Sociology (Og Final Guide)

________ refers to accepted influence, in other words, influence that people agree to follow.

Authority

________ seek to preserve existing norms and values.

Conservative movements

________ is a term that refers to a reduction in one's ability to perform everyday tasks.

Disability

________ is the unjust treatment of a category of people simply because they belong to that category while ________ is when someone has a preconceived opinion that isn't based on reason or experience

Discrimination; prejudice

________ describes shared culture, ancestry, nationality, or even religion.

Ethnicity

Historically, the most recent large-scale Asian immigration has come from ________ and ________.

Korea: Vietnam

Alfred Kinsey was among the first to conceptualize sexuality as

a continuum rather than a strict dichotomy of gay or straight.

At first, most goods and services were traded as gifts or through an exchange known as ________ or between small social groups.

bartering

Individuals are socialized around their parents' occupations and thus, have a higher likelihood of entering similar lines of work. This is known as ________.

career inheritance

Race is about

physical markers.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) of 2010 is sometimes called ________ for its most noted advocate, and represents large-scale federal reform of the United States' healthcare system.

"ObamaCare"

Reported in the U.S. Census Current Population Survey of 2013, research indicates that ________ of people in the United States have no health insurance at all.

18 percent

Name the group whose ancestors did not come here by choice.

African Americans

________ are focused on self-improvement and limited, specific changes to individual beliefs and behavior. T

Alternative movements

What is the process called by which a minority group and a majority group combine to form a new group?

Amalgamation

According to Samhan (2001), relations between Arab Americans and the dominant majority have been marked by mistrust, misinformation, and deeply entrenched beliefs. The ________ contributed significantly to cultural and political anti-Arab sentiment in the United States.

Arab-Israeli conflicts in the 1970s

________ is non-institutionalized activity in which several people voluntarily engage.

Collective behavior

________ refers to the theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture.

Culture of prejudice

Which of the following theories would suggest that racial and ethnic inequalities must have served an important purpose in order to exist as long as they have?

Functionalism

________ is a person's deeply held internal perception of his or her gender.

Gender identity

________ serves as a significant agent of gender socialization when in television and movies, women tend to have less significant roles and are often portrayed as wives or mothers.

Mass media

________ affects more than personal relationships; it shapes larger dynamics like social groups, professional organizations, and governments.

Power

________ refers to the beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes someone holds about a group while ________ refers to actions against a group of people

Prejudice; discrimination

________ are "meaning seeking," and their goal is to provoke inner change or spiritual growth in individuals.

Redemptive movements

________ is an economic system in which there is government ownership (often referred to as "state run") of goods and their production, with an impetus to share work and wealth equally among the members of a society.

Socialism

________ stress the importance of regulating sexual behavior to ensure marital cohesion and family stability

Structural functionalist theorists

________ refers to how a certain amount of unemployment is a direct result of the relative inflexibility of the labor market, and there is a mismatch between people seeking jobs and the available jobs.

Structural unemployment

________ focus on the meanings associated with sexuality and with sexual orientation and since femininity is devalued in U.S. society, those who adopt such traits are subject to ridicule, especially for boys or men.

Symbolic interactionists

By 1705, Virginia passed which of these laws?

The slave codes which declared that any foreign-born non-Christian could be a slave, and be considered property.

________ statistics only count those who are actively looking for work, who have not earned income from a job in the past four weeks and who are ready, willing, and able to work.

Unemployment

Stereotypes

are recycled from subordinate groups that have assimilated into society.

Today, in the United States, ________, and the District of Columbia require comprehensive sex education classes in schools.

half the states

In any given election year roughly ________ of the population does not vote.

one half

A ________ might be based on an interest that just affects one area of the United States.

state level social movement

Health care disparities between racial and ethnic groups are based on

the level of healthcare that these racial/ethnic groups receive.

U.S. slavery continued for 150 years. Black Africans were kidnapped from their own lands and shipped to the New World on the trans-Atlantic journey called the Middle Passage. Slave codes declared that the child of a slave was a slave________.

which created the slave class in the United States

White ethnic Europeans formed the second and third great waves of immigration from the early nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century. They joined the newly formed United States which was made up primarily of

white Protestants from England.

Another fairly commonly diagnosed mental disorder is Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), which statistics suggest will affect ________ on a lifetime basis.

9 percent of children and 8 percent of adults

Geographically, the Arab region comprises the Middle East and parts of Northern Africa (MENA). People whose ancestry lies in that area or who speak primarily Arabic may consider themselves

Arabs

Which woman was believed to have "heaved a brick through the rose-colored picture window of the American bungalow" by writing her book for the second wave of the women's movement?

