Sociology Test 2 (Pitt)

The percentage of American Muslims who endorse the idea that most people can get ahead if they are willing to work hard is ______ among the U.S. public at large.

a higher percentage than

What is the importance of Potosí?

- A death hole for those compelled to work there, Potosí was where Spain stuck it rich - The mines of Potosí filled the coffers of spanish treasury for over two hundred years - The mines of Potosí and other places where conquistadors found plentiful silver appeared to have broken the centuries-old constraint of silver in Europe

De-individualization refers to ___

- A loss of evaluation apprehension - A loss of self consciousness

In Transparency International's 2012 Corruption Perceptions Index, three countries are tied for last place as the most corrupt countries on the planet. Which country is among them?

Somalia

Other than in wartime, countries did not require passports ____.

before 1914

Land socialism ____ the development of a modern credit system.

impedes

The root of the English word for "credit" is 𝘤𝘳𝘦𝘥𝘰, the Latin word for ___

"I believe"

As an ideal type, bureaucracy is _________

- A system of administration that is useful when the activities of a large number of people need to be coordinated in order to achieve specific goals. - An organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority - Characterized by impersonality in personnel matters

According to the 2013 Index of Economic Freedom, in the People's Republic of China _______

- All land is state owned - Intellectual property rights are protected effectively - The Communist Party's ultimate authority throughout the economic system undermines the rule of law and respect for contracts - Cronyism is widespread and pervasive

According to Alexis de Tocqueville, ____.

- Americans are leery of, and opposed to, a strong centralized state - There is a very anti-bureaucractic and anti-state culture in the United States - Voluntary associations are schools or training fields for democracy

Rational-legal authority is based on _____.

- An organizational structure characterized by clearly defined rules and procedures - A hierarchy of authority - Impersonality

Dense networks of social support have been shown to have positive effects on _________.

- Blood pressure - Mental health - Pregnancy - Other physical conditions that involve stress

Globalization refers to the free flow of ______ around the world.

- Commodities, manufactures - Transportation - Capital - Labor - Knowledge - Culture - Institutions

According to the 2013 Index of Economic Freedom, in Russia ______

- Corruption is endemic throughout the economy - Corruption shows no signs of abating - Corruption is a major impediment for investors and businesses

During the second era of globalization ______

- Cultural change flowed across borders - In a short period of time, a mode of dressing that was distinctly Western swept the rest of the world

Between the mid-1800s and late 1920's, globalization was characterized by British _________

- Culture - Power - Technology

The earliest known coins

- Date back as long ago as 600 BC - Were found by archaeologists in the Temple of Artemis in what is now modern-day Turkey

According to Niall Ferguson, hostility to those who engage in finance has which of the following causes?

- Debtors tend to outnumber creditors - Debtors tend not to feel very well disposed to their creditors - Financial crises and scandals have occured with sufficient frequency to make finance appear to be a cause of poverty and instability - For centuries those who engage in financial services in countries all over the world have tended to derive disproportionately from religious or ethnic minority groups

The Hawthorne studies ____.

- Documented the importance of informal structure in bureaucracy - Discovered that the informal structure is an important determinant of worker morale and productivity - Were conducted from 1924 to 1932 at the Western Electric Company's Hawthrone Works in Chicago

World or global culture was given a boost after the end of the Second World War when the United Nations and other bodies established agenda of concern for world society that included a focus on ____.

- Economic development - Individual rights - Human rights - Egalitarian justice

For over a century, social scientists have conceptualized the world as a unitary social system bound together by social circles of _____.

- Economic exchange - Competition - Cooperation

According to Weber, the concept of rationalization in bureaucracy embraces which of the following ideas?

- Efficiency - Rational-legal authority

according to max weber, bureaucracy is characterized by ______

- Explicit procedural rules - Career ladders and qualifications-based recruitment, employment, and promotion - Fixed salary

In European countries, Muslims are _______ than is the case in the United states.

- Far more over-represented in the lower income brackets - Much more under-represented in the higher income brackets

Why do so many people in the United States worry that manufacturing is collapsing, or has collapsed, in the United States?

- Fewer americans work in factories - Manufacturing employment in the US fell by 22% from 2001 through 2011 - The availability heuristic feeds the perception of a decline in American manufacturing

In the 2013 World's Most Admired Companies ranking, of the top fifty companies in this ranking, _______

- Fully 42 (or 84 percent) are U.S. companies - None are from china - The only country other than the United States with more than one company that made the top 50 in this ranking is Germany, with two

The viewpoint that the manufacturing sector of the economy or the United States is in permanent decline or disappearing _____.

