SPE 300 Test One
Which of the following would the IEP team not include? A. The physician who diagnosed the disability B. The student's parents or guardians C. A person who can link the evaluation to the IEP D. A general education teacher
A. The physician who diagnosed the disability Even if a physician was involved in making a diagnosis, physicians are not part of the IEP team. However, an assessment specialist, the student's parents or guardians, and a general education teacher are all part of the team.
What is the mechanism for assuring that students with disabilities receive an appropriate education? A. Collaboration between schools, parents, and students with disabilities B. Individualization through use of the Individualized Education Program (IEP) C. IDEA, which ensures that students will be placed in local schools with same-age peers D. The requirement that schools use nonbiased, multifaceted methods of evaluation to determine whether a child has a disability
B. Individualization through use of the Individualized Education Program (IEP) The key to an appropriate special education is individualization, and this is only accomplished through careful planning and an outcome-oriented approach to services.
Which of the following is a not ground rule that should be established when creating a Circle of Friends? A. Everyone has access to all of the materials used during a meeting. B. The child with the disability gets to pick the activity. C. All activities must be age appropriate. D. Everyone participates in all activities.
B. The child with the disability gets to pick the activity. All of the participants should have an opportunity to determine and suggest activities. However, it is essential that there are planned activities or discussions at each meeting.
Over half of all students with disabilities are classified into two categories, which are specific learning disabilities and: A. autism. B. speech or language impairments. C. emotional or behavioral disorders. D. intellectual disabilities
B. speech or language impairments. Learning disabilities account for 36 percent of all students with disabilities, and speech or language impairments account for 21 percent (57 percent total).
What is the current age span of individuals served by special education and related services? A. Ages 6 through 18 B. Birth through age 2 C. Birth through age 21 D. Ages 3 through 21
C. Birth through age 21 The correct answer is: Birth through age 21. This is stated in Part A of IDEA, the overarching policy to provide education to all persons with disabilities. Specific age groups and services are elaborated on in Part B (6 to 21) and Part C (birth to age 3).
Which Supreme Court case famously impacted the progress made by advocates in support of public education for children with disabilities prior to 1972? A. Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Citizens v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania B. Roe v. Wade C. Brown v. Board of Education D. Mills v. Washington, D.C., Board of Education
C. Brown v. Board of Education The correct answer is: Brown v. Board of Education. This landmark case (1954) was used to determine that schools could not discriminate on the basis of race. Advocates for special education used the case to argue that the same should be true for people who are disabled.
Under what circumstance can a child aged 3 to 6 receive special education services even if he or she not been categorized with a specific disability label? A. The child must have significant delays in at least one developmental area, and evaluation personnel must be in the process of determining the disability category before services can begin. B. The child must show significant delays in at least two areas, including physical, cognitive, communication, social/emotional, or adaptive behavior development. C. The child meets the functional criteria for special education services. D. The child must show significant delays in at least two areas, and evaluation personnel must be in the process of determining the disability category before services can begin.
C. The child meets the functional criteria for special education services If a child experiences developmental delays in even one area and needs special education or related services, he or she can receive those prior to categorization under a label.
What are the two purposes of the nondiscriminatory evaluation principle of IDEA? A. To provide different testing to students from racial minorities and determine where a student should be placed for special education services B. To determine if the student should or will participate in state testing programs and to identify special education and related services that the student will receive C. To determine whether a student has a disability and to identify special education and related services that the student will receive D. To determine which curriculum the special education teacher should use and where a student should be placed for services
C. To determine whether a student has a disability and to identify special education and related services that the student will receive The key is that the nondiscriminatory principle also means that the evaluation will be fairly assessed and based on the student's need.
Each of the following is a characteristic of or a major issue related to inclusion, except A. increasing the amount of time in general education classrooms. B. restructuring teaching and learning. C. age and grade placements commensurate with a student's intellectual capacity. D. eliminating the continuum of placements.
C. age and grade placements commensurate with a student's intellectual capacity. In an inclusive setting, students with disabilities are placed with others of their own age and in the grade level they would be in without being held back.
Job prospects for special education teachers are: A. poor—because inclusion is becoming the norm, schools will not need special education teachers. B. average—there are not as many special education students being identified. C. good—there is a national shortage of special education teachers. D. poor—there is a better chance of getting a job in general education.
C. good—there is a national shortage of special education teachers. Of the 14 critical shortage areas identified, 9 were in special education. The four areas with the most critical shortages were teachers trained to support students with emotional or behavioral disorders, visual impairments, and severe disabilities, as well as those who specialize in early childhood.
