SOSC2017 exam2 11/14/17

Implicit (modern) racism

-Outwardly acting unprejudiced, while inwardly maintaining prejudiced attitudes -Unconscious beliefs and feelings

Matrix of domination

most people experience BOTH low and high societal power LOW SOCIETAL POWER -women -people of color -Lower SES (Social Economic Structure) - LGBTQ+ -first generation college student -disabled -jewish, muslim, buddhist -immigrant -over weight -youth n elderly HIGH SOCIETAL POWER -men -white -middle, upper SES -2nd 3rd generation -straight -able bodied -christian -us citizen -thin -adults

Institucional racism

-Established laws, customs and practices that systematically reflect and produce racial inequalities in a society -Institutional and cultural practices can perpetuate racial inequality without relying on racist actors.

2 Types of individual Racism:

-Implicit (Modern) Racism -Overt (Old-Fashioned) Racism

Overt (old fashioned) racism

-Intentional or harmful acts of racism towards a group or individual

Ideology

-Meritocracy -Fundamental Attribution Error -Belief in a Just World

Models of disability

-Traditional Model: Places blame on the individual (possessed by demons, punished by God for wrongdoing) Goal: Disability is shameful and something to hide -Medical Model: Scientific understanding of the causes of impairments Goal: Cure and rehabilitation for individual, "problems" -Social Model: The structures within society are the problems Disabilities are seen as diversity and civil rights issues Goal: Identify the physical and social barriers that obstruct individuals with impairments

Power

-exists at several different levels... (PIOS) -Personal: personal feelings of power over one's outcomes -Individual/ Relational: power that one has over another in an individual context -Organizational: power that an organization has over an individual -Structural/ Societal: power that a society gives to a particular set of individuals based on their social identities

Language- why does it matter?

-our language references real things, experiences and people in the world -the language we use constructs the world in which we live -language can clarify or obscure the kinds of realities people experience within societal systems of institutionalized privilege and oppression

Bonilla-Silva (p.113-119)

1) How does Eduardo Bonilla-Silva explain how racism works in the United States? Consider his key terms group power, dominant racial group, minorities, and racial status quo. (p. 113) : A group power, a dominant racial group striving to maintain its systematic advantages and minorities fighting to subvert that racial static quo 2) Describe the notion of life chances as it is discussed in "Color-Blind Racism." : People of color have chances at a better life because they can be judged on their character not the color of their skin 3) According Bonilla-Silva, what are the four central frames of colorblind racism? (p. 114): -Abstract liberalism ( Support the racist status quo in a "reasonable" way) -Naturalization ( Preference of white friends) -Biologization of culture ( thinking biology form some of the cultural practices) -Minimization of racism ( whites think it went away)

DiAngelo (p.181-189)

1) What did that distinction, of a racial Other, mean for her? Why did she (and her grandmother) need this? (pp. 181-182): Her and Her grandma needed to know this distinction because it made her feel like she was still better than someone and that she still had class. 2) What are some of the classist messages she received when she was young? How can these messages silence her in speaking up against racism, and what is the impact of the silence? (p. 182): When she went to school and saw how college isn't about how smart you are. Also how her grandma was happy she had people who were in a class below them because they were poor but they weren't black and poor 3) What does DiAngelo offer as two interwoven tasks for "Whites to unravel [their] internalized racial dominance"? (p. 183): Work on our own limitations/ oppressions to internalize our need for dominance. 4) DiAngelo states that the "discourse of individuality" can benefit racial privilege but holds all oppressions in place. How? (pp. 184-187) Freedom to remain oblivious increases white privilege, calling social identifiers "labels" suggests people end up in their "natural" places, dismissing these things as problems

Crenshaw (p.163-170)

1) what problem did intersectionality theory come about to address? How does the case of Degraffenreid vs. General Motors show us this problem? (p. 172) To capture the applicability of black feminism to anti-discriminatory laws. Five black females sued GM for race and gender discrimination 2) One of the projects of black feminism is to show people they are facing two different types of discrimination "Drawing attention to the erasures 'women of color are invisible in plain sight'" 3) Anita Hill effectively brought to light that " High tech lynching" and no one was defending her or helping her through her struggles "Collective forgetting"; addressing all parts of intersectionality issues, not just what is elevated 4) Define intersectionality in your own words: When you get discriminated against because of two aspects of yourself

