SOCL - Ch. 12 Family

Anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski (1913) examined the family structure of nontraditional cultures and settled a long-standing debate when he concluded that:

the family was indeed a universal human institution

Working wives generally get less leisure time than their husbands. This is known as:

the leisure gap

The domestic duties that still fall disproportionately on working women's shoulders are labeled by Hochschild (1989) as:

the second shift

Black and poor women in the United States have come to rely on which of the following in order to manage child care and work responsibilities?

their extra familial female networks

Aries wrote that children of preindustrial families were:

thought of as small adults who didn't warrant any special treatment or nurturing

According to research presented in Chapter 12, if the typical American mother has two shifts, then the typical black American mother has how many?

three

In the Na culture of China, children grow up with which of the following as male role models?

uncles

Which of the following statements is true concerning the domestic world of Ozzie and Harriet portrayed in the 1950s television program?

The program portrayed an idealized version of american family life in the 1950s

Sarah Fenstermaker Berk has characterized the American family by examining how women and men learn to take on distinct roles paralleling the divide between public and private spheres. She calls the family a:

gender factory

Which of the following factors did NOT contribute to the development of the ideal of the traditional family (male breadwinner and female homemaker) in post-World War II America?

higher education levels

On most weekends you can find the Smiths, who have one son and two daughters, doing their assigned chores around the house. Typically, the son mows the lawn and helps his dad with automobile maintenance, while "the girls" help clean the house and prepare the meals. This distribution of chores reflects:

how gender roles are learned at home

As discussed in Chapter 12, in which cultures would it be acceptable for a man to marry his 14-year- old cousin?

in Victorian England and in some modern-day Muslim tribes

Neoclassical economists typically look at a member's power in the family as a direct expression of that member's utility to the family unit. This measure of power tends to be based upon gender and what other factor?

income

It's commonly perceived that the divorce rate has skyrocketed since the 1950s, but actually divorce rates in the United States have been:

increasingly steadily since 1900

Family sociologist Andrew Cherlin (2009) argues that it is Americans' value of ____________ that helps explain why America has one of the highest marriage rates, but also the highest divorce rate of any comparable Western country.

individualism

In the United States, the dual-earner family type:

is now the most common family type

John and Monique are married. Both of their parents live with them, as does John's sister and brother-in- law, and some nieces and nephews. This is known as a:

kinship network

African American mothers in the United States appear dominant in their families. This has been studied by social scientists since the 1960s, and is known as the ____________ thesis.

matriarchal

The technical term for "multiracial marriage" is ____________, but because it is politically and historically "charged," social scientists generally prefer to use the term ____________.

miscegenation; exogamy, outmarriage

Some people may have several spouses over their lifetimes, but in the United States they are legally allowed only one at a time. The legal institution is known as:

monogamy

The type of marriage form in which a person can have only one spouse at a time is known as ____________.

monogamy

A family consisting of a mother, father, and their biological children is known as a(n):

nuclear family

In his book by the same name, Conley (2004) talks about the ____________ to refer to a hierarchy among siblings that consists of competition, struggle, and resentment.

pecking order

In some rural areas of Asia, women can have several husbands at one time. This practice is known as:

polyandry

Some societies allow a person to have several spouses at the same time in an arrangement known as:

polygamy

The type of family form in which men can have more than one wife at a time is known as ____________.

polygyny

According to your text, the most frequent form of domestic violence is:

sibling on sibling

As your text points out, single mothers and poverty often go hand in hand. What is the primary reason their employment opportunities typically limit them to low-wage work?

single mothers are often unskilled and have less education than average

According to Ruth Schwartz Cowan's 1983 research, time-saving devices like the vacuum cleaner and washing machine have actually increased the amount of time that women spend on housework. What explanation is given for her finding?

standards of cleanliness have also risen, so even more cleaning is expected

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild (1980) has found that many women who would traditionally be expected to take care of the home and children also try to have a career. She calls this the:

supermom strategy

Marital rates among blacks in the United States have declined since:

the 1960s

Which 1996 legislation led to national welfare reform during the Clinton administration?

the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act

The notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibilities and child rearing is known as:

the cult of domesticity

In families where both spouses work for wages, the second shift can best be described as:

the domestic tasks that fall disproportionately on women in addition to their paid work

According to data in Chapter 12, U.S. women earn about how much for every dollar that U.S. men earn?

$.76

In what year were laws prohibiting interracial marriage struck down in the United States?

1967

Approximately what percentage of U.S. marriages end in divorce?

40%

According to the 2000 U.S. Census, what percentage of Latinos in the United States come from Mexico?

60%

According to research in Chapter 12, what percentage of today's U.S. families consist of a male breadwinner, a female housewife, and their children?

7%

Approximately what percentage of Americans marry at some point in their lives?