- Gained popularity in the 1980's - Even made its way into popular culture in the United States

According to Alexis de Tocoqueville, membership in voluntary associations in the united states has which of the following effects?

- Gives rise to, and perpetuates, local democracy - Fulfills individual needs - Fulfills community needs - Fulfills societal needs

Sociologists Andrés Villarreal and Wei-hsin Yu find that globalization has what effect(s) on Mexican women

- Globalization creates new, and to some extent, better job opportunities for females - The foreign-owned, export-oriented firms pay 𝘩𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘦𝘳 wages than do other firms - The foreign-owned, export oriented firms discriminate against women 𝘭𝘦𝘴𝘴 in terms of wages

In the United States, ________ say they have been the target of bigotry based on their religion within the past 12 months.

- Half of all Muslims who are African American - 28% of white Muslims - 23% of Asian Muslims

Which of the following statements is/are accurate regurdint the United States And manufacturing?

- In 2009, the United States manufactured more goods than the Japanese, Germans, British, and the Italians, combined - The amount of manufacturing output hits a new high almost every year - The combined sales revenue of the top 500 U.S.-based manufacturing firms in 2012 was $6.01 trillion, which represents a 17.2% increase over 2011 sales.

Which of the following statements is/are accurate regarding the BRICs?

- In the current era of globalization, the emerging economoies are sometimes referred to as BRICs - In the current era of globalization, BRICs tend to have rates of economic development that are higher than those of the core

Dense networks of social support have been shown to lead to _________ among workers who have lost their jobs.

- Lower incidence of cancer - Lower incidence of cholesterol issues

Among native-born muslims in the United States, _____

- More than half are African American (59%) - A sizeable majority (69%) are converts to Islam

Today's system of globalization has its defining power structure, which Thomas L. Friedman conceives as consisting of which of the following "balances"?

- Nation states - Global markets - Super-empowered individuals (organizations)

Globalization has its own demographic patterns which include which of the following? A rapid acceleration ____.

- Of the movement of people across national borders - Of the movement of people from rural areas and agricultural lifestyles to urban areas with ubran lifestyles

When one experiences culture shock, _______

- One no longer knows the repertoire of cultural gestures and symbolic cues that make meaningful and accurate communication possible - One no longer knows the what to expect or how make one's needs and wants known to others - One does not understand the gestures, and perhaps even the language, that other people use

According to Max Weber, an ethnic group is a group that entertains a subjective belief in its common decent because of similarites of _______.

- Physical type - Customs - Memories of colonization and migration

Network ties ______

- Provide comfort in times of personal loss - Provide minor services - Provide information

Which of the following are accurate statements about Russia, according to the 2013 Index of Economic Freedom?

- Russia's legal framework has not been fully modernized - The rule of law is not maintained uniformly across the country - Protection of property rights is weak - Contracts are not always secure

According to the 2013 Index of Economic Freedom countries with more trade freedom have ________

- Stronger economies - Less hunger - Better treatment of the enviroment

The stages of globalization include ___.

- The Age of Discovery - Mid-1800's to the Late 1920's - 1989 to the present

The institutional underpinnings of British globalization as identified by Niall Ferguson include

- The English language - English forms of land tenure - Representatives of the Common Law - Representative assemblies - Scottish and English banking - Protestantism - The limited state - The idea of liberty

In the sartorial revolution that swept the world during the second era of globalization, _____

- The crucial new garments were, for men, the frock coat, the stiff collared white shirt, the felt hat, and the leather boot - The crucial new garments were, for women, the corset, the petticoat, and the ankle-length dress

The concept of resource curse refers to _____.

- The difficulties faced by resource-rich countries, including dependence on one or a few commodities, whose prices fluctuate - The difficulties faced by resource-rich countries that depend on one or a few commodities because frequently they neglect to invest in and to develop other industries which then wither

in countries without a functioning property system, _______.

- The great majority of citizens are cut off from engaging in modern economic activity and become entrapped in poverty - Capitalism becomes capitalism for the elite only; it is only the elite who have legal property rights

The ecomienda

- was a legal system whereby the Spanish Crown owned the land but granted a person the labor of a specified number of Indians who lived on a vast tract of land - Were not granted in perpetuity to a man and his heirs; only slowly did they evolve into hereditary haciendas

The Muslim American population is ___

- youthful and racially diverse - generally well-educated - financially about as well off as the rest of the U.S. public

A recent nationwide survey estimates that Muslims are ___ percent of the U.S. population.