Betty Friedan

Although the Kinsey scale was developed in 1948 to explain a continuum of human sexuality rather than a simple dichotomy, why do most Americans still subscribe to the notion that a person is either gay or straight, with no in-between?

Children are socialized in a heteronormative society.

________ immigration came to an abrupt end with the Exclusion Act of 1882. This act was a result of anti-immigrant sentiment due to a depressed economy and loss of jobs. White workers blamed these migrants for taking their jobs. Because these men did not have the funds to return to their homeland, or to bring their families to the United States, they remained physically and culturally segregated in areas of large cities.

Chinese

________ are those that are questioned or questionable by some medical professionals.

Congested illnesses

This theory emphasizes the importance of interaction and communication between groups to reduce stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination.

Contact hypothesis

________ states the problem in a clear, easily understood way.

Diagnostic framing

________ refers to a system in which groups of people experience unequal access to basic, yet highly valuable, social resources.

Gender stratification

The U.S. Census from 2008 shows that 16.5 percent of respondents reported being of ________descent; the largest group in the country

German

________ immigrants were not initially victimized in the same way that other white immigrants were. They settled in ethnic enclaves and established roots. However in the run up to World War I, sentiment turned against them strongly.

German

The best example of socialized medicine is in ________, where the National Health System (NHS) gives free healthcare to all its residents and has done so since the 1940s.

Great Britain

Which theory suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes when we examine the advantages and disadvantages of race?

Intersection theory

________ believed that the only way for the underprivileged to eventually gain some measure of equality would be to continue to struggle against one another.

Karl Marx

________ is a state-based program that provides medical coverage for people who cannot afford it, as long as they meet certain guidelines.

Medicaid

Whether they are legal or illegal immigrants, because they have high population numbers, ________ are often the target of stereotyping, racism, and discrimination as well as being singled out for documentation checks by police officers. Simply not having appropriate documentation then, becomes a crime in states like Arizona.

Mexican Americans

________ form the largest Hispanic subgroup in the U.S. and also the oldest. Their immigration to the U.S. began in the early 1900s in response to the need for cheap agricultural labor. As workers, they would stay for a few years and then go back home with more money than they could have made in their country of origin.

Mexican Americans

________ might span an entire country, perhaps led by a national organization.

National level social movements

Which group is the only non-immigrant ethnic group in the United States?

Native Americans

________ arises out of the mutual interdependence created by the specialization of work.

Organic solidarity

________ means that a gap has developed in the job market, with most employment opportunities at the lowest and highest levels and few jobs for those with mid-level skills and education.

Polarization

________ offers a solution and states how it will be implemented.

Prognostic framing

________ focuses on mismatches between anatomical sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation, not just division into male/female or homosexual/hetereosexual. By so labelling their discipline, scholars reject the effects of labeling; instead, they embraced the term and reclaimed it for their own purposes.

Queer theory

________ is a way to explain movement success in terms of the ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals.

Resource mobilization theory

________ seek to completely change every aspect of society. Examples include the Civil Rights Movement or political movements, such as a push for communism.

Revolutionary movements

The ________of the women's movement began in the early 1960s in the United States, and lasted through the early 1980s and drew attention to a host of issues, including the Equal Rights Amendment, which was defeated by anti-feminists.

Second Wave

________ also has influenced voting practices since voting rates among lower-educated, lower-paid workers are lower than for people with higher socioeconomic status. This fosters a system in which people with more power and access to resources have the means to perpetuate their power

Social class

________ are purposeful, organized groups that strive to work toward a common social goal.

Social movements

________ focus attention on figures, emblems, or individuals that represent government, power and authority.They are most interested in the interaction between small groups who make decisions, or in the case of some recent congressional committees, demonstrate the inability to make any decisions at all.

Symbolic interaction theorists

The first Arab immigrants came to this country in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were predominantly ________, and they came to escape persecution and to make a better life. These early immigrants and their descendants, who were more likely to think of themselves as Syrian or Lebanese than Arab, represent almost half of the Arab American population today (Myers 2007).

Syrian, Lebanese, and Jordanian Christians

The first Arab immigrants who came to this country in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were predominantly ________, and they came to escape persecution and to make a better life. These early immigrants and their descendants, who were more likely to think of themselves as Syrian or Lebanese than Arab, represent almost half of the Arab American population today (Myers 2007).