McIntosh (p.176-180)

1)What is the "invisible knapsack"? How does it work? (p. 176): It is a bag that contains the special " tools" that allow white people to have certain privileges over others 2) What is McIntosh's overall goal in this essay? (p. 177): He wants to talk about how skin tone hold so much power 3) The pattern of assumptions that McIntosh says he inherited " My skin tone was an asset for any move I was educated to make" 4) opinion question 5) do you agree or disagree

Baynton (p.81-90)

1. According to Douglass Baynton, what categories have historians and scholars most studied in their efforts to understand the justifications for inequality in the United States? (p. 81) race, gender, ethnicity 2. Baynton notes that the concept of disability has been used to "justify discrimination against other groups by attributing disability to them." Find at least one example in Baynton's work and briefly explain his assertion. (p. 81) Women cannot be politically or socially equal bc they are weaker, more emotional, and irrational (disability justifies denial of rights) 3. In what ways have the concepts of "natural" and "normal" helped to establish the "universal, unquestionable good and right"? (pp. 82-83) Measuring, categorizing, and managing populations; it implies whatever is not normal is disabled; can change to definers liking 4. How was Down's syndrome initially explained when it was first identified in 1866? (p. 82) "Mongolism" - biological reversion by Caucasians to the Mongol racial type 5. Identify two of the justifications for slavery that were based on disability arguments. (pp. 82-83) prone to become disabled under conditions of freedom; two types of mental illness that resulted "Drapetomania" (causes slaves to runaway) need to submit to a master built in African Americans "Dysaesthesia Aethiopis" (desire to avoid work and cause mischief) from lack of firm governance which more common among freedmen 6. Describe the disability arguments used to oppose women's suffrage in the nineteenth century. (pp. 84-85) constance source of anxiety to males bc of evolutionary inferiority; disabilities made them incapable of using franchise responsibly cannot exercise equal political and social rights 7. How did the laws on immigration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries use disability as a rationale for exclusion? (pp. 86-87) Tested for being "feeble-minded" etc. used this to advantage bc the decider could choose to declare anyone they chose to be disabled and not allow them in the country

Allport's levels of discrimination

1. Antilocution: Verbal prejudice and images 2. Avoidance: Complete avoidance or increased social space 3. Discrimination: Taking action to exclude all members of a social group 4. Physical attack: Acts of violence 5. Extermination: Lynching, massacres, genocide

Tatum (p.105-111)

1. Beverly Daniel Tatum begins her essay with anecdotes detailing examples of people claiming that racism no longer exists. How does Tatum account for this phenomenon? (pp. 106) Ideas come from what we have not been told (logical fallacy) 2. What do the examples of childhood development reveal about when and how children internalize racial imagery? (pp. 105-106) Children get their context from kids movies, something they are often exposed to, and apply it to everything (Peter Pan gave them their idea of Native Americans) 3. How does Tatum explain the significance of omitted information? Use one of her examples to answer this question. (p. 106) English teacher not taught abt works by black authors and so could not teach it; students thought blacks didn't write books 4. Briefly explain the concept of internalized oppression as Miller discusses it. (p. 107) Ppl of stereotyped group internalize stereotypes of own group 5. Why does Tatum prefer David Wellman's definition of racism to other definitions? (p. 108) A system of advantage based on race; not only a personal ideology but a system that forms policies and practices along w beliefs and actions of individuals 6. How does Tatum answer the question: "Can people of color be racist?" (p. 109) Depends on definition; racial prejudice: yes system of advantage: no

McMillan (p.382-386)

1. Why is this essay called "The New Face of Hunger"? What are the stereotypes associated with hunger, and how do the portraits in this piece challenge those stereotypes? She argues that "hunger" is not because of race, but because of where one lives. Locations have more/less access to supermarkets based on how urban they are or the income of their people. 2. Why is the problem of malnutrition not about "telling people to eat their fruits and vegetables," but about wages and poverty? How do government subsidies play a role in malnutrition? Things like being denied over time or the fact that a second job takes away SNAP plays a role in malnutrition bc people cannot live off the standard; places of poverty do not open supermarkets bc they won't make money

