Sociology test 1

According to Bourdieu, there are three types of cultural capital, what are they?

Embodied- our learned speech skills and personality that is established through socialization and often reflects our social position in life. Institutionalized-how we measure up (or down) to the rest of society, it encompasses the level of education we have, the occupation and position we hold, other titles or social roles we fulfill. Objectified- what we own, the quality, quantity, and originality of the material culture.

What is counterculture?

Occurs when groups of people reject and oppose certain aspects of mainstream culture.

Wildavsky and Mary Douglas suggest that there are four political cultures, which also function as consumer cultures what are they?

An elitist is a person who believes that a system or society should be ruled or dominated by an elite. An individualist is a person who does things without being concerned about what other people will think. An egalitarian believes in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities. A fatalist is someone who feels that no matter what he or she does, the outcome will be the same because it's predetermined.

Murphy, (2018) in the article, "Culture Shock Stages: What You Need to Know," explains the four stages of culture shock, what are those stages?

Honeymoon Stage (Initial Euphoria) When you first arrive in a new place, everything you see and do will be exciting, foreign, and endearing. Anxiety Stage (Irritation and Hostility) You'll become agitated at simple things being so different. Adjustment Stage (Gradual Understanding) Eventually, everything will start to click into place. Things that used to be so foreign and confusing will become routine, and your life will have balance once again. Mastery Stage (Adaptation/Biculturalism) This is the final stage in your transformation you'll feel a high sense of comfort in your new home, you can throw out your maps and talk to strangers with ease, and language barriers aren't a problem anymore.

What are the four categories of fads?

Object Fads - are items that people purchase even though thy have little use value. Activity Fads - Include pursuits such as body piercing or flash mobs. Idea Fads - New Age thoughts and ideas Personality Fads - Surrounding or involving celebrities.

What are some the applications of social research?

Social Welfare- Social evils can be removed from society due to research. The process of social welfare is possible due to the procedure of social research through which social evils can be removed. Social Prediction- Social research helps in making laws and the relation between social laws and their factors. It helps to know the existence of causative factors and their magnitude and this facilitates the prediction of results. Social Control-For smooth running of society social control is necessary. For this purpose, we apply social research to society for bringing social order and control. Social Growth-The The growth and development in a society is possible for the improvement of living standard and it is the main function of social research. New Techniques- Social Research introduces new techniques and improves old ones. It also modifies the existing tools of research. It gives us the methods of knowing new ways for using our research procedure.

What is Goffman's focus in Dramaturgy?

- Focuses on our process of impression management, not only put for the best image of the individual but also preventing the embarrassment of others (Face Work)))))))))))))))) -Focuses on the successful performance of the roles we play.

What are the ways we gain perspective?

- to be more specific out viewpoints need to include abilities to link ourselves to the larger society, and to recognize how we are affected by history and those characteristics that define us. - we employ three similar concepts, the sociological Imagination, sociological perspective, and verstehen.

According to McElhaney et al., there are three ways in which autonomy can be described, what are those ways?

---------------Emotional, Behavoiral, and Cognitive Auronomy.-------------------------Emotional autonomy is the development of more adult-like close relationship with adults and peers Behavioral autonomy is the ability to make independent decisions and follow through with them Cognitive autonomy is characterized as the manifestation of an independent set of beliefs, values and opinions

What is role maintenance, role conflict, and role strain?

-----Role maintenance is the management of our roles as we deal with role conflict and role strain. --------------Role conflict occurs when the expectations associated with the different roles we have differed. ------------Role strain when the expectations of a single role compete with each other.

What are some of the purposes of social research according to Frooq?

----Social Cohesion, Structural Changes, Social Planning, Solution of social problems------- Social Cohesion and Unity. Social unity in a problematic area b/w two groups or castes is only possible due to social research. Social research manifests the causes of these events and gives a remedial solution to it. So, the social researcher is the main factor for bringing social coherence and unity in society. -Social Planning. If someone wants to develop and bring social growth and development in a society, social planning will be developed which is the outcome of social research. In this situation achieve the growth of society on right line is highly necessary. Social growth can possible only when problems are solved. The solution of Social Problems. Social research also helps in the solution of social problems it is the research through which we can find the causative factors of an existing social problem and guide us about his solution. Structural Changes. Social research is responsible for bringing structural changes in social life. We bring social and cultural change in a social situation which is the outcome of social research.

