Sociology: The Family, Chapters 6 & 7
There are several specific barriers to understanding verbal communication. Which is the best example of "polarization"?
"It's all your fault."
What percentage of the population supported same-sex marriage in 2016?
55%
heterogamous marriage
A type of marriage in which spouses don't share certain social characteristics such as race, ethnicity, religion, education, age, and social class.
homogamous marriage
A type of marriage in which spouses share certain social characteristics such as race, ethnicity, religion, education, age, and social class.
total marriage
A type of marriage in which spouses share many facets of their lives such as a business they own, friends, or hobbies with few independent interests.
vital marriage
A type of marriage in which the lives of partners are intertwined; physical and emotional intimacy are important, and both work hard at communication and compromise so their relationship continues to be satisfying and enjoyable.
conflict-habituated marriage
A type of marriage that includes frequent conflict, although it may be enduring.
intimate partner power
A type of power that involves decision making among intimate partners, their division of labor, and their sense of entitlement.
covenant marriage
A type of voluntarily chosen marriage available in three states that restricts access to divorce, requires premarital counseling, and imposes other rules and regulations.
Which of the following is the best example of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
Alaska Native groups have many words in their language for snow.
devitalized marriage
An enduring marriage that exists without much passion.
passive-congenial marriage
An enduring marriage that includes little conflict but also little excitement.
communication
An interactive process that uses symbols like words and gestures to both send and receive messages.
Marriage has moved away from being an institution based primarily on practical considerations to one based primarily on __________.
love
Which of the following reasons to marry is most often ranked as "very important"?
love
The United States is an example of a(n) __________ culture.
low-context and individualist
Some government officials, marriage and family therapists, and religious leaders have created a __________ that aims to influence public policy to promote and strengthen traditional two-parent marriage.
marriage movement
Which of the following groups are most likely to say that they are "very happy"?
married; nonparent
Tamara is at a party and she decides this is the perfect place to conduct her sociology experiment for an upcoming research paper. She wants to know if there are any differences in communication styles by sex. In her observation that night she probably witnessed all of the following except:
men used weaker expletives.
Which type of couple is most likely to use conflict techniques such as contempt, stonewalling or belligerence?
non-regulated couples
Daniel and Mia are a couple who have many negative arguments and communication exchanges. They are an example of a:
nonregulated couple.
The phrase "actions speak louder than words" refers to:
nonverbal communication is often more believable than verbal communication when the two are in conflict.
An awkward silence, a grimace, holding hands, and a smile are all examples of:
nonverbal communication.
A relationship in which spouses consider themselves to have equal status or standing in the relationship, sharing breadwinning, housework, and childrearing roles is called a:
peer marriage.
In the opening vignette, Roderick and Scherazade have an example of a:
peer marriage.
Jack decided that he wants to break up with Hannah. For much of the relationship he has felt less commitment and his feelings were less intense than Hannah's. Which theory of power suggests that he could use his lack of interest as a bargaining tool to assert his dominance and power in the relationship?
principle of least interest
Societies control marriage in a number of ways. Thinking back to Roderick and Scherazade in the opening vignette, which mechanism was used to control them?
relative freedom
Which theory or theories of power offer a macro-level perspective?
relative love and need theory; doing gender
Which of the following represents a sex difference in communication?
Women are more polite in tone and are more likely to show interest and concern.
Which of the following sex differences in communication are true?
Women tend to smile more often, maintain eye contact, and use a wider range of facial expressions than men do.
In Iraq, it's quite common and considered safe to marry:
a cousin.
The marriage between Roderick and Scherazade, as shown in the opening vignette, shows us that:
a good marriage is the result of shared values, commitment, and communication.
Blacks over age 15 are less likely to be married than are Whites or Hispanics. Pick out the micro-level reason that might explain this.
a preference to remain single
In explaining the marriage premium, Professor Rubenstein's research shows that people who marry may be different from those who don't marry—they may be happier, healthier, and they have more money. This explanation is called:
a selection effect.
Raj is a psychologist who works with troubled teens. He has extremely attentive listening skills. He maintains good eye contact with his patients and encourages them to continue talking. He is practicing __________.
active listening
What do we call an interactive process that uses symbols like words and gestures to both send and receive messages?
communication
Which of the following is an example of a lose-lose conflict style?
compromising
Brandon and Tiana have been married for a number of years. They argue often, and on at least two occasions their arguments have turned violent. Neither one feels that these conflicts are reason to divorce; they see this type of conflict as a normal part of marriage. What type of marriage do they have?
conflict-habituated
Disagreements over decision making, problem solving, or achieving goals that can result from differences between group members in personality, perception, information, tolerance for risk, and power or influence, is called:
conflict.
When Daniel and Mia argue, he tends to roll his eyes while she is talking. This type of negative exchange is called:
contempt.
Julian and Lucy are deeply committed to their faith and strongly believe that traditional marriage is the cornerstone of society. They have decided to have a type of marriage that would require some marriage preparation and restrict their future access to divorce. This is called a __________.
covenant marriage
Catherine and Blake are deeply committed to their religious faith and strongly believe that traditional marriage is the cornerstone of society. They have decided to have a type of marriage that would require some marriage preparation and restrict their future access to divorce. This type of marriage is called:
covenant marriage.
