SPCE 316 Quizzes

Which of the following is not an ethical question that commonly arises in single subject research studies used in education settings with children?

Do the predicted outcomes achieve statistical significance? (pg 97)

How is an A-B-C design used in a response to intervention (RTI) context?

Each treatment represents a different tier of intervention. (pg 154)

Observer drift is most likely to occur early in data collection.

False

The first step of the A-B-A design is to collect baseline data for the "A" phase.

False

The term subjects is preferred over the term participants by many current researchers.

False

Follow-up phases should be given a letter notation.

False (pg 12)

Positive reinforcement means something that something good will occur.

False (pg 23)

Punishment should usually be used to decrease behavior.

False (pg 33)

If a study has empirical validity, it can be reasonably concluded that it also has ethical validity.

False (pg 99)

Which of the following would be predictions in an A-B-A-B study design?

If the treatment has an effect, the B phase data will change.

Which of the following are reasons that baseline data are gathered before implementing the independent variable?

Important aspects of the dependent variable and its environment may be revealed (pg 8)

Why should the process of data analysis begin before all of the data have been collected?

It can help shape the course of the study. (pg 114)

What is an advantage of using quantitative data in action research?

It is not based on personal experience.

An intervention study with the design A-B-C-BC-D was carried out. How many different treatments were tested?

3

On what assumption does extinction rely?

A behavior will decrease when it is not rewarded (pg 36)

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

A child does not have to do chores for a week because she improved her grades this term. (pg 24)

For which of the following baseline behaviors might a B-A-B design be most appropriate?

A child engages in self-harming behaviors. (pg 135)

In which of the following types of situations is the withdrawal design most useful?

A clear functional relationship needs to be demonstrated. (pg 134)

What is the typical notation for a withdrawal study design?

A-B-A-B

Which of the following study designs fully meet the replication criterion?

A-B-A-B A-B-A-C-A-C A-B-A-B-A

In the application of Kumar's spelling intervention, why was a withdrawal design not used?

Reintroducing a baseline condition may have presented ethical issues. (pg 162)

Which of the following would be cases in which a repeated-withdrawal design is optimal?

The effects of a treatment are ambiguous.

What advantage does an A-B-A-C design have over an A-B-C design?

The effects of the different treatments can be better established.

Which of the following is NOT among the basic principles of operant conditioning when reinforcement is used?

The researcher decides which consequences will be reinforcing (pg 22)

Which of the following would make the best action research question?

What helps motivate disadvantaged students to pursue a college education?

A research study tested the effects of a behavioral intervention plan for a student with ADHD, intended to significantly improve his time-on-task. Which of the following observations would show that verification has been achieved?

Whenever the intervention is applied, the student's time-on-task is consistently improved. (pg 83)

A notation indicating a combination of letters can take which of the following forms?

a combination intervention

What do operational definitions provide?

a way to describe behavior that cannot be directly observed (pg 48)

Which of the following does data-based individualization (DBI) involve?

adapting interventions (pg 71)

Which of the following are types of effects that an A-B-C design can be used to evaluate?

additive reductive differential (pg 153)

Teachers engage in action research when they need to:

address needs specific to their own work. (pg 106)

In cumulative recording, occurrences in an observation period are graphed:

after being added to the total up to that point. (pg 67)

What are the three areas that Baer noted that research on socially significant behavior would be? (select all that apply)

applied, behavioral, analytical

Simple restitution means:

behavior that restores the environment.

What is social validity?

changing behavior in a significant and acceptable way (pg 99)

What should researchers do in order to interpret the data from a study?

consult the literature

Which of the following elements may NOT be found on an x-y graph?

description of independent variables

The purpose of the follow-up phase in an investigation is to:

determine whether the effects of the independent variable will continue

Which of the following is NOT a form of differential reinforcement?

differential reinforcement of discriminative behavior (pg 38)

What is triangulation?

diffusing sources of data (pg 111)

Which of the following is NOT a category of qualitative data sources?

engaging (pg 111)

Which of the following is NOT among the purposes of a literature review in action research?

ensuring that the study has enough items in the bibliography (pg 108)

Which of the following is NOT a level of culture identified by Hammond?

ethnic (pg 40)

Which of the uses of the changing criterion design is controversial?

evaluating shaping procedures

Baer emphasized that procedures in a study should be described in a way that:

experimental methods can be clearly compared.