What are expressive and task roles?

--Exspressive roles work to ensure everyone is getting along, having a good time, manage feelings and conflict. --Task or instrumental roles focus on the goals and objectives of a group. Th

Labeling theory has enjoyed tremendous popularity among sociologists because they can easily demonstrate the significance of labeling in human interaction and have gathered considerable data to support the theory. But others have criticized it, what are those criticisms?

--Some sociologists feel it cannot explain what causes deviance in the first place because of its focus on the consequences of labeling. However, others have noted that the secondary deviant is not a passive person who is pushed into deviance, but an active, responding subject who can actively reject the label. -- Another criticism is that research does not consistently support the assumption that the deviant label encourages further deviance. -- A final criticism is the tendency for labeling theorists to ignore the role of the powerful in imposing labels on the less powerful and ways the powerful commit secret deviance and thereby avoid the deviant label.

How is public sociology achieved?

-Application of Personal Sociology -Identify and understand personal privilege -Seek knowledge and evaluate what you learn -Practice citizenship (Vote, be involved in politics, and aid in the governing process) -Be an agent of change, volunteer, join, and organize.

What are the three primary theories in sociology?

-Conflict Theory - based on the concept that individuals, even groups, are in a constant struggle over resources and/or the allocation of power. - Structural Functionalism -focuses on the interaction of the elements of society as a means of maintaining a stable society. -Symbolic Interactionism -a perspective that focuses on the symbolic meaning that individuals use and construct when interacting with others.

What are informal and formal social control?

-Informal social control is a result of the reactions of an individual that reflect their social values these values are reflected in how the individual conforms to and meets social expectations. -Formal Social Control uses a formalized set of rules or laws to control the actions and behaviors of individuals within an organization or society. Individuals comply with rules and laws to avoid sanctions such as punishment, fines, and imprisonment.

What three elements are present in Cooley's Looking Glass Self?

-Our imagination of how others see our appearance; - Our imagination of the other's judgment of our appearance; -Some sort of self-feeling, such as pride or mortification, determined by our imagination of the other's judgment of us."

What is dominant culture?

-Refers to the main culture in a society which is shared or accepted with minimal opposition by most of the society. Dominant culture is not a stand-alone concept, it is related to the Marxist philosophy of dominant ideology.

According to the Edward G. Wertheim, author of The Importance of Effective Communication, there are five main effects that nonverbal communication can have, what are those effects?

-Repetition - They can reinforce what is already being said Contradiction - They can contradict the message and make the speaker seem untruthful Substitution - They can take the place of words Complementing - They can complement a verbal message, for instance, a pat on the back Accenting - They can underline a certain point in the message(The Importance of Non-Verbal Communication, Edward G. Wertheim)

In sociological research what are the most common units of analysis?

-Social interactions - Individuals - Groups -Organizations and Institutions -Social and Cultural Artifacts

What are the four substantial differences between sociology and common sense?

-Sociology and other social sciences focus on the study of certain aspects of human behavior -Common Sense is knowledge and awareness that is held communally (shared by majority of people). 1. Common sense views are based on people's immediate and often limited experiences 2. Common sense views tend to reflect social traditions and conventions and therefore tend to reinforce the status quo and resist social change. 3. Common sense views tend to be historically and culturally specific and are often based on stereotypical images. 4. Common sense views lack validity and reliability

What is Cultural Relativism?

-This refers to the idea that the values, knowledge, and behavior of people must be understood within their own cultural context. -It is in the use of cultural relativism that we come to understand how our culture shapes concepts of good and bad, intelligent and irrational, normal and strange, and numerous other comparisons that we often use a means of judgment.

What is ethnography?

-is the in-depth study of a culture or a facet of a culture. -is a qualitative research method that comes from the discipline of anthropology but is applicable to other disciplines.

What are the three reasons men are never perfectly socialized?

1. if socialization is too rigid, it leaves men incapable of dealing with un-foreseen events, but if it permits some flexibility, then it also allows some personal interpretation of roles.----------------- ~2. all socialization makes conflicting demands and, therefore, produces some antagonism to socializing agents, thereby creating a possible source of motivation for social deviance. ----------------------------------------~Thirdly, defects in the socialization process may also lead to deviation. These defects may arise in various ways: through personality dispositions or mental incapacity, through interruptions to social learning, and through incoherence or contradiction in the social environment," (Relationship Between Socialization and Deviation).

