPULATION
HOW THE US GOVERNMENT MEASURES RACE CONSEQUENCE
One consequence of the option to choose more than one race is a weakening of the informal rule of "ONE DROP identification for African Americans. Rather than identifying children of any black parent as black, and increasing number of interracial couples are identifying their children as both parents' races. This simple response to the multiple-race option shows the SYMBOLIC POWER of a Government category to alter such intimate details of individuals live as their RACIAL IDENTITY.
ONE DROP RULE
Original American definition of BLACK is a good example of SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION. During slavery, ANYONE who has ANY identifiable African Ancestry, was considered Black in the eyes of both LAW and WHITE SOCIETY. This was called "ONE-DROP" RULE, referring to one drop of African blood. (also known as HYPODESCENT)
LATINOS-CULTURE AND DIVERSITY
Original Mexican Americans were already living on land in southwest that was annexed after the MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR in 1848. RECENTLY, Mexican immigration has been DOMINATED by poor workers with low levels of education seeking entry-level jobs.
BIOLOGY AND RACE
Other differences between groups such as facial shape or hair type doesn't appear to affect survival so it's believed that they evolved randomly from groups living apart. After being separated for over ten of thousands of years, worldwide mixing of human groups in Modern Society is further undermining genetic differences between groups of people.
DEFINITIONS
So how do we arrive at that social Definition?? One important Modern Principle use to collect data about race and ethnicity involves "SELF-IDENTIFICATION" (the race and ethnicity you choose it up to you or your parents, without proof and usually applies to how other people see them as well) This means that Self-Identity is partly a SOCIAL product. This Quality—self-identification as a social product instead of mixed, objective category—IS ONE REASON WHY WE SAY THAT RACE AND ETHNICITY IS SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED. Categories & the assignment of individuals to categories are the outcome of social interaction and beliefs; they change over time, and they differ from place to place.
THE FUTURE OF SOCIAL DISTANCE
Sociologists believe that intermarriage is itself a good measure of social distance, because it shows the breakdowns—or lack of—of society's most rigid taboos Studies may tell us more than we can learn from the surveys in which people say what they think about other groups. However, MOST PEOPLE END UP MARRYING SOMEONE who lives, works, or goes to school near them, and given the persistence of residential segregation, many people do not have a reasonable opportunity to marry people from other races. Especially true for Whites
US POPULATION
Some change in Family structure has resulted from a LACK of choice, as people make family decisions in reaction to changing circumstances beyond control ETHNIC DIVERSITY adds a layer of complexity and makes it harder to identify ONE DOMINANT TYPE OF FAMILY
AMERICAN INDIANS-TRADITIONAL FAMILY LIFE
Some traditional practice today remains more prevalent on reservations or tribal land where they are sources an identity and pride- ex: grandparents are more likely to be involved with caring for their grandchildren The mass destruction from US Government though of their traditional ways of life has radically transformed to the point they have become difficult to identify what "Traditional" practice is.