Jonah is a college student. He received a D on his recent Anthropology midterm. He is angry, and plans to talk to his professor about it, explaining why he thinks he deserves a higher grade. Chances are, Jonah lives in a culture with a __________ dimension.
decentralized
Jack and Zoey have been married for six years. They have two preschool-aged children. They were very much in love when they married, but things have changed over the years. Neither one feels much passion or joy for their partner anymore; however, they have a strong commitment to their children and therefore would never consider divorce. Their type of marriage is called:
devitalized.
Lisa and Connie, who have dated for over a year and recently started cohabiting, are having a number of conflicts about issues such as their division of labor, decision making for major purchases, and other decisions in their relationship. This is called:
intimate partner power.
Communication:
is a transactional process.
Listening:
is the process of giving thoughtful attention to what we hear.
In their relationship, Calvin earns a lot more money than does his partner Jessica. This has translated into Calvin having more power in their relationship. This is the premise of __________.
resource theory
A study that asked Black- and White-sounding telephone callers to inquire about an advertised apartment for rent found:
Black-sounding callers were more likely to be told the apartment was already rented.
Mrs. Wang said that she would give her daughter $100 if she received straight As on her next report card. This is an example of __________.
reward power
There are at least six sources of power. Which is not one of them?
safeguard power
Telling your partner something private about yourself that he or she would not otherwise know is called __________.
self-disclosure
Telling a person something private about yourself that he or she would not otherwise know is called:
self-disclosure.
The goods and services that are by-products of social relationships, including connections, social support, information, or financial help is called __________.
social capital
Which theory would suggest that there must be reciprocity and support for disclosure to benefit a relationship?
social exchange
When Kelly told a good friend that she was pregnant, the friend was surprised, and said to Kelly: "You're pregnant? Why, I thought you didn't want children." What type of miscommunication is happening?
static evaluation
Your text notes that several social changes took place after the Industrial Revolution that shaped marriage. Which is not one of these?
the Eighth Amendment was passed
Reflecting on Scherazade and Roderick in the opening vignette, what is the "marriage premium"?
the concept that married people are happier, healthier, and financially better off than those who are not married
Gina and Matthew are first cousins, in love, and would like to marry. The laws in their state forbid marriage between first cousins. This is an example of:
the macro-side of marriage.
Masako believes that marriage is increasingly threatened by the hedonistic pursuit of personal happiness at the expense of long-term commitment. Her views represent:
the marital decline perspective.
Carmen believes that marriages are not really weaker than they were in the past. She thinks that the real threats to marriage are social problems such as poverty, discrimination, poor schools, or the lack of social services that families need to remain strong and resilient. Her views represent:
the marital resilience perspective.
Glen works as a marriage and family therapist. He has joined a group of other therapists and religious leaders in writing policy briefs for their state legislators promoting ways to strengthen traditional marriage, such as reducing divorce and reducing unmarried pregnancy. Glen is likely part of __________.
the marriage movement
Content conflict occurs when:
there are disagreements about information.
Which of the following might explain sex differences in communication?
Certain regions of the prefrontal brain area are activated differently; both hemispheres are activated in women when they perform language tasks whereas only the left hemisphere is activated in men.
nonverbal communication
Communicating without words, by using gestures, expressions, and body language.
nonregulated couples
Couples who have many negative communication exchanges.
regulating couples
Couples who use communication to promote closeness and intimacy.
conflict
Disagreements over decision making, problem solving, or achieving goals, that can result from differences between group members in personality, perception, information, tolerance for risk, and power or influence.
What do we mean when we say, "communication includes a co-construction of meanings"?
Each partner speaks a language and interprets meaning in a way acquired from his or her family of orientation.
active listening
Extremely attentive listening, where the listener has good eye contact and body language, and encourages the other person to continue talking.
pseudoconflict
Falsely perceiving that our partner is interfering with our goals or has incompatible goals.
Many attitudes about marriage have changed over the past few decades. Which is not one of these changes?
Few people now believe that a single women having a baby is "a bad thing for society."
wage premium
Generally, married men earn more than their unmarried counterparts, particularly married men with stay-at-home wives.
If you were offering marriage advice to your cousin, and wanted to explain what may improve the likelihood of having a happy, satisfying, and successful marriage, which of the following statements would you be most likely to suggest?
Have great sex and have fun doing so!
Which is the best example of a selection effect?
Healthier people are more likely to marry than are unhealthy people.
Liam is gay, and he is "out" to himself but not to others. Which "window pane" best describes Liam?
Hidden Window Pane
Which of the following is true about marriage?
Islamic wedding receptions are strictly segregated by sex, with men and women celebrating in different rooms.
Which of the following examples reveals the macro-level side of marriage?
Judith and Larry cannot get married because she is only 15.
