Spanish Inquisition MidSemester
Monotheistic religion of the Jews
What is Judaism?
Greediness
What is cupidity?
It wasn't really religion because Moriscos were at the outskirts of Christian society, but the main thing was the differences in their societies. Mainly, the morisco civilizaiton was far superior because of the Arab influence that connected them culturally to those in the Middle East
According to Perez what bothered the Spanish Christians most about mroiscos?
He highly regretted signing it over to the Catholic monarchs and felt that they had changed it from its original purpose. He felt that it would only be used for matters in faith, but the Inquisitors made it about more than just faith.
Elaborate on Pope Sixtus IV's opinions of the Spanish Inquisition
Compassion- imitatio christi, reminder of Christ's compassion through dying for sins:: Hate- hate against the Jews, through scars, lepers:: Abjection- Mary's suffering, don't exactly want pain, but want to feel like he did:: Dignity- excluded in society, allowed to be treated humanly
Explain elements of the symbolism of Christ's body through compassion, hate, abjection, and dignity.
It uses Christ's punishments to reflect on that society, legitmatizes torture on the bodies of the criminals, if Christ can do it criminals can do it
Explain how the passion narratives "serve an ideological purpose"
Originally from 507 to 711, the Iberian peninsula was under the visigoths (barbaric germanic tribes); In 711, Arabs escaping Syria landed in Spain, and by 720, they controlled all of the peninsula.
Go through the Arabs involvement getting into Spain?
The two kingdoms were ruled separately by their monarchs: Isabela (Queen of Castile) and Ferdinand (King of Aragon)
How did the Kindoms of the Iberian Peninsula work until the 16th(ish) century?
Thing the people who killed Christ (Jews), so Passion gives incentive for antisemitism to grow.
How is Christ's death understood as antisemitism?
If Christ can endure it the bad seeds can too, encourage society to be more violent to bad seeds
How is Christ's death understood as hate?
People imitate his torture to feel his pain because it is a social norm to do it, justifies judicial torture also
How is Christ's death understood as imitation?
Humanity killed Christ, but Christ died for all of us, so part of us died with him
How is Christ's death understood as inclusion?
No
Were Ferdinand and Isabela actually against Jews?
Religious orders founded by St. Dominic in 1217 as an "Order of Preachers" dedicated to poverty and learning; often served as Inquisitors
What are Dominicans?
A religious order founded by St. Francis in 1223 that emphasized poverty and simplicity; great rival to Dominicans
What are Franciscans?
"the enlightened ones"- people who looked to internal reflection and prayer for salvation rather than to good works
What are alumbrados?
Group of heretics in 12th century southern France who believed in dual compting gods of good and evil (influenced by Arabs due to contact with Mediterranean), and rejected many teachings of the Catholic Church; aka Albigensians; largely wiped out by the medieval Albigensian Crusade; Totally exterminated by 14th century
What are cathars?
A community of cryptoJews who basically lived together and kept within the Community to hide their Jewish ways (changed when an angry ex-member got mad that he was being teased for taking an Old Christian wife
What are chuetas?
Converts, usually refers to a baptized Jew or Muslim who has accepted Christianity (usually accepted through social and political pressure)
What are conversos?
-level employees of the Inquisition, often spies or informers; volunteered for pride and honor
What are familiars?
Customary legal privileges of all non-Castilian provinces; these varied from one area to another, and often provided pretext of resistance to the Inquisition
What are fueros?
People controlling certain places for power
What are geopolitics?
No Trinity; Jesus is not god (just a prophet); No matter (didn't believe in body, soul is only pure); vegetarianism (body is impure so shouldn't consume it); no marriage; equality
What are important beliefs of Albigensians?
Relics are bones; uselessness of pilgrimages (relics are objects w/o meaning); holy water is just warer; Transubstantiation doctrine (a large trick); All of this created by the Institution for just profit
What are important beliefs of Waldensians?
"reports" of the individual tribunals ot the Suprema in Spain
What are relaciones?
Group of friars bound by a vow of absolute poverty and dedication to an ascetic way of live (traveling and evangelizing the poor); Franciscan Order and Dominican Order
What are the Mendicant Orders?
The European Inquisition was under the pope's rule (purely religious and only the pope could decide); The Spanish Inquisition was run by the bishops who reported to the monarchs (eventually the Grand Inquisitor)
What are the differences between the European Inquisition and the Spanish Inquisition?
It was born in Italy in the 3rd century, and adopted into Christianity in the 4th century; Got promoted as groups broke apart over small disagreements over rules and faity (massacred disagreers, birth of Inquisition, and attempt for unified faith)
What are the origins of the Inquisition?
They didn't really see Spain as a pure Christian country because they still had this semitic influence (from Muslims and Jews) even though they call themselves Catholic
What did Europe think of Spain?