90%

According to research in Conley's The Pecking Order, how does the average income of daughters raised by stay-at- home mothers compare to that of daughters of working moms? a. They are less likely to earn as much as their brother(s). b. They are likely to earn more than their brother(s). c. They are more likely to earn a salary-based income. d. They are less likely to earn a salary-based income.

A

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the notion of traditional family (stay-at- home mom and working father) in U.S. history? a. The traditional family was unique to a particular time in history (1950s) and can really be viewed as an aberration. b. The traditional family describes preindustrial family arrangements that culminated in the 1950s. c. The traditional family is the family arrangement that best defines America's history. d. The traditional family is a relatively old phenomenon that has been the dominant family form until recently.

A

Which of the following trends is NOT true in the western world today? a. The number of people choosing to cohabitate is on the decline. b. The proportion of women who choose not to have children is on the rise. c. The number of single-parent families is on the rise. d. The number of multiple births among professional white women has increased.

A

In much of the Western world, the choice of a marriage partner tends to be influenced by age, education, class, race, and religion. Which of the following does NOT explain this tendency? a. Marriage among different social groups, although legally possible, is not always culturally approved. b. People are oftentimes attracted to people who are their complete opposite, for "opposites attract." c. Marrying someone who diverges a great deal from our age, race, social class, and religion is often met with overt or subtle disapproval from others. d. We tend to prefer people who are like us and to feel uncomfortable around those who are different.

B

In the 1960s many social scientists, including Daniel Patrick Moynihan, viewed the strong role held by women in many African American families as: a. the inevitable result of poverty and discrimination that emasculated husbands and fathers. b. a detrimental characteristic that undermined men's roles in the family and caused all sorts of social problems. c. a positive characteristic that would eventually strengthen the African American family. d. an anomoly that resulted from increased job opportunities for black women but not black men after World War II

B

Journalist Barbara Ehrenreich traveled around the country to study firsthand what it was like to "get by" working low-wage jobs. All of the following is true about her experiences EXCEPT: a. With only herself to support and juggling two or more jobs, she could not afford to live off her wages. b. She felt that if she had only worked harder, she would have been able to "get by." c. She sunk deeper into debt, regardless of how much effort and time she put into her work. d. She was surprised at how difficult her work was, and was relieved to be able to go back to her "old" lifestyle.

B

Sociologists generally concur that the impact of divorce on children: a. is negative because it impacts their ability to form lasting relationships as adults. b. varies widely, but high levels of parental conflict are bad regardless of marriage or divorce. c. is damaging because children of divorced parents fare worse than intact families in terms of self-esteem. d. is too difficult to ascertain because all families differ in their responses to divorce.

B

Which of the following is true regarding single-parent families in the United States and worldwide? a. They are on the rise in the United States only. b. They are on the rise in the United States and worldwide. c. They are on the decline in the United States only. d. They are on the decline in the United States and worldwide.

B

Industrialization created new roles for both men and women. Which of the following would NOT be an example of how their roles changed during this time? Women's work became relegated to the private (domestic) sphere where it went unpaid. b. Men were now seen in terms of "primary breadwinner" and "good provider." c. Women found themselves engaged in the day-to- day supervision of the family's business. d. Men were relieved of much of their domestic duties, while women were made the emotional center of family life.

C

According to the text's discussion, cohabitation: a. provides a good "testing ground" for marriage and curtails divorce. b. increases the risk of divorce because people who cohabitate are difficult to live with. c. increases the risk of divorce because people who cohabitate probably have fewer qualms about divorce. d. decreases the risk of divorce because cohabitators know their partners better than those who do not cohabitate prior to marriage.

C

In terms of cross-cultural family forms, which of the following statements is true? a. The traditional family is only dominant in the United States. b. The traditional family is universal cross-culturally. c. The traditional family is not the dominant form anywhere. d. The traditional family has never existed anywhere.

C

Which of the following is NOT true about domestic violence? a. Husbands are 2.5 times more likely to kill their wives than vice versa. b. Husbands and wives are about equally likely to provoke and to be victims of "situational couple violence." c. The majority of people who are abused as children go on to have abusive relationships with their own children. d. Domestic abuse is associated with poverty, single-parent households, and lower educational attainment.

C

A powerful example of the devaluation of housework in the United States was the original September 11th Victim Compensation Fund. Ultimately, what happened? a. Only the deceased's future earnings were measured to determine the family's amount of compensation. b. Only the deceased's economic status at time of death was measured to determine the family's amount of compensation. c. Neither the deceased's future earnings nor his or her estimated contributions to the family's unpaid household work were measured to determine the family's amount of compensation. d. Both the deceased's future earnings and his or her estimated contributions to the family's unpaid household work were measured to determine the family's amount of compensation.

D

All of the following countries have marriage equality for same-sex couples EXCEPT: a. Canada. b. the Netherlands. c. Spain. d. the United States.