0.9%

With regard to experiences with intolerance in the United States, _________ of Muslim Americans say they have experienced one of the following within the past 12 months because they are Muslim: they have been called offensive names, have been singled out by law enforcement, or have been physically threatened or assaulted.

1 to 3 percent

In the United States, an entrepreneur setting up a new business faces a one-time regulatory cost that amounts to ____ of the U.S. per capita income.

1.7%

About _____ percent of Americans belongs to four or more voluntary associations.

25%

Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto estimates that between _____ of citizens in developing countries work outside the protection of the law..

50 and 75 percent

Of American Muslims, what percent are foreign-born?

63%

Over the past 20 years, the United States has enjoyed an average annual rate of growth rate of 2.5 percent and this rate of economic growth is ____

67 percent higher than the rate of economic growth that the German and French economies mustered.

About ____ percent of people in the United States claim membership in at least one voluntary association.

70%

About _____ percent of American Muslims endorse the idea that most people can get ahead if they are willing to work hard.

74%

__ percent of American Muslims rate their communities as excellent or very good places to live.

79%

Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto estimates that in developing countries that roughly ____ of homes and land are not registered in the names of their present owners.

80

Of American Muslims in the united states, what percentage are U.S. citizens?

81%

__ percent of American Muslims are satisfied with the way things are going in their lives.

82%

Conformity refers to ___

A change in attitudes, belief, or behavior, as a result of real or imagined group pressure

_____ percentage of Muslim Americans are satisfied with the way things are going in the United States percent compared with the general US public.

A higher

Thomas L. Friedman characterizes the roughly 75-year period between the start of the First World War And the fall of the Berlin Wall as _____

A lull or time-out between one era of globalization and another

True/False: In Transparency International's 2012 Corruption Perceptions Index, the most economically free countries are the least corrupt.

True

It is _____ to found a new company in the United States __ it is in continental Europe.

far less burdensome; than

Unemployment rates are _____ in many European countries.

Are lower and have been lower in the United States than

_____ leaders impose policies and procedures on the group.

Authoritarian

The ____ heuristic refers to the tendency for people to judge the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory.

Availability

About two-thirds (67%) of American Muslims say that the quality of life for Muslims in the United States is ______ in most Muslim countries.

Better than

_______ refers to the tendency of large organizations to continue with their policies even when external conditions, including their clients' needs, change.

Bureaucratic inertia

___ authority is legitimized on the basis of the exceptional qualities that are attributed to a leader by his or her followers.

Charismatic

___ authority is the most unstable form of authority.

Charismatic

A 2012 survey finds that 55 percent of Americans think that ____ has the strongest economy in the world.

China

In Andrew Silke's analaysis of 500 instances of communal violence in Northern Ireland, ________

Compared to undisguised attackers, 𝘥𝘪𝘴𝘨𝘶𝘪𝘴𝘦𝘥 attackers inflicted more serious injuries, attacked more people, and committed more vandalism

______ theorists are consistently and highly critical of the process of globalization.

Conflict

William F. Ogburn coined the term _______ to refer to a situation wherein one or more parts of a culture "change at a faster rate than other, related parts, with a resulting disruption of the integration and equilibrium" of the culture.

Cultural lag

_____ refers to a situation wherein one or more part(s) of a culture change at a faster rate than other part(s), with a resulting disruption of the integration and equilibrium of the culture.

Cultural lag

_____ is a perspective and an approach to social relations that affirms that cultural heterogeneity is a goal that should be pursued and attained by society.

Cultural pluralism

_____ leaders both welcome and solicit input from group members and they reach decisions through consensus.

Democratic

U.S. companies tend to ____ any ranking of the world's best performing technology companies.

Dominate

A measure of competitiveness is provided by the "Fortune Global 500," an annual ranking of the top 500 corporations worldwide, as measured by revenue. Where is the United States situated in this ranking? The United States ___ this ranking.

Dominates

______ refers to the departure of individuals or gorups from their home country to take up residence in another country.

Emigration

The empirical data support the position that U.S. manufacturing is ____.

Expanding and prospering

___ leadership provides emotional support for the group members.

Expressive

In Russia, by the beginning of the twenty-first century, ______ of some ten million farmers had anything resembing title to their land.

Fewer than 3 percent

_____ theorists tend to look for, and find, ways that globalization helps societies to exist across time.

Functionalist

According to _______. the following are ________: marriage, the family, a gendered division of labor, humor, and incest taboos.