The total number of people served by special education is: A. nearly 20 million. B. about 2 million. C. nearly 7 million. D. just under 10 million
C. nearly 7 million. From 2011 to 2012, 6,737,757 children, youth, and young adults received some form of special education.
Each of the following is an example of using universal design to represent content, except: A. attending a play about a historical event. B. a PowerPoint presentation about a concept. C. portfolios of semester work. D. showing a movie about a historical event.
C. portfolios of semester work. Portfolios are examples of students providing evidence of their learning.
Approximately what percentage of mothers of children with disabilities experience depression? A. 25 percent B. 33 percent C. 53 percent D. 18 percent
The correct answer is: 33 percent. One-third of mothers of children with disabilities experience depression compared to 18 percent (less than one-fifth) of mothers of children without disabilities.
The national rate of students receiving a high school diploma is: A. 75 percent. B. 60 percent. C. 90 percent. D. 34 percent.
The correct answer is: 90 percent. The rate for students with disabilities is much lower, at 72 percent.
Which of the following statements is true with regard to the zero reject principle of IDEA? A. Schools must provide education to all students who have been found to be educable. B. Schools must use nonbiased, multifaceted methods of evaluation to determine whether a child has a disability. C. Only when a student has weapons at school or uses illegal drugs at school can he or she be expelled from school and denied services for up to 45 days. D. Schools must educate all children with disabilities.
D. Schools must educate all children with disabilities. Schools are prohibited from excluding any student with a disability from a free, appropriate public education.
Which of the following is one possible benefit of labeling children with disabilities? A. It makes students feel special. B. It helps parents accept the disability. C. It helps teachers know how to teach the students. D. The process of diagnosis with a specific label qualifies students to receive special education services.
D. The process of diagnosis with a specific label qualifies students to receive special education services. Even though there are some detrimental aspects to labeling, the benefit of services can outweigh the stigma that accompanies some labels.
Children represent about 25 percent of the U.S. population. What percentage of people living in poverty in the United States are children? A. About 25 percent B. About 15 percent C. About 15 percent D. About 34 percent
The correct answer is: About 34 percent. "Poverty" is defined as having an income of about $22,000 or less a year for a family of four, but it takes about twice this income level to meet expenses.
The Education of All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) was enacted in 1975. The intent of the law was to do which of the following? A. To provide respite for parents of children with special education needs by ensuring that their children could spend 6 hours a day in the care of others B. To make sure there were enough self-contained special education schools for children C. To make sure there were teachers who could teach students with special education needs D. To open up schools to all students with disabilities and make sure that those students had the chance to benefit from education
D. To open up schools to all students with disabilities and make sure that those students had the chance to benefit from education Getting a foot in the door was a major accomplishment for students with special needs in 1975; since then, the challenge has been to ensure that the students really do benefit. There are four outcomes: equality of opportunity, full participation, independent living, and economic self-sufficiency.
Which of the following indicates a severe reading disability? A. Executive functioning B. Dyslexia C. Dysgraphia D. Dyscalculia
The correct answer is: Dyslexia. Dyslexia is a disorder associated with neurological impairment.
The family quality of life domain of family interactions includes each of the following indicators, except: A. talking openly with each other. B. enjoying spending time together. C. solving problems together. D. helping the child learn to be independent.
Helping the child learn to be independent is an indicator of parenting activities that adult family members do to help children grow and develop.
Each of the following is a required component of every IEP, except: A. special education and related services. B. planned instruction in Braille. C. supplementary aids and services. D. measurable annual goals, including academic and functional goals.
Planned instruction in Braille is not one of the general requirements, but it must be included if a child is blind or visually impaired.
Which of the following statements about parents helping their children with homework is not true? A. Students in general education whose parents help with homework experience a loss in self-confidence due to overreliance on outside help. B. Students with disabilities whose parents help with homework show greater improvement in academic achievement than students whose parents do not help with homework. C. Students in general education whose parents help with homework have a more positive attitude about homework. D. Students in general education whose parents help with homework take more responsibility for completing their work.
Students in general education whose parents help with homework experience more self-confidence.
Which of the following strategies presents information before a lesson to help students anticipate relationships between their prior knowledge and new material? A. Curriculum mapping B. Embedded learning opportunities C. Differentiated instruction D. Advance organizers
The correct answer is: Advance organizers. Advance organizers are like cognitive road maps for learning.
Which of the following refers to assessment for use with students with the most significant cognitive disabilities? A. Alternate Assessments with Option to Decline Assessment (AA-ODA) B. Alternate Assessments based on Grade-Level Achievement Standards (AA-GLAS) C. Alternate Assessments based on Alternate Academic Achievement Standards (AA-AAAS) D. Alternate Assessments based on Modified Achievement Standards (AA-MAS)
The correct answer is: Alternate Assessments based on Alternate Academic Achievement Standards (AA-AAAS). These involve multiple accommodations and linkages to alternate achievement standards.