He gave monarchs permission to appoint Torquemada's successor as the Grand Inquisitor when the time came
What did Pope Innocent VIII do in 1488 that was a turning point for the Spanish Inquisition?
He was the one who received the appeals of the sentences instead of the archbishop of Seville. He had the right to appoint and delegate inquisitors by themselves. He was a Dominican. He was known for austerity and refused all honors, even the archbishopric of Seville
What do we know about Tomas de Torquemada, the first Grand Inquisitor?
He talks how a lot of marranos still tended to practice Judaism out in the open, expecially the Portuguese marranos. The chuetas were the ones who created a whole community that worked to disquise themselves as Christian
What does Perez say about the marranos, the chuetas?
Knows prayers and has multiple witnesses to testify her Catholicness. Status as a Catholic mother.
What evidence does Manuel give on her Catholicism?
Catholic Monarchs took control of Granada in 1492, and expelled muslims from the Iberian Peninsula (in theory, everything is Catholic)
What happened in 1492?
She was from Portugal and came to Spain once the Inquisition was started there to possiblive with other conversos. Also, her husband and father held converso jobs
What indicates that Manuel was a converso?
Term applied to the coexistence of Christianity, Judaism and Islam (they are all people of the book) in medieval Spain
What is Convivencia?
Major branch of Protestantism, identified with the theology of Martin Luther
What is Lutheranism?
In Judaism, apostasy; rejection of Judaism by a Jew
What is Meshumad?
Iberian Jews; dialect language spoken by Spanish Jews; descended from Jews who lived in Iberian Peninsula in the 15th century
What is Sefartic?
Name given ot the Iberian Peninsula by the Jews
What is Sepharad?
"blessed woman"- a religious woman or lay woman, not belonging to any cloistered order of nuns
What is a beata?
"fraternity"
What is a hermandad?
Pejorative term to designate those who practiced Jewish rituals and observed Jewish festivities and traditions
What is a judaizer?
Pejorative term meaning "swine", used by old Christians to refer to new Christians, or conversos (Jews or Moors who converted to avoid persecution)
What is a marrano?
A person who repents (or is forced to repent) his/her sins or wrongdoings in order to receive forgiveness
What is a penitent?
A place of execution, where heretics where burned
What is a quemadero?
A penitential garment imposed by the Inquisition on convicted heretics
What is a sanbenito?
"act of faith"- public ceremony at which the Inquisition announced its sentences (became huge public spectacles)
What is an auto da fe?
Sculpture or model of a person
What is an effigy?
Where people pretend to be Christian, but in actuality, they are Jewish
What is cryptojudaism?
When priests and friars spoke to the public and supported anti-semitism
What is demagogy?
Chief prosecutor of an inquisitional or secular court
What is fiscal?
Belief that does not agree with the established dogma
What is heresy?
"purity of blood", related ot old Christian ancestry; lack of Jewish or Moorish ancestry. Refers to a series of statutes enacted in late 15th century restricting access to certain professions only to those able to prove their purity of blood. Not race, but how Christian you are. It's this whole insecurity complex and fear of being related to a Jewish person.
What is limpieza de sangre
A Christian living in Muslim territory, under Muslim rule
What is mozarab?
A relapsed penitent heretic, formally 'reconciled' to the Church by the Holy Office, but subject to heavy punishment
What is reconciliado?
"relaxed", a heretic 'relaxed', or turned over, to the secular arm of government to be executed and burnt, either in person or in effigy
What is relajado?
When a priest asks for sexual favors while in the confessional booth
What is solicitation?
Initial declaration by the Inquisition when it first arrived in a city, inviting all to denounce themselves and others for heresies; it gave a grace period (30-40 days) where they would give the self-incriminated less severe punishments
What is the Edict of Grace/Faith?
Group in the Church in charge of protecting the faith and morals; each region has its own; appoint Inquisitors and make catechisms
What is the Holy Office?
Refers to Rome, the central ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Catholic Church
What is the Holy See?
The 'Supreme Council of the Spanish Inquisition', established in 1483, in Madrid, which oversaw all tribunals. Under the leadership of the Inquisitor General
What is the Suprema?
Priests do mass and services on a regular basis; Friars take a poverty vow, live on streets (help people on the streets), and take donations
What is the difference between priests and friars?
It evolved to reflect the society in which it was formed; It justified the judicial methods of torture at the time (if Christ had to go under them, you, a lowly criminal, could to); ideologically worked to legitimize torture used on criminals
What is the explanation behind the evolution of the Passion over time?
The time granted by the Tribunal to the members of the congregation to appear before the Tribunal and declare their sins and offenses (30-40 days)
What is the period of grace?
Walk to the outskirts of the city where they would either take them back to the prisons or burn them at the stake
What is the precession of penitents?