Which of the following statements best describes the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
Language shapes our culture, and at the same time, our culture shapes our language.
antimiscegenation laws
Laws forbidding interracial marriage.
Anna lives in a "feminine" culture. In which of the following countries is she most likely to live?
Sweden
self-disclosure
Telling a person something private about yourself that he or she would not otherwise know.
social power
The ability to exercise your will over another person.
power
The ability to exercise your will.
marriage movement
The activities of some religious and government leaders, as well as marriage and family therapists, who hope to influence public policy to promote and strengthen traditional marriage.
sapir-whorf hypothesis
The concept that language shapes our culture, and at the same time, our culture shapes our language.
marriage premium
The concept that married people are happier, healthier, and financially better off than those who aren't married.
personal power
The degree of autonomy a person has to exercise his or her will.
According to the author of your textbook, married couples are growing increasingly homogamous and egalitarian. Relatedly, what else is happening?
The divide between higher-earning, well educated couples and less privileged couples has grown wider.
interethnic marriage
A type of marriage in which spouses come from different countries or have different cultural, religious, or ethnic backgrounds.
interracial marriage
A type of marriage in which spouses come from different racial groups.
relative love and need theory
A theory of power that looks at the way that love itself is feminized, defined, and interpreted.
resource theory
A theory of power that suggests that the spouse with the more prestigious or higher-paying job can use that advantage to generate more power in the relationship and thereby influence decision making.
doing gender
A theory of power that suggests that we take power differentials between men and women for granted and continue to reproduce them.
value conflict
A type of conflict that results from differing opinions on subjects that relate to personal values and issues of right or wrong.
ego conflict
A type of conflict where individuals believe they must win at all costs to save face.
content conflict
A type of conflict where individuals disagree about information.
peer marriage
A type of marriage in which couples consider themselves to have equal status or standing in the relationship.
__________ is/are defined as a legally and socially recognized relationship that includes sexual, economic, and social rights and responsibilities for partners.
Marriage
Does marriage benefit everyone equally?
Marriage may benefit men more than women, and Whites more than Blacks.
Which of the following statements about marriage is true?
Married men engage in less risky behaviors than unmarried men, whereas marriage changes women's behavior much less.
What seems to be the main conclusion from the couples and individuals in the opening vignette?
Men and women communicate differently.
Who coined the popular term, "peer marriage"?
Pepper Schwartz
Which of the following is a criticism made of the marriage movement?
The marriage movement created other social problems by not supporting all types of families.
Which of the following statements best describes the trends of the median age of marriage between 1890 and today?
The median age at marriage was higher for both men and women in 1890 than it was in 1950.
Which of the following is true with respect to marriage rates?
The number of people who remain unmarried throughout their lives has remained relatively the same throughout history.
listening
The process of giving thoughtful attention to what we hear.
verbal communication
The spoken exchange of thoughts, feelings, or other messages.
marital resilience perspective
The view that overall, marriage is no weaker than in the past, but that all families need an increase in structural supports to thrive.
marital decline perspective
The view that the institution of marriage is increasingly threatened by hedonistic pursuits of personal happiness at the expense of long-term commitment.
Why do men and women communicate differently?
There is a mix of biological and social reasons.
Laws forbidding interracial marriage, which continued to exist at the state level in the U.S. until 1967, are called:
antimiscegenation laws.
Electronic communication:
brings more informality into our writing.
Your romantic partner told you that he was "sick and tired." But you are unsure what that really means. Does he want to break up, or is he literally ill and sleepy? This imprecision with words represents a specific barrier to verbal communication known as:
bypassing.
Which theory of power suggests that we reproduce power differentials among men and women simply because they are so ingrained in us and we take them for granted?
doing gender
With respect to social class differences in communication:
former President Obama would sometimes "break code" in his speeches.
The founders of the U.S. government established marriage as:
free choice; heterosexual; husbands as head of the household.
An interracial marriage is an example of a(n) __________ marriage.
heterogamous
What is the name for a type of marriage in which spouses have different social characteristics from one another, such as their race, ethnicity, religion, level of education, or social class?
heterogamous
The idea that men benefit from marriage to a greater degree than do women has been nicknamed by Jessie Bernard __________.
his and her marriage
What is the nickname for the idea that there are two versions of marriage, and men benefit from marriage to a greater degree than do women?
his and her marriage
In a high-context culture emphasis is placed on ___________, whereas in a low-context culture emphasis is placed on __________.
indirect and nonverbal communication; direct and explicit communication
Diego and Camila are a young married couple who own a restaurant. They spend virtually all their time working together. After hours, they have most of the same friends and are almost always together. Which type of marriage do they have?
total marriage
Jos and Pia have different feelings about abortion, and it is creating conflict in their relationship. Jos thinks that abortion is murder, and Pia does not, and feels that the choice to have an abortion should be left up to the mother. This is an example of:
value conflict.
Scherazade and Roderick's lives are intertwined (opening vignette), but not completely so. Physical and emotional intimacies are important to them, and they work hard at communication and compromise so that their relationship continues to be satisfying and enjoyable. This exemplifies what type of marriage?
vital marriage