George Murdock; cultural universals

Between the mid-1800's and late 1920's, the world experienced an era of globalization with ______ as the dominant global power.

Great Britain

"The risky shift" is another term for ____

Group polarization

Youth unemployment rates tend to be ____ the overall unemployment rate.

Higher than

______ refers to the entrance into a country of individuals or groups who have left their native country to establush a new place of permanent residence.

Immigration

A(n) _____ share of people employed in Europe do not have full time jobs

Increasing

Most of the European migrants to British America over the entire colonial period were ___.

Indentured servants

Pat is taking an introduction to anthropology course at a large public university in Minnesota. You observe that on a regular basis, Pat coughs in class without covering his mouth, wipes his nose with his T-shirt, picks at blemishes on his arm and shoulder, and yawns in class without covering his mouth. On the basis of these and similar observations, a sociologist might say that Pat ______________.

Is low in cultural capital

_____won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1997 for his/her contribution to helping build an internatinal coalition to bring about a treaty banning landmines.

Jody Wiiliams

_____ created the concept of creative destruction in his classic work 𝘊𝘢𝘱𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘴𝘮, 𝘚𝘰𝘤𝘪𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘴𝘮 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘋𝘦𝘮𝘰𝘤𝘳𝘢𝘤𝘺.

Joseph A. Schumpeter

Property and political institutions of British America were heavily influenced by the ides of _____ while the property and political institutions of the Spanish colonies of South America were influenced by ______.

John Locke; Thomas Hobbes

According to _________, a clandestine culture is a universal feature of bureaucracy.

Karl Marx

_____ perceives that a clandestine culture is a universal characteristic of bureaucracy.

Karl Marx

Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto, in his book 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘔𝘺𝘴𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘺 𝘰𝘧 𝘊𝘢𝘱𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘴𝘮, documented that in many Third World countries, poor people ____

Lack clear title to their physical assets, and they lack property right to their physical assets

___ leaders are only minimally involved in the group's decision-making process.

Laissez-faire

Another name for Cerro Rico is ____.

Money Mountain

The laying of the first undersea telegraph cable between france and england in 1851 changed by a factor of ____ times the speed of travel of information.

Nearly 100

The opening of the ____ in 1914 cut the cost of shipping goods from the East to the West coast of the United States by one third.

Panama Canal

In social network analysis, the term 𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘰𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘪𝘦𝘴 refers to ____.

Relationships characterized by intimacy, emotional intensity, and sharing

In social network analysis, the term 𝘸𝘦𝘢𝘬 𝘵𝘪𝘦𝘴 refers to ______.

Relationships characterized by low intensity and low intimacy

According to the 2013 Index of Economic Freedom, _____ ranks as the 139th freest economy out of the 177 countries of the world that were ranked in that year, and the category of countries into which it falls is "mostly unfree."

Russia

In Transparency International's 2012 Corruption Perceptions Index, where are the People's Republic of China and Russia situated?

Situated deeply in the corrupt part of the measurement scale

The study of with whom social actors associate and the effects of those choices on social structure and individuals is known as ______

Social network analysis

The opening of the _____ in 1869 reduced the length of the journey from London to Bombay by more than 40 percent, and that from London to Shanghai by 32 percent.

Suez Canal

______ theorists tend to look at the meanings that people develop use, and implement with regard to the globalization experience

Symbolic interactionist

_____ is a segment of culture that includes tools and knowledge and that embraces all forms of productive technique used by humans and by some non-human primates to manipulate the physical environment in order to attain a practical result.

Technology

True/False: In the United States, African Americans (20%) are more than twice as likely as Muslim Americans (9%) or Hispanics (9%) to say they have been singled out by the police within the past 12 months.

True

True/False: In the United States, the reduced demand for labor in manufacturing is directly related to dramatic increases in labor productivity.

True

True/False: Many of the principles or elements of global culture are contested and generate conflict.

True

True/False: More than 400 million Chinese were lifted above the poverty line between 1981 and 2001.

True

True/False: Muslim Americans are highly assimilated into American Society.

True

___________ refers to workers improving or modifying an aspect of their behavior that is being experimentally measured simply in response to the fact that they know they are being studied.

The Hawthorne effect

True/False: The Spanish "pieces of eight" (also known as the Spanish dollar) became the world's first truly global currency.

True

True/False: The level of an individual's or a group's cultural capital influences its life experiences in important ways.

True

Where is the United States situated in Transparency International's 2012 Corruption Perceptions Index?