Syrian, Lebanese, and Jordanian Christians

________ is a driving force behind globalization, while the other forces of social change (social institutions, population, environment) play comparatively minor roles.

Technology

________ is a functionalist perspective that states that several preconditions must be in place for collective behavior to occur.

Value-added theory

________ are affected adversely both by unequal access to and institutionalized sexism in the healthcare industry.

Women

Of the three primary forms of collective behavior, ________ is a large group of people in close proximity.

a crowd

According to Karl Marx, struggles between groups are necessary for the development of

a more egalitarian society

One of the biggest contributors to medical issues in low-income countries is the lack of

access to clean water and basic sanitation resources.

The difference between the terms "Arab" and "Muslim" is that Arab refers to ________ and Muslim refers to ________.

an ethnicity; a religion

Today, wealth is distributed inequitably ________ of the socioeconomic scale. Corporate profits have increased more than 141 percent, and CEO pay has risen by more than 298 percent.

at the top

Besides formal offices, ________ can arise from tradition and personal qualities.

authority

The ________, which replaces workers with technology, is another cause of the changes in the job market.

automation of the workplace

The dichotomous view of gender, the notion that someone is either male or female, is specific to certain cultures and is not universal. In some cultures gender is viewed as

being fluid.

According to the American Psychological Association, individuals usually become aware of their sexual orientation

between middle childhood and early adolescence.

The United States prides itself on being the land of the "free,"

but it is rather restrictive when it comes to its citizens' general attitudes about sex compared to other industrialized nations.

According to the American Psychological Association, there is no scientific consensus why a person holds a heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual orientation. Research has been conducted to study the possible genetic, hormonal, developmental, social, and cultural influences on sexual orientation,

but there has been no evidence that links sexual orientation to one factor.

What is considered "normal" in terms of sexual behavior is based on the mores and values of the society. Individuals are socialized to sexual attitudes

by their family, education system, peers, media, and religion.

The Agricultural Revolution led to development of the first economies that were based on trading goods. Eventually, the mechanization of the manufacturing process led to the Industrial Revolution and gave rise to two major competing economic systems,

capitalism and socialism.

As ________ began to dominate the economies of many countries during the Industrial Revolution, the rapid growth of businesses and their tremendous profitability gave some owners the resources they needed to create enormous corporations that could monopolize an entire industry.

capitalists

The belief that one skin tone is superior to another skin tone within a racial group is known as

colorism

According to ________, people with money and power in the dominant group are the ones who make decisions about how the healthcare system will be run. They therefore ensure that they will have healthcare coverage, while simultaneously ensuring that subordinate groups stay subordinate through lack of access.

conflict theorists

Belief that men have, or have the right to, more sexual urges than women creates a ________.

double standard

The ________ emphasizes the importance of social norms in crowd behavior.

emergent-norm theory

Health in the United States is a complex and often contradictory issue. As one of the wealthiest nations, the United States ________ in health comparisons with the rest of the world, yet it does not provide equal care to all.

fares well

On average, a black man will live approximately ________ when compared with a white man in the United States.

five fewer years

Sexual orientation is typically divided into at least ________ categories.

four

Some groups find it best to join together to maximize their impact. When social movements link their goals to the goals of other social movements and merge into a single group, a ________ occurs.

frame alignment

According to ________, racism is one way to justify racial inequality in society.

functionalism

According to ________, the government has four main purposes: planning and directing society, meeting social needs, maintaining law and order, and managing international relations. According to this theory, all aspects of society serve a purpose.

functionalist theorists

The digital divide refers to ________.

gap between those who have access to technology and those who do not have access to technology

The term________ refers to society's concept of how men and women are expected to look and how they should behave. These are based on norms, or standards, created by society.

gender role

________ occurs through four major agents of socialization: family, education, peer groups, and mass media. Each agent reinforces gender roles by creating and maintaining normative expectations for gender-specific behavior.

gender socialization

Some of the most common occupations in the United States are almost completely segregated by

gender.

Which of the following involves the deliberate, targeted annihilation of a subordinate group?

genocide

When products are assembled over the course of several international transactions, these are referred to as

global assembly lines

Social organizations worldwide take stands on such general areas of concern as poverty, sex trafficking, and the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food are examples of a

global level social movement.

