Sociology Test 3
Wagley and Harris (five characteristics of a minority group)
(1) unequal treatment and less power over their lives (2) distinguishing physical or cultural traits like skin color or language (3) involuntary membership in the group (4) awareness of subordination (5) high rate of in-group marriage
Racial Profiling
(law enforcement) using race alone to determine whether to stop and detain someone
Sexuality
- a person's capacity for sexual feelings (double standard- prohibiting premarital sexual intercourse for women but allowing it for men)
Radical feminism
- considers the role of the family in perpetuating male dominance
Structural Functionalism and Sexuality
- functionalists stress the importance of regulating sexual behavior to ensure marital cohesion and family stability
Supercentenarian
- people who live to be 110 years or more
Social Gerontology
- refers to a specialized field of gerontology that examines the social (and sociological) aspects of aging
Conflict Theory and Sexuality
- sexuality is another area in which power differentials are present and where dominant groups actively work to promote their worldview as well as their economic interests (legalization of gay marriage)
Thanatology
- systematic study of death and dying
Feminist Theory
- type of conflict theory that explore gender based inequalities
The racial term "African American" can refer to:
-a black person living in the United States -people whose ancestors came to the United States through the slave trade -a white person who originated in Africa and now lives in the United States
social construction of sexuality
-refers to the way in which socially created definitions about the cultural appropriateness of sex-linked behavior shape the way people see and experience sexuality.
America's baby boomer generation has contributed to what?
1) Social Security's vulnerability 2) improved medical technology 3) rising medicare budgets not 1) Medicaid being in danger of going bankrupt
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act counteracts which theory?
Age Stratification
Why is America Graying?
Increased life expectancy
Gender conformity in the household
Male children are given more independence whereas female children are expected to be more obedient.
Stereotype
OVERSIMPLIFIED GENERALIZATIONS about groups of people that can be based race, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual orientation—almost any characteristic
Role of peers for school aged children
Peers tend to reinforce gender roles by criticizing and marginalizing those who behave outside of their assigned roles.
What intergroup relationship is represented by the "salad bowl" metaphor?
Pluralism
Sexism
Prejudice beliefs that value on sex over another
What is the position of women and mothers who perform the vast majority of unpaid labor at home?
Proletariat
unjustifiably targeting members of minority groups, particularly with regard to criminal matters.
Racial profiling
De Jure vs De Facto Segregation
Segregation by Law (think: Jure-Jury) Segregation w/o Law (ex: Ferguson)
Ms. Dolezal argues that while she may appear white, she self-identifies as Black. Which sociological perspective would be most useful in analyzing the subjective experience of race (in other words, how an individual defines him/herself)?
Symbolic Interactionists (argue that race is socially constructed and subjectively experienced by the individual)
Aging is a natural process T/F
T
What makes Native Americans unique as a subordinate group in the United States?
They are the only group that did not come here as immigrants.
Elder abuse
This is intentional harm to older adults from willful neglect or physical or emotional abuse.
Gerontology
a field of science that seeks to understand the PROCESS of aging and the CHALLENGES encountered as seniors grow older
Racism
a stronger TYPE OF PREJUDICE used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others
Transgender
a term for people whose identity, expression, behavior, or general sense of self does not conform to what is usually associated with the sex they were born in the place they were born.
Age Stratification Theory
a theory which states that members of society are stratified by age, just as they are stratified by race, class, and gender
Continuity theory
a theory which states that the elderly make specific choices to maintain consistency in internal (personality structure, beliefs) and external structures (relationships), remaining active and involved throughout their elder years
Hospice
a type of healthcare that treats terminally ill people when "cure-oriented treatments" are no longer an option (shows changing views of society on death)
Primary vs Secondary aging
aging by biological factors such as molecular and cellular changes aging that occurs due to controllable factors such as lack of physical exercise
Colorism
another kind of prejudice, in which someone believes one type of skin tone is superior or inferior to another within a racial group
Heteronormative society
assumes sexual orientation is biologically determined and unambiguous
White Privilege
benefiting by being a part of the dominant group
prejudice
biased thought based on flawed assumptions about a group of people
Baby boomers
cohort born between 1946 and 1964 and now reaching their 60s
Veterans are two to four times more likely to ______ as people who did not serve in the military.
commit suicide
Gender dysphoria
condition of people whose gender at birth is contrary to the one they identify with
Compared to most Western societies, U.S. sexual attitudes are considered _______.
conservative
Discrimination
consists of ACTIONS against a group of people
Geriatrics was born as a field to counter the prevalent view that aging ___________.
could not be treated
White privilege is often _____ and is the result of racist beliefs and practices which have existed for decades.
de facto
Filial Piety
deference and respect to one's parents and ancestors in all things
Sedimentation of racial inequality
describes the intergenerational impact of both practical and legalized racism that limits the abilities of black people to accumulate wealth
Assimilation
describes the process by which a minority individual or group gives up its own identity by taking on the characteristics of the dominant culture
Scapegoat Theory
developed initially from Dollard's (1939) Frustration-Aggression theory "the dominant group will displace its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group"
Mary did not hire Anna because she thought a man would be better at the job. This is an example of _______.