Which of the following is a way in which reliability and validity must be demonstrated in single subject research?

external validity (pg 94)

Which of the following is NOT a type of reinforcement schedules?

generalized

Which of the following characteristics does NOT make a topic worthwhile for action research?

good potential for publication

For which of the following measurement needs would duration recording be most appropriate?

how long a student is able to spend on-task

Which of the following are among the steps recommended by Hall and Hall to select reinforcers?

identify reinforcing activities based on the Premack Principle (pg 27)

The concept of prediction in a research study means:

if the independent variable has no effect, the dependent variable will remain the same.

A study was undertaken to determine the effects of amount of study time on test performance. In this case, what type of variable is the amount of study time?

independent

Which of the following is a type of variable?

independent

Treatment drift happens when a treatment:

is changed by those administering it. (pg 93)

It would be inappropriate to use a changing conditions design when:

it would be undesirable for behavior to return to baseline levels. the target behavior would continue after successful treatment is withdrawn.

How is the independent variable represented on an x-y graph?

labels on phases

The A-B-A design is not recommended in educational settings because it does not

leave the subject in a treatment phase.

Which of the following is NOT among the principles involved in intensive academic intervention programs?

massed trial practice

What did J. B. Watson urge psychologists to focus their study on?

observable behavior

What does the experiencing category of data most generally include?

observations (pg 111)

Which of the following is likely to be the first step in training observers in a study?

operationally defining the target behavior

Which of the following is a practice included in Tier 2 interventions?

progress monitoring to determine effectiveness of interventions (pg 73)

The goal of withdrawal designs is to:

provide experimental control

Which of the following are quantities that event-based recording methods measure?

rate (pg 53)

Which of the following is a phenomena that can lower the reliability of recorded behaviors?

reactivity

What does the educational significance of results refer to?

real-world effects (pg 95)

In a single subject study, what is something the studied effects display to prove the study is valid and reliable?

replication

What is an element that does NOT need to be determined in a methodological plan for action research?

research question

The A-B-A-B design is most appropriate when the:

researcher wants to establish internal validity. removal of treatment is not harmful. target behavior is reversible.

At what point does a stimulus that has been reinforcing no longer work as a reinforcer?

satiation (pg 28)

Which of the following are ideas researchers should NOT consider after concluding a research project?

sharing the study results with one's students

What does a reinforcer menu consist of?

stimuli that are reinforcing for a certain individual (pg 27)

In single-subject research, letter notations stand for:

study phases

When selecting methods of measurement and data collection, the most important factor to consider is:

the data collection method that is most suited to explaining what happened in the study.

Which of the following is NOT among the factors that differentiate procedures for recording behavior?

the equipment that is used (pg 51)

Prediction, verification, and replication in a research study are important because they ensure that:

the independent variable is the only factor accounting for differences in the dependent variable.

The Premack Principle may not work if:

the individual can do the preferred activity anyway. (pg 26)

What is measured in frequency recording?

the number of behaviors (pg 51)

Shaping behavior may be necessary when:

the target behavior cannot be reached in one step. (pg 26)

The x-axis on a graph usually represents:

time

In what circumstance would the goal be to increase latency time?

when the target behavior is to wait before responding to an antecedent stimulus

Brain development is simultaneous with cultural development.

True (pg 40)

Event-based interobserver agreement is determined on the basis of whether a behavior occurs or not.

True (pg 51)

Interobserver agreement in interval recording is best calculated by comparing each interval.

True (pg 55)

Trials to criterion recording are often used in task analysis.

True (pg 66)

External validity reflects the degree of confidence that other researchers will obtain the same results in different settings from the original study.

True (pg 94)

During which phase of an A-B-A-B design does replication occur?

B_2 (pg 133)

What is a typical disadvantage in using permanent products for measurement?

The behavior is not actually observed. (pg 60)

What is the primary advantage of the A-B-A-B-A-B design?

The treatment effects are strongly confirmed. (pg 146)

Which of the following is a kind of case in which an A-B-A withdrawal design might be used?

The treatment is intrusive.

Why is replication necessary in single subject research?

There is no control group to verify that effects are due to the independent variable.

Which of the following are types of situations in which the withdrawal design should be used?

Treatment effects will continue after the final treatment is withdrawn.

Action research can be used to inform individualized education plans.

True

Any type of data could be suitable for use in an action research study.

True

Good technical descriptions of study procedures are necessary to ensure that research can be replicated.

True

Multiple baseline designs are often used to overcome problems with withdrawal designs.

True

One of the benefits of writing a research paper is its assistance in helping the researcher analyze the results.

True

The initial phase in an A-B-A-B design is a no-intervention baseline.

True

In changing criterion designs, verification is more difficult to achieve than prediction and replication.

True (pg 163)

In a changing criterion design, control is established by varying the length of the subphrase.

True (pg 168)