It is important to note that ethnic minorities, including African Americans, Mexican Americans and Native Americans, ________ than whites.

have higher rates of diseases and causes of mortality

Our earliest human ancestors lived as ________. Small groups of extended families roamed from place to place looking for subsistence. They would settle in an area for a brief time when there were abundant resources. They hunted animals for their meat and gathered wild fruits, vegetables, and cereals.

hunter-gatherers

One implication of the ________ is that employees have access to email and information 24 hours/7 days a week and are expected to be more available and responsive.

immediacy of information transfer

The process of moving to a country is called ________. These people move to where there are available jobs.

immigration

Voter turnout has ________ in the past 12 years.

increased dramatically

Devin grows up with incredibly strict parents who punish him severely for even minor infractions. When he grows up, he finds himself drawn to other authority figures and emulates the ways some of his heroes act toward others. According to psychologist Theodor Adorno, Devin may be prone to

increased prejudicism.

An example of ________ is the way that women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with certain kinds of mental disorders.

institutionalized sexism

The ________ focuses on how race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity.

interaction theory

Which approach within feminist theory examines the overlapping identities a person has and how their tapestry of experiences affect their overall sense of identity?

intersectional theory

Today, unemployment rates are down in many areas of the United States, the Gross Domestic Product increased 4.6 percent in the second quarter of 2014, property owners have noted a slight increase in the valuation of housing, and the stock market appears to be reinvigorated, but while these and several other factors indicate the United States is on the road to recovery, ________.

many people are still struggling

Changing the clinical description of "Gender Identity Disorder" in the DSM V

may contribute to a larger acceptance of transgender people in society.

Major topics for ________ include the ways that society influences attitudes about diseases and health.

medical sociologists

Successful social movements use three kinds of frames to further their goals, diagnostic, prognostic, and ________.

motivational

As human populations move into more vulnerable areas, we see an increase in the number of people affected by

natural disasters.

When women, who make up ________ the workforce, bring home less money each day, it means they have less for the everyday needs of their families, and over a lifetime of work, far less savings for retirement."

nearly half

Contracting a job or set of jobs to an external corporation or nation is called ________.

outsourcing

What acts as the first socializing agent for children, concerning the development of their sexual identities?

parents

In the DSM-IV, ________ represent "an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the culture of the individual who exhibits it." In other words,________ cause people to behave in ways that are seen as abnormal to society but seem normal to them.

personality disorders

Which of these terms represents the ideal of the United States as a "salad bowl" where a mixture of different cultures is accepted and tolerated with each culture retaining its own identity and being valued equally with mutual respect on the part of all cultures, both dominant and subordinate?

pluralism

The U.S. government has a great deal of influence on private companies through the laws it passes and the regulations enforced by government agencies. Through taxes, regulations on wages, guidelines to protect worker safety and the environment, and financial rules for banks and investment firms, the government exerts a certain amount of control over how all companies do business in an attempt to reduce

predatory capitalism.

The ________ of the economy extracts and produces raw materials like metals and crops.

primary sector

Almost all healthcare in the United States is run by ________.

private sector

According to Weber, power which is made valid by laws, written rules, and regulations is termed________. In this type of authority, power is vested in a particular rationale, system, or ideology and not necessarily in the person who implements the specifics of that doctrine. A nation that follows a constitution applies this type of authority.

rational-legal authority

According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (2011), obesity rates are ________ in all countries, with the greatest gains being made in the highest-income countries.

rising

Which of these terms refers to the physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions?

segregation

One of the biggest controversies regarding sexual attitudes is sexual education in U.S. classrooms. Unlike in Sweden,

sex education is not required in all public school curricula in the United States.

According to the ________ theory, there are two rights of a sick person and two obligations. The sick person's rights are: being exempt from normal social roles, and not being responsible for their condition. Conversely, the sick person's obligations include trying to get well and cooperating with the medical professionals.

sick role

Mimicking the actions of ________ is the first step in the development of a separate sense of self, and children become agents who actively facilitate and apply normative gender expectations to those around them.

significant others

The focus of ________ theory would be on the inequalities of gender, social class, education, race, and ethnicity.

social conflict

According to ________, society is a struggle for dominance among social groups, like women versus men, that compete for scarce resources.

social conflict theory

The Black Lives Matter movement grew into a national network of chapters and joined forces with other, more organized groups, creating a ________ of more than 150 organizations across the United States that represent the interests of black communities.

social movement sector

Modern ________ really began as a reaction to the excesses of uncontrolled industrial capitalism in the 1800s and 1900s. The enormous wealth and lavish lifestyles enjoyed by owners contrasted sharply with the miserable conditions of the workers.

socialism

What type of economy have conflict theorists have historically supported?

socialism

The focus in ________ is on benefitting society, whereas ________ seeks to benefit the individual.

socialism; capitalism

One critique of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is that it will create a system of ________ medicine, a term that for many people in the United States has negative connotations lingering from the Cold War era and earlier.

socialized

Gender is something we do or perform, not something we are. In other words, both gender and sexuality are ________.

socially constructed

Much of the discrimination against homosexuals and bisexuals is based on

stereotypes and misinformation.