Churchill

1. How do the majority of American Indians feel about the use of native names, images and symbols as sports team mascots? -They do not like it. They find it to be offensive to their heritage. 2. Why does Churchill cite Julius Streicher's case in this article? What is the relevance Churchill believes this case has for American Indians as sports mascots? - Strecicher was a propaganda head for anti - semitic newspapers. His portrayal of Jews grew made people begin to hate Jews. Churchill relates this to how people portray native american mascots and see them as only mascots and not as offensive to Natives Americans 3. What are some examples of injustices that Churchill cites continue to affect American Indians' lives? - Native children are taken from their home and indoctrinated and forcibly americanized and uncultured. The government was also sterilizing native women

Feldman (p.378-381)

1. In 1991, notes Feldman, Jonathan Kozol exposed a funding inequality in public education. Describe his findings. (p. 378) Rich suburbs spent significantly more money on education than the urban areas they surrounded (abt double) 2. How has funding for public education changed since Kozol's exposé? (pp. 378-380) New Jersey channeled funds to poorest districts; Oregon placed higher responsibility state wide

Griscom (p.443-450)

1. In the story of Sharon Kowalsi and Karen Thompson, what are three of the modes of oppression in operation? (p. 443) Ableism, heterosexism, and sexism 2. What does Griscom say about the relationship among the various modes of oppression? (p. 449) they all feed into each other and leave no room for a fair solution

Massey (p.348-360)

1. Why was there a rise of undocumented immigration from Mexico in the mid-1960s and from Central America in the 1980s (page 348-350)? Our economy was good then so Mexicans came here for work 2. Review the facts and figures about Latinos' socioeconomic status. What patterns can you identify? What are some of the explanations for the socioeconomic differences between racial groups? (pages 353-356). Things have gradually gotten much worse for latinos in the states, probably bc of the war on drugs and immigration laws (?)

Discrimination

Any kind of behavior (individual, organized, or structural) that disadvantages one group in relation to another group and maintains conditions of inequality for members of the disadvantaged group(s).

Arguments explaining why economic inequality is increasing

1. People don't know how much wealth there is in the US 2. Chances that an AMerican family will experience a 50% drop in income is increasing -For a waiter they won't be able to pay bills of rent or food 3. Middle class is continuing to shrink -College degrees are required for most middle class jobs -25% of americans finish bachelors degree 4. Backed up with ideology that we ingranted with at birth

Conley

1. State the research question for this article. (In other words, what information are they trying to find out through the studies they conducted?) - Implications for intergroup relation- ships between heterosexual people and gay people 2. What do the authors mean by "out-group homogeneity" (p. 26)? - The assumption is that all gay people are alike and thus would be compatible relationship partners with one another. A related assumption is that there is a much smaller community of gay people than actually exists. 3. On pg. 27, the authors discuss statements that heterosexual people make regarding explicit statements about their lack of prejudice. The authors state, "These explicit expressions of tolerance often seem to have the ironic effect of making an individual appear even more prejudiced." Why would these statements have this ironic effect? 4. a. What is Shared Reality Theory? the process whereby people adopt another person's attitudes, is cited by social psychologists to demonstrate an important lack of people's conscious control over their actions. b. What is the Contact hypothesis? theory states that under appropriate conditions interpersonal contact is one of the most effective ways to reduce prejudice between majority and minority group members. 5. What are the implications of this research for interactions between LGB and heterosexual people? - The implications are that heterosexual people act as if they know what its like to be LGB and can sympathize with them, but in reailty they have no grasp of the struggle LGB groups go through

Pharr (p.134-143):