Like the Passion narratives, the Spanish Inquisition is used to bring hate onto the Jews
What is the relation between the Passion narratives and the Spanish Inquisition?
The far north area was called Asturias and maintained by Christian peasants
What part of the Iberian Peninsula was unconquered by the Arabs?
The name of the Iberian peninsula when it was under control of the Arabs
What was Al-Andalus?
The Jews kidnapped Christian children to drink their blook and crucify them like the Jews did to Jesus
What was a popularized urban legend about the Jews?
The process by which Christian kingdoms in the Iberian peninsula reconquered territories under muslim rule
What was the Reconquista?
Went against the spread of Protestantism
What was the counterreformation?
With Vincent Ferrer; Demagogues blaming Jews for Black Death put Torah and Quran at question and point out everything that's wrong with it
What was the dispute of controversy of Tortosa?
Granada
What was the last Muslim territory in Iberia?
Needed to expand territory and makes sure Holy Land of Jesus is theirs; led to growth of Christian entitlement
What was the purpose of the Crusades?
Torquemada convinced the monarchs that converso assimilation was hampered by the presence of Jews. So they go rid of them because the conversos would never fully become Christians and get rid of Jewish habits if they still had contact with Jews
What was the reasoning behind the expulsino of the Jewish populaiton from Spain?
Basically, Jewish ghettos where Jews were confined to live within the cities
What were aljamas?
1480-1530 persecution of conversos; 1560-1714 moriscos and protestants; 17th century-end Old Christians, witchcraft, superstition, alumbrism, blasphemy, crimes contra natura
What were the periods of the Spanish Inquisition?
Toledo, Burgos, Segovia, Avila, Valladolid, Cordoba, Sevilla, Saragossa, Barcelona, and Valencia
What were the places with the biggest and most vicious Inquisitions taking place?
Approximately the 12th-13th century; Before: more visual description, less on the tortures; After: more tortures, wanted to see and feel the pain of Christ
What would be the turning point of the Passion?
In the early to mid 1500s, but Spain is always with Rome
When did Protestantism arise?
6 February 1481
When did the first Spanish Auto de Fe take place?
Friars belonging to the Order of St. Jerome
Who are Hyeromites?
Muslims who converted ot Christianity, but who was perceived to be continuing to practice his/her ancestral religion, as well as cultural practices
Who are Moriscos?
Generic terms for Jews or Muslims converted to Christianism
Who are New Christians?
A memer of an ancient group living in today's Israel and Palestine. Basically a member of the Hebrew religion
Who is a Hebrew?
A person who holds religious beliefs in conflict with the dogma (challenge or violate it)
Who is a heretic?
He was Manuel's husband who was repeatedly called crazy for accusing his wife and in-laws of crypto-Judaism. Paranoid and hostile. He was physically sick, originally thought deserved, and then blamed his wife for making him sick
Who was Antonio Borges?
The woman who was a Portguese that was trialed for Judaizing
Who was Bernarda Manuel?
Both Conversos who were famous crazy demagogues that instigated hate
Who was Franciscan, Fray Alonso de Espina and Hieronymite, Fray Alonso de Oropesa?
Tried ot convince queen and king to not install the Inquisition
Who was Fray Alonso de Ojeda?
He was a converso and private confessor of the Queen; didn't believe the Inquisition was good; Attempted to convince queen and king to not install the Inquisition
Who was Fray hernando de Talavera?
No resistance or opposition ot the Inquisition; Needed money and Spain needed money, so he was pressured to give the Inquisition
Who was Pope Innocent VIII?
Officially started the Inquisition as a persecution of different faiths who were considered heretics by the mainstream religion; Started with Papal Bull against Albigensians (1184) and declared a crusade against them in 1208
Who was Pope Lucius III?
Tried to stave off of the Spanish Inquisition; First to give Catholic powers to not go through Rome; Regretted it
Who was Pope Sixtus IV?
Claimed family was related to Virgin Mary; Received baptism to help his people; Eventually became Pablo de Santa Maria, Bishop of Burgos
Who was Rabbi Saloman ha-Levi?
Intolerant, started process of making other books
Who was Vincent Ferrer?
Christian groups who considered themselves Catholics, but they weren't; pre-Protestants; Temporary offices noft for preachers of the Gospel (Pope is only a person and preachers shouldn't hold offices if preachers of God then humble)
Who were the Waldensians?
She was trying to gain pity by being like I'm so good. She also tried moving the trial into more societal take to exploit her domestic role. Make it seem that she falls into society, so she falls into religion. Feeble impressionable woman.
Why did Manuel use the approach of her wife and mother status instead of her Catholicness?
It's kind of like a fear tactic in a way. It can use this normalization of violence to bring fear that it could happen to you. So, it normalizes and naturalizes the violence in order to bring the fear.
Why is there extreme violence and brutality on the Passion narratives?