Erving Goffman suggests we might view illness as a ________ that can push others to view the ill in an undesirable manner. This often has the greatest effect on the patient and the kind of care he or she receives.

stigma

A term that can be used interchangeably with the term "minority" is

subordinate group.

A symbolic interactionist would emphasize how ________ related to race and ethnicity could lead to racism.

symbols

The ________ provides services: child care, healthcare, and money management.

tertiary sector

The ________ modernized the world; between 1800 and 2000, the world's population grew sixfold, while per capita income saw a tenfold jump.

the Industrial revolution

Asian Americans certainly have been subject to their share of racial prejudice, despite the seemingly positive stereotype knowns as the________ because they appear to achieve significant educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without challenging the existing establishment.

the model minority

According to the text, an important change in the new DSM-5 is that

the term Gender Dysphoria removes some stigma by taking the word "disorder" out of the approach.

A person's sex, as determined by their biology, does not always correspond with their gender. Therefore,

the terms sex and gender are not interchangeable.

Women's pay decreases on average relative to men once ________, and men's pay increases.

there are children in the family

Max Weber developed a classification system for authority. His three types of authority were defined as

traditional authority, charismatic authority and legal-rational authority.

There is no single, conclusive explanation for why people are ________. Their expressions and experiences are so diverse that it is difficult to identify their origin.

transgender

Some diseases, like cancer, are ________ across all countries.

universal

The eradication of Native American culture continued until the 1960s, when Native Americans

were able to participate in and benefit from the civil rights movement.

________ is an economic system in which there is private ownership as opposed to state ownership and where there is an impetus to produce profit, and thereby wealth.

Capitalism

The ________ was characterized by boycotts, marches, sit-ins, and freedom rides as demonstrations by a subordinate group that would no longer willingly submit to domination.

Civil rights movement

________ are often seen as a model minority group within the larger Hispanic group. Because they often had higher socioeconomic status when they arrived in this country, as well as an anti-Communist agenda. However, being a model minority can mask the issue of powerlessness that these minority groups face in U.S. society.

Cuban Americans

________ are the second-largest Hispanic subgroup, and their history is quite different from that of other Hispanic groups. Their main wave of immigration to the United States started after Fidel Castro came to power in 1959, and reached its crest with the Mariel boatlift in 1980.

Cuban Americans

Identify the following example of white privilege.

Eli, a white student attending Michigan State, is coming driving home from a party at college. He pulls up to a drunk-driving checkpoint where police are stopping people and asking them for their IDs. Having not consumed alcohol that evening, he has a reasonable expectation that the police will look at his ID and let him pass without further questioning.

________ is a type of conflict theory that examines inequalities in gender-related issues. It uses the conflict approach to examine the maintenance of gender roles and inequalities.

Feminist theory

The ________ of the women's movement took place during the second half of the 19th and the early 20th century throughout the world. It focused on the legal issue of women's right to vote.

First wave

Immigration from ________ and ________ continued well into the late 19th century and early part of the 20th century, at which time the immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe began to arrive in larger numbers.

Germany and Ireland

There are wide differences among the various origins that make up the Hispanic American population, as well as different names for the group itself. The 2010 U.S. Census states that ________ refers to a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race.

Hispanic or Latino

Myers (2007) states that the cultural assimilation of ________ is "almost complete, but with remnants of ethnicity." The presence of enclave neighborhoods, originally segregated slums dating from the nineteenth century continue to exist today.

Italian Americans

________ immigration began in the 1880s. Many of these immigrants came to Hawaii to participate in the sugar industry; others came to the mainland, especially to agricultural pursuits in California.

Japanese

Native Americans once numbered in the ________ but by 2010, they made up only________ of U.S. population (U.S. Census 2010).

Millions; 0.9 percent

________ is a socially defined category based on physical differences between different groups of people.

Race

________ is viewed as a person's capacity for sexual feelings.

Sexuality

According to ________, the struggles between and within groups have historically been spurred by the drive to protect or gain territory and wealth, and the need to preserve liberty and autonomy.

Social conflict theorists

________ suggest that sexuality is another area in which power differentials are present and where dominant groups actively work to promote their worldview as well as their economic interests.