What are the culture constructs?

A fluid concept and is a social process, where in we share and transmit culture to those within and outside of our societies. B

What is cognitive culture?

A frame of reference, wherein culture is based on representative values, beliefs, knowledge, and communication (language, symbols, and non-verbal communication)

Activity Theory suggest that those elderly people who remain active and socially involved will be best adjusted. There are several key components to elderly being active, what are they?

A strong social network throughout life. Physical wellbeing. Staying up-to-date on means of social interaction whether via activities or using social media to communicate.

Goffman nites four common aspects of total institution:

All aspects of life are under the control of a single authority and conducted in the same location. Within the institution, activities are conducted in the presence of others in the same situation. Rules and schedules are devised without the consent of participants by those in authority. Within the institution, all aspects of life are designed to fulfill a purpose of/for the institution.

Language and culture are:

Are intertwined language is the verbal expression of culture, and culture cannot be described or shared without language and symbols.

Tajfel and Turner (1979) proposed that there are three mental processes involved in evaluating others as "us" or "them" (i.e. "in-group" and "out-group". These take place in a particular order, what is that order?

Categorization: we categorize people (including ourselves) in order to understand the social environment.: Social identification: we adopt the identity of the group we have categorized ourselves as belonging to. Social comparison: once we have categorized ourselves as part of a group and have identified with that group, we then tend to compare that group with other groups.

How is master status chosen?

Chosen by acknowledging achievements, such as profession, or other notable social attributes like awards, or honors.

What is compliance and what is obedience?

Compliance is public conformity, while possibly keeping one's own original beliefs for oneself. Obedience is a form of social influence in which a person accepts instructions or orders from an authority figure.

Kelman (1958) distinguished between three different types of conformity, what are those?

Compliance: maintaining your individual beliefs, while showing a change in your public behavior, this is short-lived and a result of normative conformity. Identification: while in the presence of the group the individual changes both their individual beliefs and public behavior, this is short-lived and a result of normative conformity. Internalization: an individual change both beliefs and public behavior, this is long- term and a result of informational conformity.

__________________ are the real or imagined responses to the pressures of society.

Conformity and deviance

According to Witt, "The social construction of reality involves an ongoing interaction between individuals and society," (2018, p. 100). Witt also provides an explanation of the "three-step" model of construction, what are those steps?

Constructing culture: our actions are not strictly determined by biological instincts. To survive we must establish a relationship to nature and with one another. We do so by creating tools, language, ideas, beliefs, rules for behavior and so on to establish order and meaning. Culture enables us to make sense of our social experiences and to pattern our actions. Constructing the self: Through socialization, we become products of the worlds we create. Anytime we enter a new social world we do not begin from scratch. We are shaped by the tools, ideas, and rules for action that have been constructed by others before us. We learn how we should thing and act through our interactions with others, sharing ideas and experiences. Through socialization, we are constrained by the very culture we construct. Constructing society: between these first two steps is an intervening stage in which we share the culture we create with others. After it is shared, we lose control over it as individuals. It is no longer something "I" control; it is now in our hands. One way to think of it is as an environment, a social world, or a structure within which we live.

The constructionist perspective emerged during the 1960s to challenge the traditional, positivistic perspective on deviance, and it assumes:

Deviance is a voluntary act (voluntarism) because humans possess free will and can cause their own behavior.

According to Ritzer, the McDonaldization of society occurs when the model of fast food chains are applies to social institutions and organizations what are the characteristics of that model?

Efficiency: the optimal method for completing a task, focusing on a minimization of time. Calculability: Quantity over quality, quantity measured in sales. Predictability: regardless of location the service and product are the same. Control: Employees appear and act the same, using technology to replace humans and eliminate human error.

According to Goffman what is alignment and realignment?

Engaging in alignment/realignment is part of the socialization process, wherein we know and follow the norms of society or we do not.

Croteau and Hones note the three steps to the social construction of reality what are they?

Externalization: people create society through an ongoing process of physical and mean activity. This complex process helps ensure a stable environment within which we can live. Objectivation: through this process, social arrangements come to seem objectively real; society appears separate from human creation and instead seems "natural, inevitable, and out of people's control. Internalization: this is the complex process through which we learn our society's culture and establish our view of the world. Through this process humans come to be influenced by their own creations; they are social products, .