discrimination
Ageism
discrimination based on age
Social Construction of Race
does not focus on the biological aspects of race such as skin color (recognized simply as an adaptation to varying levels of sunlight available around the world)
An elderly patient in a nursing home is mistreated by a young worker after reporting that this worker left another resident unattended. What is this elderly patient experiencing?
elder abuse
Conflict Theorists on Racism
examine the numerous past and current struggles between the ruling class and racial and ethnic minorities
Defense of Marriage Act
explicitly limiting the definition of "marriage" to a union between one man and one woman
What is the one defining feature of a minority group?
facing collective discrimination
Interactionism and Sexuality
focus on the meanings associated with sexuality and with sexual orientation
Which theoretical perspective stresses the importance of regulating sexual behavior to ensure marital cohesion and family stability?
functionalism
Queer Theory
gender is a spectrum; highlights the need for a more flexible and fluid conceptualization of sexuality
Popular movies tend to perpetuate the idea that female characters need rescuing and that male characters are the ones who rescue. This supports the sociological construct that women and men behave according to their _______ which is influenced by popular culture.
gender role
Functionalist perspective on gender based stratification
gender roles were established well before the pre-industrial era when men typically took care of responsibilities outside of the home, such as hunting, and women typically took care of the domestic responsibilities in or around the home. These values were passed on because they were beneficial.
Anna and Doug are lawyers with the same qualifications but Anna is paid less than Doug. This is evidence of _____ in the United States.
gender stratification
Although there is not consensus, most sociologists argue that sexual orientation is a product of:
genetics and environment
Cohort
group of people who share a statistical or demographic trait ex: baby boomers
Symbolic interactionists argue that we "do gender":
in everything we do, all the time
Amalgamation is represented by the _____________ metaphor.
melting pot
Median Age of a Population
number that marks the halfway point in a group's age range (median age has been increasing suggesting an increase in the number of older people)
Elizabeth Kubler Ross "On Death and Dying"
observed that the process of dying had five distinct stages: denial anger bargaining depression acceptance dabda
Centenarians
people who live for 100 years or more
Gender identity
person's deeply held internal perception of his or her gender
Symbolic Interactionist on Racism
race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity
Functionalists on Racism
racial and ethnic inequalities must have served an important function in order to exist as long as they have
Racial Steering
real estate agents direct prospective homeowners toward or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race
Expulsion
refers to a subordinate group being forced, by a dominant group, to leave a certain area or country
Gender
refers to behaviors, personal traits, and social positions that society attributes to being female or male
Sex
refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females, including both primary sex characteristics (the reproductive system) and secondary characteristics such as height and muscularity.
Prejudice
refers to the beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes someone holds about a group
Segregation
refers to the physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions
Culture of Prejudice
refers to the theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture
Institutional Racism
refers to the way in which racism is embedded in the fabric of society
Pluralism
represented by the ideal of the United States as a "salad bowl": a great mixture of different cultures where each culture retains its own identity and yet adds to the flavor of the whole
A large number of South Asians live and work in the Arab countries. They usually work as construction workers or taxi drivers and other similar professions. They are not given citizenship in Arab countries and live separately from their Arab neighbors. This is an example of _________.
segregation
South Asians live separate lives from Arabs to a large extent and are physically separated in where they work, where they live and where they socialize. This is an example of ____________.
segregation.
___ and ___ attitudes towards women can result in tangible impact such as less pay.
sexist, stereotypical
social construction of sexuality
socially created definitions about the cultural appropriateness of sex-linked behavior which shape how people see and experience sexuality
Conflict theorist perspective
society is a struggle for dominance among social groups (like women versus men) that compete for scarce resources. When sociologists examine gender from this perspective, we can view men as the dominant group and women as the subordinate group
Gender role
society's concept of how men and women are expected to look and how they should behave. These roles are based on norms, or standards, created by society
Model Minority Group
stereotype is applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching significant educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without challenging the existing establishment
The use of Native American names among sports teams has been a source of social controversy. For many, such names and images reinforce over-generalizations about the Native American population as a whole. This is known as ___.
stereotyping NOT racial profiling
Intersection Theory
suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes
Ethnicity
term that describes shared culture—the practices, values, and beliefs of a group ex: Muslim, American
biological determinism
the belief that men and women behave differently due to differences in their biology.
Genocide
the deliberate annihilation of a targeted (usually subordinate) group; the most toxic intergroup relationship (ex. Holocaust)
The "graying of the United States" refers to ________.
the increasing percentage of the population over sixty-five years old
Dependency ratio
the number of non-productive citizens (young, disabled, or elderly) to productive working citizens
"doing gender"
the performance of tasks based upon the gender assigned to us by society and, in turn, ourselves
Redlining
the practice of routinely refusing mortgages for households and businesses located in predominately minority communities
Amalgamation or Miscegenation
the process by which a minority group and a majority group combine to form a new group (melting pot)
A person who is biologically female but identifies with the male gender and has undergone surgery to alter her body is considered _______.
transsexual
Division of the older adult population in the US
young-old 65-74 middle-old 75-84 old-old 85+