The United States is among the least corrupt countries in the world.

In the Spanish colonies of South America, land was allocated by the Spanish Crown via ____.

The encomienda system

True/False: The sales revenue from the top ten manufacturing industries in the US in 2012 totaled $4.83 trillion, which was more than Germany's entire gross domestic product of $3.36 trillion.

True

True/False: The second largest manufacturing industry in the United States is computers and other electronic products. In 2012, the annual sales of that single U.S. industry was $814 billion, which was more than the entire gross domestic product of Saudi Arabia.

True

___ authority is legitimized on the basis of custom.

Traditional

True/False: In Russia today, land is generally considered government property and is only leased or lent to the farmers.

True

True/False: A 2012 survey finds that 82% of Americans think that "We don't manufacture anything here in America anymore."

True

True/False: Almost every country with a population of at least one million that has emerged from the colonial era without succumbing to dictatorship is a former British colony.

True

True/False: As discussed in our textbook, in 1890, 14.8% of the population of the United States were foreign-born, a record that has yet to be surpassed.

True

True/False: Average compensation per employee in U.S. manufacturing in 2011 was $35.53 per hour, which is a 41 percent increase since 2001.

True

True/False: By 800 A.D. there was a chronic shortage of silver in Western Europe

True

True/False: Cerro Rico had the effect for Spain of strengthening autocratic elites at the expense of representative forms of governance.

True

True/False: Creative destruction refers to the view that the essence of capitalism is the perennial cycle of destroying the old and less efficient product or service and replacing it with new more efficient ones.

True

True/False: Cultural universals are cultural elements that are found in virtually every society.

True

True/False: Five hundred years ago, the most sophisticated society in South America, the Inca Empire, was moneyless.

True

True/False: If instances of something readily come to mind, we tend to perceive that thing as being far more prevalent than it actually is.

True

True/False: In 1999, French labor laws were changed, reuiring every employer to implement a four-hour reduction in the legal workweek, from 39-35 hours with no cut in pay; the date the law went into effect varied according to the number of employees a business had.

True

True/False: In 2012, if the top 500 U.S. manufacturing firms were a separate country, they would have been the third largest economy in the world, behind No. 1 (the United States) and No. 2 (China), but ahead of No. 4, Japan's entire GDP of $5.98 trillion.

True

True/False: The single largest manufacturing industry in the United States is petroleum and coal products. The annual sales of that single U.S. industry in 2012 was $1.6 trillion, which was larger than the gross domestic product of Australia.

True

True/False: Throughout the history of Western civilization, there has been a recurrent hostility to finance and to those who engage in it.

True

True/False: U.S. Muslims are about as likely as other Americans to report household incomes $100,000 or more.

True

True/False: With regard to globalization, the various sociological paradigms in sociology take differing stances toward it.

True

______ refers to the conflict between two or more simultaneously held values.

Value inconsistency

According to the work of political sociologists like Seymour Martin Lipset and other social scientists, countries that were former British colonies _______ to have achieved enduring democratization after independence ____ those ruled by other countries.

Were far more likely; than

Ocean freight costs __________ from 1870 to 1910

fell by more than a third

Bureaucracy's other face refers to ____________

informal organization

The percentage of income earned by the poorest 10% of the population _______

is much higher in countries with higher economic freedom.

Russia's ranking on the index of economic freedom ________

is below the world and regional averages

In the united states, the percentage of foreign-born Muslims who are U.S. citizens _______ the broader immigrant population in the United States, where less than half (47%) of all foreign-born are U.S. citizens.

is far higher than among the

The extent to which muslims are integrated into the economic mainstream of America ____ the position of Muslims living in several major Western European societies, such as Great Britain, France, Germany, and Spain.

is in stark contrast to

According to the 2013 Index of Economic Freedom, _____ ranks as the 136th freest economy out of the 177 countries of the world that were ranked in that year, and the category of countries into which it falls is "mostly unfree."

the People's Republic of China

According to the 2013 Index of Economic Freedom, _____ ranks as the 10th freest economy in the world and the category of countries into which it falls is "mostly free" (The Heritage Foundation, 2013).

the United States

It is with the rise of ______ that the archaeological record first presents us with artifacts which we could term money.

the city as a form of human habitation

The root for the English word conquistador is 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘲𝘶𝘪𝘳𝘦𝘳𝘦, which is Latin for

to search for and subdue

The central relationship that borrowing and lending embodies is ____.

trust

In hunting and gathering societies, there____ money

was no