During primary socialization individuals learn the appropriate and accepted behavior and actions, for the situation, that take place in small group interactions

FALSE

Ethnocentrism is the process of judging others in comparison to other cultures.

FALSE

Many individuals also face an imposed master status that is based in their achieved status, minorities and the disabled are often known first for their minority status and then by their ascribed status.

FALSE

Normative culture is simply put what we perceive as abnormal, however this perception takes into consideration the values and beliefs of a culture.

FALSe

Multiculturalism occurs when we respect and encourage different cultures to assimilate into mainstream culture of society.

False

Ebaugh and Merton (1998) has offers a four stage model of role exit, what are those stages?

First stage-doubt: Person experiences frustration, burnout, or simply unhappiness with an accustomed status and the roles associated with the social position. Second stage-search for alternatives: person who is unhappy with his or her career may take a leave of absence; an unhappy married couple may begin what they see as a temporary separation. Third stage action stage or departure: identity a clear turning point that made them feel it was essential to take final action and leave their jobs...etc. Last stage: creation of a new identity.

What is ideal vs. real culture?

Ideal culture are the norms and practices of a society that are the model for behavior and action. Contrary, real culture is that norms and practice that society follows.

According to Marcia (1996) there are four identity statuses what are they?

Identity Diffusion ( Role Confusion, Identity foreclosure, Identity Mortuim, and Identity acheivemnt.--------------------------------------Identity Diffusion (also known as Role Confusion): This is the opposite of identity achievement. The individual has not yet resolved their identity crisis, failing to commit to any goals or values and establish future life direction. In adolescents, this stage is characterized by disorganized thinking, procrastination, and avoidance of issues and action. Identity Foreclosure: This occurs when teenagers accept traditional values and cultural norms, rather than determining their own values. In other words, the person conforms to an identity without exploration as to what really suits them best. For instance, teenagers might follow the values and roles of their parents or cultural norms. They might also foreclose on a negative identity, the direct opposite of their parent's values or cultural norms. Identity Moratorium: This postpones identity achievement by providing temporary shelter. This status provides opportunities for exploration, either in breadth or in depth. Examples of moratoria common in American society include college or the military. Identity Achievement: This status is attained when the person has solved the identity issues by making commitments to goals, beliefs and values after extensive exploration of different areas.

Goffman focuses on our process of _______________, not only put for the best image of the individual but also preventing embarrassment of others which Goffman refers to as face work.

Impresson mangament

Merton defines "status set as a collection of social statuses that an ____________?

Indivdual holds

Moreland indicates that there is a predictable sequence of stages that occur for an individual to transition through a group what are those stages?

Invetigation, Socialization,Maintence, Resoicaliization and remberance.--------------Stage 1: Investigation- This stage is marked by a cautious search for information. The individual compares groups in order to determine which one will fulfill their needs (reconnaissance), while the group estimates the value of the potential member (recruitment). The end of this stage is marked by entry to the group, whereby the group asks the individual to join and they accept the offer. Stage 2: Socialization- Now that the individual has moved from prospective member to new member, they must accept the group's culture. At this stage, the individual accepts the group's norms, values, and perspectives (assimilation), and the group adapts to fit the new member's needs (accommodation). The acceptance transition point is then reached, and the individual becomes a full member. Stage 3: Maintenance- During this stage, the individual and the group negotiate what contribution is expected of members (role negotiation). While many members remain in this stage until the end of their membership, some individuals are not satisfied with their role in the group or fail to meet the group's expectations (divergence). Stage 4: Resocialization- If the divergence point is reached, the former full member takes on the role of a marginal member and must be re-socialized. There are two possible outcomes of resocialization: differences are resolved, and the individual becomes a full member again (convergence), or the group expels the individual or the individual decides to leave (exit). Stage 5: Remembrance- In this stage, former members reminisce about their memories of the group, and make sense of their recent departure. If the group reaches a consensus on their reasons for departure, conclusions about the overall experience of the group become part of the group's tradition.

What is applied Sociology?

Is not a static science, nor is it purely academic or clinical emphasize that the social relationships, interactions, and behavior can be modified with specific attention paid to personal troubles and public issues.

What is the application of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

Is that language not only is a means of sharing thought it also guides and defines our reality, ultimately language it shapes our experiences and what we see.

What is multiculturalism?

Is the idea that differences in culture are to be embraced and that cultures can co-exist with one another.

How does society establish the principles of behavior for individuals and groups within a society?