Social conflict theorists

Of industrialized nations, ________ is thought to be the most liberal when it comes to attitudes about sex, including sexual practices and sexual openness. The country has very few regulations on sexual images in the media, and sex education, which starts around age six, is a compulsory part of school curricula in that country.

Sweden

In 2015, the United States continued its recovery from the________," arguably the worst economic downturn since the stock market collapse in 1929 and the Great Depression that ensued.

The Great Recession

Rock the Vote is an example of a ________.

Voting advocacy group

________ have been entering the workforce in ever-increasing numbers for several decades. They have also been finishing college and going on to earn higher degrees at a higher rate than ________ do.

Women; men

It wasn't until the United States entered ________ that the government realized that their troops developed problems they would not have had if sex education had been taught.

World War I

Some nations called ________ recognize kings, queens, princes, princesses, and other figures with official royal titles. The power held by these positions varies from one country to another.

a monarchy

The ________ began with the simplest of technologies such as pointed digging stick to break up the soil. These processes really took off when people harnessed animals to pull a plow, which was an even more efficient tool for the same task. With this new technology, one family could grow enough crops not only to feed themselves but also to feed others.

agricultural revolution

Followers accept the power of ________ because they are drawn to the leader's personal qualities. The appeal of such a leader can be extraordinary, and can inspire followers to make unusual sacrifices or to persevere in the midst of great hardship and persecution.

charismatic authority

A small city government works to reduce racism by hosting several events and providing opportunities for the majority and minority groups to work together on projects, thereby increasing interpersonal communication. This is an example of the ________ in action.

contact hypothesis

By marginalizing the rights of women through gender inequality, we

deny ourselves the opportunity to lift men, women and children out of poverty.

In sociology, ________ refers to the social institution through which a society's resources are exchanged and managed.

economy

When we speak of descent through such cultural backgrounds as Irish, Italian American, Russian, Jewish, and Serbian we are actually discussing

ethnicity.

Which of these terms refers to the situation when a subordinate group is forced by a dominant group to permanently leave a certain area or country?

expulsion

The term ________ is based on evidence that women and men are paid differently for similar work in the labor force, counting all full-time workers.

gender pay gap

Globalization has led to the development of ________, where internationally integrated economic links connect workers and corporations for the purpose of manufacture and marketing.

global commodity chain

Globalization has led to the development of ________, with internationally integrated economic links that connect workers and corporations for the purpose of manufacture and marketing.

global commodity chains

Some of the benefits of ________ include the exponentially accelerated progress of development, the creation of international awareness and empowerment, and the potential for increased wealth

globalization

In recent years, blacks' overall equality level with whites has dropped from 71.5 percent to 71.1 percent in 2010. The Index, which has been published since 2005, notes a/an ________, especially in the areas of unemployment, insurance coverage, incarceration, economics, health, and education.

growing trend of increased inequality with whites

People developed the idea of a means of exchange that could be used at any time, through the use of ________. Precious metals quickly became the preferred means of exchange in many cultures because of their durability and portability.

money

Adherence to masculine and feminine gender roles continues in occupational tendencies later in life because

occupational roles are examples of typical U.S. male and female behavior, derived from our culture's traditions.

In ________ societies, men's contributions are seen as more valuable than those of women. Such perspectives and arrangements are widespread and taken for granted.

patriarchal

As a result of ________, women's viewpoints tend to be silenced or marginalized to the point of being discredited or considered invalid.

patriarchy

Endeavors to gain ________ and influence do not necessarily lead to violence, exploitation, or abuse.

power

The ________ produces ideas, including the research that leads to new technologies, the management of information, and a society's highest levels of education and the arts.

quaternary sector

A functionalist views the cyclical nature of the economy as natural and believes what should be allowed to take place in theory?

recession and depression

Although real poverty exists In the United States, we tend to have what is called ________, defined as being unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in your country.

relative poverty

The ________ turns those raw materials into finished goods.

secondary sector

The term sociologists use to describe physical or physiological differences between males and females, including both primary and secondary sex characteristics is referred to as a person's

sex

A person's ________ is their physical, mental, emotional, and sexual attraction to a particular sex, such as male or female.

sexual orientation

Individuals who identify with the role that is the different from their biological sex are called

transgender.

Transgender individuals who attempt to alter their bodies through medical interventions such as surgery and hormonal therapy are called

transsexuals

Children learn at a young age that there are distinct expectations for boys and girls. Cross-cultural studies reveal that children are aware of gender roles by the age of

two or three.