D

In his book The Marriage-Go- Round: The State of Marriage and the Family in America Today (2009), sociologist Andrew Cherlin proposes that America's "love-hate" relationship with marriage stems from all of the following EXCEPT that: a. Americans value marriage very highly; almost 90% of Americans eventually marry. b. Americans are very individualistic and evaluate their marriage in very personal terms. c. Americans feel justified ending a marriage that is not personally and emotionally satisfying. d. Americans are polyamorous by nature and have difficulty committing themselves to one person for a lifetime.

D

Structural changes brought on by the industrial revolution had major consequences for families. Which of the following was NOT a change that occurred? a. A gendered division of labor arose defining women's place in the home and men's place in the public sphere. b. Kinship networks became more separated as people moved away from extended family. c. Women and men were believed to be naturally predisposed to different pursuits. d. Women and children were expected to make and use their own food, clothes, and goods while men worked in the factories.

D

Talcott Parsons and other functionalists argued that the nuclear family was necessary in modern industrial society. Problems with the functionalist argument are highlighted in all of the research findings below EXCEPT: a. In the Na culture of China, uncles are responsible for raising children, yet the Na manage fine. b. Research consistently finds that same-sex parents are as successful in raising children as heterosexual parents. c. Mundurucu mothers and fathers live in separate homes, eat separate meals, and sleep apart, yet this arrangement is functional for this culture. d. Research shows married parents provide better homes for their children than divorced ones.

D

The traditional family depicted in The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet was never a reality for African American families. All of the following reasons explain why this was the case EXCEPT that: a. African American women have always had to combine work and family. b. the separation of work and home was a luxury rooted in the upper classes, so the experiences of most African Americans stray from the norm. c. families who were able to separate work and home were often only able to do so because they relied on other women (many of whom were black) as servants. d. the patriarchal tradition of the African American family made it virtually impossible for black women to separate work and home.

D

Who wrote The Feminine Mystique (1963)?

Friedman

Who of the following has argued all along that African American female-headed families are the outcome, rather than the cause, of racial oppression and poverty?

Du Bois

The type of family form in which partners marry from within their race, class, or caste is known as ____________.

Endogamy

Which of the following characterized the preindustrial family?

Husbands and wives were partners not only in making a home but in making a living

Which of the following nations practice a rigid adherence to endogamy?

India

As discussed in Chapter 12, which group of women is least likely to get an abortion?

Latino women

In the 1950s, which of the following structural functionalists identified the traditional nuclear family model as a functional necessity in modern industrial society?

Parsons

According to the 2000 U.S. Census, a majority of Latinos in the United States come from which two countries?

Puerto Rico and Cuba

Which of the following is true regarding motherhood in the Zambian culture?

Zambian mothers don't nurture their daughters in the way that Western mothers do

In studies of housework tasks and gender, which sociologist found that "women do the housework" and men "help out"?

Zelizer

Cole's parents divorced when he was six, but now both of them are remarried. He has two stepsisters on his mother's side and a new stepbrother on his father's side. These families are an example of which of the following type of family?

a blended family

Most Latino families in the United States are shaped by which of the following?

a devout tradition of Catholicism

About how long do the majority of single mothers stay on the welfare rolls in the United States?

about 2 years

At any given point in the past few decades, about how many mothers raising children by themselves have had to go on welfare to get by in the United States?

about half

Family forms with vertical kinship ties are known as:

beanpoles

Structural changes brought on by industrialization in the United States meant that families changed from "grapevine" forms to:

beanpoles

Legally recognized unions of gays and lesbian couples that are explicitly intended to offer similar state- mandated legal rights and benefits of marriage as are given to heterosexual couples are known as:

civil unions

Amy and Raymond live together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning. This arrangement is known by sociologists as:

cohabitation

The Ozzie and Harriet Nelson type of family was in its prime during which time period?

during the post-World War II economic boom

A relatively new area of study, ____________, looks at the physical, verbal, and financial abuse perpetrated against people over the age of 57.

elder abuse

When a society has rules that limit marital choices to people within their own social group, such as within their social class or religion, this is known as:

endogamy

Formal or informal rules that require a person to marry outside of the group they belong to are called:

exogamy

If Jerome is opposed to the idea of having a relationship with someone who lives in his dormitory, which he jokingly refers to as "dorm-cest," he is practicing the rule known as:

exogamy

The type of family form in which partners marry from outside of their social groups is known as ____________.

exogamy

Grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins who live together in a multigenerational household are considered a(n):

extended family

Marriages that cross racial and ethnic lines have become more common in the United States, although most U.S. marriages are still racially and ethnically endogamous. What factors might discourage exogamy (intermarrying among different racial and ethnic groups)?

facing ostracism from within one's tightly knit community

Sociologist Barbara Risman calls families in which both men and women genuinely share the paid and unpaid labor equally:

fair families