It is using norms

Among the cultural universals listed by Brown are?

Language and cognition - All cultures employ some type of communication,symbolism is also a universal idea in language. Society - Being in a family, having peers, or being a member of any organized group or community is what makes society. Myth, Ritual, and aesthetics - Different cultures all have several things in common, for example, a belief system, celebration of life and death, and other ceremonial events. Technology - There are worldwide variations in clothing, housing, tools and techniques for getting food through different types of technology.

What is secondary socialization?

Learn the appropriate and acceptable behavior and actions, for the situation, that take place in small group interactions. It starts in childhood but continues throughout the life course as individuals adjust to new roles and statuses.

What are the five key principles of Life Course Theory?

Life Span,Agency, Time and place, Timing, and Linked Lives.--------------------------------------Life Span Development: Our choices and behavior can only be understood by looking at our past. Agency: Within the given limitations and opportunities, of society, individuals determine their own life course. Time and Place: Each generation has a unique set of limitations and opportunities related to demographic, economic, institutional, historical, and cultural changes. Timing: Timing affects the experience of the individual. Focusing on the question "At what age does a particular transition occur?" Linked Lives: Focusing on the interconnectedness of individuals and how individual actions affect others.

What the concepts of personal troubles and public issues?

Person troubles are events, often negative, that happen on an individual level. Contrary, public issues are those events, again often negative, that happen on a societal or larger level.

What are Meads stages of role taking?

Prepatory stage,Play Stage,and Game stage. Preparatory Stage - Children learn to use language and other symbols by imitating important people in their lives.: Symbols are the gestures, objects, and words that for the basis of human communication. Play Stage - Children pretend to be other people. About the age of 7, children play games that require them to take the role of several other people. Role taking is the process of mentally assuming the perspectives of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint. Game Stage - Once a child can think in this way, they can begin the fourth stage in the development of the self, which involves taking the role of the generalized other. Generalized other refers to the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society that a child considers on his or her behalf.

Carl Rogers believed that there were three different parts of self concept what are those parts?

Self Image,Self Esteem, and Ideal Self ----------------Self-image, or how you see yourself. Everyone's self-image is a mixture of different attributes including our physical characteristics, personality traits, and social roles. Self-image doesn't necessarily coincide with reality. Some people might have an inflated self-image of themselves, while others may perceive or exaggerate the flaws and weaknesses that others don't see. Self-esteem, or how much you value yourself. Several factors can impact self-esteem, including how we compare ourselves to others and how others respond to us. When people respond positively to our behavior, we are more likely to develop positive self-esteem. When we compare ourselves to others and find ourselves lacking, it can have a negative impact on our self-esteem. Ideal self, or how you wish you could be. In many cases, the way we see ourselves and how we would like to see ourselves do not quite match up.

In "The Ritual Process" Turner (1969) describes the three phases of rite of passage what are those stages?

Separation- a withdraw from a current stature to move into a new or revised status. Transition- an in between phase where an individual is no longer in their former status nor in their new status. Incorporation- entry into the new status after completing the "ritual" or ceremony that gives recognition to the new status. Failed Socialization

What is the normative culture?

Simply put what we perceive as normal, however this perception takes into consideration the values and beliefs of a culture.

What does Witt note about the consequences of differences:

Sociology examines the social, structural, institutional and individual (Gender, Race, Age, Class, Education, etc..) differences that exist within society. By focusing on these aspects of society patterns emerge that show relations of power, stratification, inequality, and injustice.

Sociologists use the Thomas Theorem to understand social behaviors such as ___________,_________,___________?

Stereotypes, discrimination, and prejudice.

Why are subcultures beneficial to society?

Subcultures are beneficial to society, they embrace diversity and contribute to the sense of individuality. They provide social cohesion, via membership to subculture groups and organizations. Lastly, subcultures allow for variation in our society can lead to social change.

According to Goffman, realignment shows others that our actions and behaviors will be unexpected and fail to conform.

TRUE

Counterculture occurs when groups of people reject and oppose certain aspects of mainstream culture.

TRUE

Group size influences the operation of the group because the larger the group the more complex it becomes because it consists of subgroups that are interrelated.

TRUE

Person troubles are events, often negative, that happen on an individual level. Public issues are those events, often negative, that happen on a societal or larger level.

TRUE

Primary socialization occurs when a child learns the attitudes, values, and appropriate actions and behaviors of their culture.