Which component of culturally responsive instruction exists when teachers modify their teaching in ways that will facilitate the academic achievement of students from diverse groups? A. An empowering school culture and social structure B. The knowledge construction process C. Prejudice reduction D. An equity pedagogy
The correct answer is: An equity pedagogy. Examples of this include knowing the cultural backgrounds of students, incorporating those backgrounds into instruction, and placing students in pairs to encourage question-and-answer exchanges.
Which of the following are overrepresented in gifted programs? A. American Indian/Alaska Native students B. Asian/Pacific Islander and European American students C. African American students D. Latino students
The correct answer is: Asian/Pacific Islander and European American students. The average total for students served in gifted education programs is about 7 percent; however, these groups are represented in gifted education at significantly higher percentages (about 13 percent and 8 percent, respectively).
The intelligence level of individuals with learning disabilities is commonly in which of the following ranges? A. High average to gifted B. Average to above average C. Significantly below average D. Low average to below average
The correct answer is: Average to above average. Despite this, they almost always demonstrate low academic achievement in one or more areas.
How do states determine if schools are helping students, including those with disabilities, to meet their stated academic educational goals? A. By calculating postsecondary enrollment in education or employment B. By calculating the percentage of students getting a high school diploma C. By counting how many students are served annually by special education D. By administering state- and district-standardized tests
The correct answer is: By administering state- and districtstandardized tests. No students, even those most seriously affected by disabilities, are completely exempt from assessment.
A teacher arranges a classroom so that all of the students can clearly see the whiteboard.Which type of supplementary aids or services is this associated with? A. Instructional modifications and supports B. Classroom ecological variables C. Educational and assistive technology D. Modifications to ensure physical and cognitive access to the environment
The correct answer is: Classroom ecological variables. This is an example of supplementary aids and services that include seating arrangement, types of seating, lighting, and acoustics.
Of the four networks described in your textbook chapter that teachers can use to guide families to helpful resources, which operates in traditionally underserved communities to provide support to families who experience cultural and linguistic diversity? A. Family-to-family health information centers B. Parent-to-parent programs C. Community parent resource centers D. Parent training and information centers
The correct answer is: Community parent resource centers. These are funded at the community level and provide in-depth supports and services to families challenged by poverty, lower education levels, and language differences.
Sharing a positive experience about the student, providing participants with name tags, and reviewing the conference's agenda are all processes that can occur during which phase of collaborating with parents during IEP meetings? A. Share visions and expectations B. Connect and start C. Consider interaction of goals, placement, and services D. Prepare in advance
The correct answer is: Connect and start. Other suggestions include beginning with introductions and greetings, sharing informal conversation, and clarifying parents' legal rights.
Which of the following blames the academic failure of students from diverse backgrounds on the inherent disadvantages that exist within the students' cultures? A. Eugenics B. Cultural deficit theory C. Cultural reproduction theory D. Genetic deficit theory
The correct answer is: Cultural deficit theory. Such "disadvantages" are defined by a more dominant culture and would include things like books in the home and the lack of attendance of parents at teacher-parent conferences.
Which of the following is the thought that school failure results primarily because there is a mismatch between students' cultures and the cultures of the schools themselves? A. Cultural deficit theory B. Cultural difference theory C. Genetic deficit theory D. Cultural reproduction theory
The correct answer is: Cultural difference theory. Academic failures of students from diverse backgrounds cannot be attributed to perceived disadvantages existing within a culture. Educators should determine how to utilize the potential advantages existing within different cultures
Which of the following holds that racial and class inequity are reproduced over time through institutional and individual actions and through decisions that create privilege for some groups at the expense of curtailing privilege for others? A. Cultural deficit theory B. Cultural reproduction theory C. Genetic deficit theory D. Cultural difference theory
The correct answer is: Cultural reproduction theory. In this system, there seems to be an advantage to a more prevalent, or dominant, culture to maintaining the status quo than in maximizing opportunities for all students.
Which of the following involves directly assessing a student's skills in the content of the curriculum that is being taught? A. Standardized assessment B. Criterion-referenced tests C. Norm-referenced tests D. Curriculum-based measurement
The correct answer is: Curriculum-based measurement. Curriculum-based measurements are frequently used in RTI and are useful for tracking progress in reading, writing, spelling, and math.
Which of the following is the strategy of incorporating instruction into the daily activities of young children who have or are at risk of having a learning disability? A. Differentiated instruction B. Advance organizers C. Embedded learning opportunities D. Curriculum mapping
The correct answer is: Embedded learning opportunities. Teachers identify opportunities that are most important to the learning objectives of each child and build short instructional interactions that support the child's goals into existing routines and activities.
