SPC2608 Exam 2

what is practicality?

how practical the topic is; how once implemented, can impact people. Will it be an actual solution or will it cause more problems?

Non-sequitur

- "it does not follow" - the conclusion doesn't follow from the premises - faulty reasoning - Eg.Michael Scott providing health care and thinking he is their doctor; People generally like to walk on the beach. Beaches have sand. Therefore, having sand floors in homes would be a great idea!

Describe 5 steps of Monroe's Motivated Sequence - don't just list it, need to describe what they are and how they fit into the sequence

- Attention --- First, you gain the attention of your audience by using one or more of the methods described in Chapter 10: relating to the audience, showing the importance of the topic, making a startling statement, arousing curiosity or suspense, posing a question, telling a dramatic story, or using visual aids. - need/problem --- Next, you make the audience feel a need for change. You show there is a serious problem with the existing situation. It is important to state the need clearly and to illustrate it with strong supporting materials. By the end of this step, listeners should be so concerned about the problem that they are psychologically primed to hear your solution. - satisfaction/solution --- Having aroused a sense of need, you satisfy it by providing a solution to the problem. You present your plan and show how it will work. Be sure to offer enough details about the plan to give listeners a clear understanding of it. - visualization --- Having given your plan, you intensify desire for it by visualizing its benefits. The key to this step is using vivid imagery to show your listeners how they will profit from your policy. Make them see how much better conditions will be once your plan is adopted. - action --- Once the audience is convinced that your policy is beneficial, you are ready to call for action. Say exactly what you want the audience to do—and how to do it. Then conclude with a final stirring appeal that reinforces their commitment to act.

what is a hasty generalization? (faulty inductive reasoning)

- Making a general claim given specific cases - the most common fallacy in reasoning from specific instances. It occurs when a speaker jumps to a conclusion on the basis of too few cases or on the basis of atypical cases. - For example: College dropouts always make excellent business leaders. Just look at Mark Zuckerberg, Bill Gates, and Steve Jobs. They all dropped out and went on to create powerful companies. Zuckerberg, Gates, and Jobs are widely regarded

what is primarily at issue with a question of policy speech?

- Need --- There is no point in arguing for a policy unless you can show a need for it - Plan --- The second basic issue of policy speeches is plan. Once you have shown that a problem exists, you must explain your plan for solving it - Practicality --- The third basic issue of policy speeches is practicality. Once you have presented a plan, you must show that it will work. Will it solve the problem? Or will it create new and more serious problems? Building a multilevel

what is a strawman argument

- Present the opposition in its weakest light and then handily defeat it - Don't misrepresent or oversimplify the counterargument's position to just blow it down really easily - Three pigs and the big bad wolf; Wife: I'd rather have a dog than a cat. Husband: Why do you hate cats?

how does the mean score affect how much time you spend on each step in Monroe's motivated sequence?

- Scale 1 (strongly opposed) and 2 (somewhat opposed) --- need to focus on getting the audience to reexamine their views - Scale 3 ( aware, but apathetic; slightly opposed), 4 (neutral) and 5 (somewhat agree) --- focus on providing sound reasons for shifting their thinking to your viewpoint - scale 5 (moderately in favor) and 6 (strongly in favor) --- focus on persuading your audience to take some specific action in support of your topic - scale 7 - ready for action

what is credibility?

- a highly credible speaker is more persuasive - you build credibility by --- explain competence --- establish common ground --- show passion/conviction --- practice

what is appeal to novelty?

- assumes something new = better and superior

what is faulty causal reasoning?

- bread and butter of every cosmetic and luxury car commercials - for whatever you're craving in life, x will cause it, and allow you to finally have what you want - X is the cause - the fact that one event occurs after another does not mean that the first is the cause of the second. - The closeness in time of the two events may be entirely coincidental - When a team from the NFC wins the Super Bowl, economic growth during the next year is stronger than when a team from the AFC wins the Super Bowl. Therefore, if we want economic growth, we should root for a team from the NFC to win this year's Super Bowl. There may be a slight correlation between economic growth

Describe Aristotle's Pillars of Persuasion and explain the purpose of each. (more detailed = more points)

- ethos - credibility --- Competence—how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject. --- Character—how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience. --- Establish common ground (all have in common) --- Show passion and conviction --- Practice: Action reinforces belief. - logos - logical appeal --- premises --- conclusion --- Validity: it's logically impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false --- Inductive Reasoning: gives a special case and then makes a general principle based of that --- Deductive Reasoning (more powerful): goes from general principles to special cases - pathos - emotional appeal --- Emotional appeals—what Aristotle referred to as pathos—are intended to make listeners feel sad, angry, guilty, afraid, happy, proud, sympathetic, reverent, or the like. These are often appropriate reactions when the question is one of value or policy.

what is bandwagon?