TRUE

Sociology understands culture as the languages, customs, beliefs, rules, arts, knowledge, and collective identities and memories developed by members of all social groups that make their social environments meaningful.

TRUE

The discipline of sociology explores the nature, structure, and dynamics of social life, and also its causes and consequences for the world.

TRUE

What is the definition of sociology?

The discipline of sociology explores the nature, structure, and dynamics of social life, and also its causes and consequences for the world. -we are by nature and nurture social beings.

Both Merton's definition of self fulfilling prophecy and the Thomas theorem reflect _____________?

The fact that beliefs act as social forces.

According to Cole, what was Durkheim most interested in?

The glue that holds society together, which means he focused on the shared experiences, perspectives, values, beliefs, and behaviors that allow people to feel that they are a part of a group and that working together to maintain the group is in their common interest.

Sociology understand culture as:

The languages, customs, beliefs, rules, arts, knowledge, and collective identities and memories developed by members of all social groups that make their social environments meaningful.

Group size influences the operation of the group because?

The larger the group the more complex it becomes because it consists of subgroups that are interrelated.

The positivist perspective assumes that deviance is...

The positivist perspective is more relevant to the study of serious types of deviance, such as murder and rape, because they can be clearly defined as deviant, they are committed by persons very different from the sociologists who are studying them, and they can be seen more easily as passive actors reacting to the pressures of society. The constructionist perspective is more pertinent to less serious types of deviance because there is less consensus about this type of deviance, and these actors who are engaged in less serious behavior can be seen as more voluntary participants.

What is Ethnocentrism?

The process of judging others in comparison to your own culture.

Social structure is noted as ?

The relationship of groups to each other. Lasting patterns of behaviors by participants in the social system in relation to one another. Formalized norms that organize the actions of individuals in the social system.

Social Control Theory is based on..

The social bonds an individual has with society and their own moral code, both of which are developed through socialization.

What are the foundations of culture?

The values and beliefs of a given society.

Power determines the type of deviance people are likely to carry out and influences the success of a deviant act. It is also an important cause of deviance because the powerful have what three characteristics?

They generally are the rich, white, or powerful and their representatives who can avoid negative labels despite their deviant behavior. A stronger deviant motivation based on the experience of relative deprivation A greater deviant opportunity based on their ability to defraud on a large scale Weaker social controls based on the greater influence of powerful people in making and enforcing the law.

What is the purpose of social exchange theory?

To Max the benafits and minimize the cost.

Sociologist Amitai Etzioni (1975) in A comparative analysis of complex organizations categorized organization based on how they induce people to join them and keep them as members once they do join, what are those categories?

Utilitarian Organizations: Provide a benefit to the individual like education or income. Normative Organizations: Opportunity to voluntary provide skills, services, financial support, time to show support for an organization and its purpose/cause, like 4-H, religious organization, and helping the needy. Coercive Organizations: As a total institution they seek to control all aspects of an individual's life, the individual is involuntarily in this type of organization due to criminal activity or mental illness.

What makes adulthood complicated?

We are still being socialized into the many roles we have and the responsibilities that come with them.

What is primary socialization?

When a child learns the attitudes, values, and appropriate actions and behaviors of their culture. children accept and learn the established values and norms of society.

Deviance is defined as any behavior considered deviant by public consensus, which may range from the maximum to the minimum, what are the two types?

a) higher-consensus deviance: studied by positivist sociologists and (b) lower-consensus deviance: studied by constructionist sociologists

What are the 4 stages of the life course?

childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age, there are significant changes within each of these categories and we will look closely at each of these phases.

Charles Tittle recently emphasized the lack of control balance that causes deviance. Persons with a lack of control balance have either a "_____________," or more control over others; or a "____________" where others have more control. This lack of balance can lead to the exploitation of others, theft, and other types of deviance.

control surplus and control deficit

What is cultural pluralism?

is a term used when smaller groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities and their values and practices are accepted by the wider culture provided they are consistent with the laws and values of the wider society.

What are the noted differences regarding socialization?

•Socialization differs markedly from society to society, subculture, and by region. •Socialization is on going life long process •Critical process • How we develop our personality

The Meaning, Features, Types, Stages and Importance notes that there are several features of socializations what are they?

•Teaches basic Discipline •Helps control human behavior •Socialization is rapid if there is more humanity among the agencies of Socialization •Socialization takes place formally and informally •Socialization is a continuous process