1. Suzanne Pharr opens her essay by making connections between sexism and "the history of the world's atrocities." Identify some of her examples and briefly reflect on how these events are related to sexism. (p. 134) Economy (racism and sexism justify low paid labor) Limited education and training lead to inadequate jobs 2. Reread the paragraph that begins with this question: "What would happen if women gained the earning opportunities and power that men have?" Why must we look at economic systems to understand the causes and driving forces behind sexism? (p. 135) The economic systems show that women and people of color have been denied opportunity and so they get worse jobs than white men, and in turn make the least money forcing them to maintain these bad jobs to get by and find themselves stuck in this system 3. What is the "societal promise of survival" that keeps sexism in place? (p. 136) "Women will not suffer from violence if we attach ourselves to a man to protect us" "a woman without a man is vulnerable to external violence and worse there is something wrong with them" 4. According to Pharr, how does heterosexism "create the climate for homophobia? (p. 137) "Assumption that the world is and must be heterosexual...display of power and privilege as the norm"; "enforces bastion of patriarchal power" 5. What does Pharr mean when she says: "To be named as lesbian threatens all women, not just lesbians, with great loss"? (p. 139) Any woman can be called a lesbian and be unable to defend self; no definitive way to identify lesbians

Hipsman & Meissner (p.195-206)

1. The authors name four peak periods of immigration that coincided with American economic transformation. What are these key periods? (p. 195) Ppl of the original colonies, westward expansion in 19th century, rise of cities 20th century, and 1970s-today 2. How did U.S. immigration policies restrict immigration, and why? (pp. 195-196) Immigration Acts, no convicts, mentally ill, or ppl unable to care for self not allowed Chinese Exclusion Act 1917 IA- Asian barred zone no immigration Naturalization Act of 1924- quota system 3. How did immigration policy in the 1990s attempt to address illegal immigration? How did policies after 9/11 affect immigration? How are immigration policies enforced? Higher security, customs, and benefit applications; enforced by ICE 4. How do undocumented immigrants enter the United States? - They use a variety of platforms. Border crossings, overstayed visas, native born, etc. 5. What do the authors mean when they say that "[i]llegal immigration is a bellwether of economic conditions?" (p. 202) - They mean that because of the economic conditions of poverty stricken portions of the globe, immigrants come to America seeking jobs and money. 6. How is the integration of immigrants into a population commonly measured?- Generation based populations. 7. What are some reasons given for the reduced levels of illegal immigration from Mexico to the United States since 2007? Because of increaed border security, checkpoints, deportations, and immigration laws.

Miller (p.91-96)

1. To capture the applicability of black feminism to the anti-discrimination law. This case shows us a problem because the court did nothing for the women, saying black women can't prove gender discrimination or racial discrimination because not all black women were discriminated against. 2. Drawing attention to the ways women of color are invisible in plain sight. 3. It brought to light how unfairly black people are treated in serious manners. It's important not to forget what happened and remember it to this day. 4. Intersectionality is the overlap of various social identities that contributes to systematic oppression and discrimination against a person.

Mogul (p.270-275)

1. What do the events at the Stonewall Inn and the Power Plant show us about the relationship between LGBT communities and law enforcement? Law enforcement would intentionally work in a way to disadvantage/arrest LGBT ppl(used warrant when club was full instead of at night to arrest 300+ ppl) 2. What are some examples of the ways that gender is policed? Arbitrary and violent arrests of transgenders and gender non conforming people for using "wrong br"; verbal abuse; ID reflects the wrong gender, leading to inappropriate, invasive, unlawful searches

Alexander (p.258-265):

1. What does Alexander state is the "new normal," or the "new racial equilibrium?" -" Young black men today may be just likely to suffer from racial discrimination as same as they would in the Jim crow era. Discrimination that is perfectly legal because of one's criminal record." 2. What are the different stages of the way that the war on drugs works, according to Alexander? - The roundup, the conviction, lastly invisible punishment 3. What role does the war on drugs play in mass incarceration? What evidence does Alexander offer to make this case? - It gives authority to police officers to pick a collection of peoples, typically black and spanish males, and search them for narcotics. It is a racist way of picking people to search because it is based in stereotypes.

Sklar (p.329-339)

1. What was your initial impression of Sklar's imagined country? (pp. 329-339) America's ****ed up. Kind of embarrassing, as a world power w promises of "freedom" we should do better 2. Why does Sklar ask readers to "imagine a country living history in reverse?" (p. 329) Instead of progression we are regressing in terms of positive change 3. Why does Sklar ask her readers to speculate rather than accept the facts as she has found (and cited) them? (pp. 329-339) To think it could not be real; but then come to find out it is the U.S., big shocker that way

Belief in a just world

=you deserve it

Privilege

A special right or advantage given to a person or group of people. (Ex: Assuming something is not a big issues because it does not affect you personally.)