- everyone thinks this so you should too

what are the 3 types of persuasive speeches - need to give specific purpose statements and/or central idea for one or maybe all three (be prepared, a topic will not be given)

- fact --- whether or not something is true or falsity of a claim --- Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that an earthquake of 9.0 or above on the Richter scale will hit California in the next 10 years. --- Central Idea: There are three good reasons to believe that an earthquake of 9.0 or above on the Richter scale will hit California in the next 10 years. - value --- have to do with right or wrongness of a particular course of action --- Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that bicycle riding is the ideal form of land transportation. --- Central Idea: Bicycle riding is the ideal form of land transportation because it is faster than walking or running, is non polluting, and promotes the health of the rider. - policy --- whether or not a specific course of action should or should not be taken --- Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that the U.S. Congress should pass legislation that will reduce lead levels in the nation's water supply. --- Central Idea: Because lead in the water supply is a serious problem in the United States, Congress should pass legislation reducing lead levels in our water.

what are the 7 logical fallacies?

- hasty generalization - faulty causal reasoning - non sequitur - circular reasoning - ad hominem - straw man argument - red herring - whataboutism

what is a persuasive speech question of value?

- have to do with right or wrongness of a particular course of action - ex. question : it is morally wrong to wear socks with crocs

what are ethos?

- helps to establish credibility

what is the persuasion scale?

- helps you to get a sense of how your audience feels about a topic - Scale 1 (strongly opposed) and 2 (somewhat opposed) --- need to focus on getting the audience to reexamine their views - Scale 3 ( aware, but apathetic; slightly opposed), 4 (neutral) and 5 (somewhat agree) --- focus on providing sound reasons for shifting their thinking to your viewpoint - scale 5 (moderately in favor) and 6 (strongly in favor) --- focus on persuading your audience to take some specific action in support of your topic - scale 7 - ready for action

what are the three stages of credibility?

- initial --- what you build in the beginning of your speech (the personal experience and research that you've done) - derived --- what you build throughout the body of your speech --- logical appeals and citing credible sources - terminal --- cred you leave the audience with (conclusion and Q&A)

what is a slippery slope?

- pattern of reasoning that allowing some small events will eventually lead to a much significant final effect later. Eg: use the phone to text will make you forget how to write down the words.

what is appeal to tradition

- pattern of reasoning that since something has occurred for a long time and many people use it/involved, it is the correct method

describe the difference between an informative and persuasive speech - specifically why is speaking to persuade more challenging than speaking to inform

- persuasion is different from informative because in persuasive, you are an advocate Why is persuasive more challenging? --- Beyond informing, Advocate, Ethics, Research --- Of all the kinds of public speaking, persuasion is the most complex and the most challenging. Your objective is more ambitious than in speaking to inform, and audience analysis and adaptation become much more demanding. In some persuasive speeches, you will deal with controversial topics that touch on your listeners' basic attitudes, values, and beliefs. This may increase their resistance to persuasion and make your task more difficult. --- It is much easier, for example, to explain the history of the war on drugs than to persuade an audience either that marijuana should be legalized in every state or once again be outlawed across the country. In the persuasive speech, you must contend not only with your audience's knowledge about marijuana but also with their attitudes toward recreational drugs

what is a red herring and whataboutism

- present misleading or distracting counter-information that leads the conversation in a completely different direction - A speaker who uses a red herring introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion. - For instance: How dare my opponents accuse me of political corruption at a time when we are working to improve the quality of life for all people in the United States.

circular reasoning

- presuppose the very thing you're trying to prove - *begging the questions* - X is Y. Why? Because X is Y - someone supports a statement by repeating/restating it in different terms

what are logos?

- provides logical appeal

what is a persuasive speech question of policy?

- whether of nor a specific course of action should or should not be taken

what is a persuasive speech question of fact?

- whether or not something is true or falsity of a claim - ex. question: there is intelligent life outside of earth

what is an ad hominem attack

- you attack the person, not the person's ideas - seen in many political advertisements - people make these attacks to avoid the argument altogether - Latin for "against the man," ad hominem refers to the fallacy of attacking the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute. - For instance: The head of the commerce commission has a number of interesting economic proposals, but let's not forget that she comes from a very wealthy family.

what is mental dialogue and how do you do it as a speaker? (what do you do ahead of time and during your speech)

- you want to engage in mental dialogue with audience throughout the entirety of your speech - anticipate refutations of audience and address it throughout your speech - this boosts your credibility because you're already addressing weaknesses and it gives you more credibility - You cannot convert skeptical listeners unless you deal directly with the reasons for their skepticism - put yourself in the place of your audience and imagine how they will respond. Be as tough on your speech as your audience will be. Every place they will raise a question, Every place they will have a criticism, Every place they will see a hole in your argument. Leave nothing to chance

t/f about difference between speaking to persuade and speaking to inform (which are you nonpartisan, and which are you partisan advocate) ?

--- In some ways, a persuasive speech on a question of fact is similar to an informative speech. But the two kinds of speeches take place in different kinds of situations and for different purposes. --- The situation for an informative speech is nonpartisan. The speaker acts as a lecturer or a teacher. The aim is to give information as impartial as possible, not to argue for a particular point of view. --- The situation for a persuasive speech on a question of fact is partisan. The speaker acts as an advocate. The aim is not to be impartial, but to present one view of the facts as persuasively as possible.

what is need?

a problem or need

is persuasion a logical process or does it involve psychology?

persuasion is the process of creating, reinforcing or changing people's beliefs or behaviors - Persuasion is a psychological process. - There must be a disagreement, or else there would be no need for persuasion.

what are pathos?

provides emotional appeal

what is plan?

what your vision is to solve/satisfy problem