Microagression (Sue & Rivera)

A subconscious insult, whether intentional or unintentional Ex: telling an asian that they have good english even if they have lived in the US their whole life

Arguments against the word gay in a pejorative sense

FOR: if something is genuinely gay, using it as an umbrella term for the LGBTQIA+ community (could be controversial), and if someone in the LGBTQIA+ uses the phrase. AGAINST: anyone outside of the LGBTQIA+ community using it as a slur, in many cases used to describe something in a negative manner and a synonym to dumb.

Building a wall between US and Mexico

PROS: -Benefit economy -Halt illegal trafficking (of drugs and people) -Government loses billions by letting undocumented people work untaxed -Decrease of criminal activity in border states (53% of criminal activity in California) -$19-20 billion made a year in drug trafficking -More than 1 million people have been detained trying to illegally cross the border -Two posts of the border were found to have old, worn down fencing CONS: -1-4 million dollars for each mile of wall (cost continues to rise) -Border is already protected well with border control and fencing -Mexico refuses to pay for the wall's construction even though Trump wants them to -Would cost billions which could be spent on helping the nation, like building schools -Immigrants would find other ways to cross illegally, possibly build tunnels underground -No evidence of terrorists coming from the border, most are homegrown

Removing Confederate Statues

PROS: -Many acts of hate and vandalism have resulted because of their existence -They represent a terrible time in U.S. history, a part of history we shouldn't celebrate -Racist protests turned violent or deadly (Charlottesville, Virginia) -Statues represent treason by the Confederacy against the U.S. -In over 23 cities nationwide, Confederate statues have already been removed -Robert E. Lee himself did not believe Confederate statues should be erected CONS: -The statues represent a part of U.S. history, good or bad -The removal of them eliminates history of our past and how we can learn from it -Easy way out of guilty past, turns our heads from the inconvenient truth -Should be used as a tool to counter racism, no longer who we are as a nation -Represents how far we've come as a country -Cannot allow integral part of our history to be whitewashed and forgotten -No one would riot if statues were moved to museums -Could do what Germany did with Holocaust memorials

Transgender individuals and public bathrooms

PROS: -Mental health of transgenders will not be at risk -Courts rule it is discrimination (Doe v. Regional School) -This is about letting transgenders feel comfortable and not like outsiders -It is very hard for one to identify with their gender when they're seen as the opposite -Not allowing this correlates with the 3rd level of discrimination by Gordon Allport -It isn't easy to tell who is transgender or not so how do you ever really know, what would the rule be then CONS: -Child molestors and sexual predators could take advantage of this new freedom -Transgenders should just use unisex or individual bathrooms -Those without surgery don't apply (medical information is private) -Sexual organs are definitive -Building new bathrooms could create unfair financial burdens for non-supporters -4th amendment is invalid here, involves government intrusion, not social arguments -not everyone wants transgenders to use their respected bathroom= have to think about both halfs of the statistics -you want to respect the privacy of those individuals who are not transgender= they may feel uncomfortable

Different levels of power

Personal Individual/ relational Organizational Societal/ structural

Oppression

Prolonged unjust treatment or control. One group exercises dominance and subordination over another group.

U.S. Commission (p.247-257)

Relates back to male supremacy often. PATERNALISM is a key issue. Individual discrimination: can be intentional OR unintentional. Examples: teachers who assume a student is not as smart due to linguistic or cultural differences, administrators only hiring people via word of mouth so their friends of friends (all the same race), etc.

Cultural appropriation

The adoption or use of elements of one culture by members of a different culture.

Intersectionality

The established relations among social structures and identities; The idea that our different social identities interact and create a unique experience of power and oppression.

Ableism

The idea of being inferior due to your disability.

Classism

The wealthy are privileged and assigned a higher status, whereas poor and working class people are disadvantaged because of their lack of wealth.

Meritocracy

based on what you earn; awarded for the work you do →ex: earn an A in class

Fundamental attribution error

→ Ex: someone cuts you off in traffic=they are a NY driver or bad driver, but if you do it you are just in a hurry