Which of the following represents the correct order for how states typically approach developing assessments? A. A determination of disability is made, indicators of what is to be learned are determined, and a decision on whether a student can be assessed is made. B. Standards are defined, accommodations are selected, and benchmarks are measured. C. Indicators are used to develop benchmarks, and those benchmarks determine the overall standards for each subject. D. First standards, then benchmarks, and finally indicators are defined.
The correct answer is: First standards, then benchmarks, and finally indicators are defined. "Standards" are general statements of what students should know and are further detailed by specific statements (benchmarks) with indicators for how to meet those benchmarks
Ensuring that people with disabilities will be protected from segregation solely on the basis of their disability is which of the following national goals? A. Equality of opportunity B. Independent living C. Full participation D. Economic self-sufficiency
The correct answer is: Full participation. They also have opportunities to be included in all aspects of their community
The majority of students served by special education spend the majority of their time in which of the following settings? A. Resource rooms B. Residential settings C. General education classroom D. Self-contained special education classrooms
The correct answer is: General education classroom. Of students served by special education, 61 percent spend 80 to 100 percent of their time in general education classrooms.
Where do the majority of students with learning disabilities spend the majority of their time in school? A. Self-contained classrooms B. Residential settings C. General education classrooms D. Resource rooms
The correct answer is: General education classrooms. Of students with learning disabilities, 62 percent spend 80 to 100 percent of their time in general education classrooms.
Disability categories in which experts have the greatest leeway for diagnosing students' problems are called which of the following? A. Non-judgment categories B. High-judgment categories C. Low-incidence categories D. High-incidence categories
The correct answer is: High-judgment categories. These categories include students with milder disabilities who are usually identified after starting school, and they rely on educational and psychological assessments that entail professional judgment rather than direct medical diagnosis.
Which of the following is not a duty of the IEP team? A. Ensure that all mandatory participants are not only present but also participate. B. Specify the student's education placement that is consistent with the principle of least restrictive environment. C. Follow the correct legal process for developing an IEP as set out by IDEA. D. Include at least five of the components described in IDEA (those that are relevant to the child).
The correct answer is: Include at least five of the components described in IDEA (those that are relevant to the child). All eight required components must be included in addition to special factors and other considerations.
Which of the following is not a principle of the No Child Left Behind Act? A. School safety B. Parental choice C. Inclusion D. Teacher quality
The correct answer is: Inclusion. Inclusion is favored by IDEA, but it is not part of NCLB.
Which of the following was an early consequence for special educators of Brown v. Board of Education's desegregation of schools? A. Increased enrollment of students from culturally diverse backgrounds into self-contained programs for students who were mildly "mentally retarded" B. Increased enrollment of students from culturally diverse backgrounds in private schools C. Increased enrollment of Caucasian students in private schools D. Decreased enrollment of students from culturally diverse backgrounds into self-contained programs as they were integrated into regular programs
The correct answer is: Increased enrollment of students from culturally diverse backgrounds into self-contained programs for students who were mildly "mentally retarded." Biased standardized tests were being used, resulting in tracking of African American and Latino students into programs for students with intellectual disabilities.
Ensuring that people with disabilities have the opportunity to fully participate in decision making about their lives is which of the following national goals? A. Independent living B. Full participation C. Equality of opportunity D. Economic self-sufficiency
The correct answer is: Independent living. They should also be able to experience autonomy in making choices about how to live their lives.
African American students are most dramatically overrepresented in which disability category? A. Learning disabilities B. Intellectual disabilities C. Autism D. Emotional disturbance
The correct answer is: Intellectual disabilities. They are nearly three times more likely to be served in programs for students with intellectual disabilities than are non-Black students.
Which of the following is not a criticism of the discrepancy model? A. It is biased against students from diverse backgrounds. B. It distinguishes between students whose poor reading is due or not due to causes other than IQ-achievement discrepancy. C. It is often applied too late. D. The assessment profile may not be aligned with specific instructional strategies.
The correct answer is: It distinguishes between students whose poor reading is due or not due to causes other than IQ-achievement discrepancy. The discrepancy model does not distinguish between these students.
Procedural problems, semantic memory problems, and visual-spatial problems are characteristics of learning disabilities in which area? A. Mathematics B. Executive functioning C. Memory D. Reading
The correct answer is: Mathematics. Learning disabilities in mathematics also can include frequent errors in understanding concepts, difficulty in remembering facts, and difficulty in reproducing numbers.
Proponents of common schools advocated for an education that focused on basic skills and which of the following? A. Vocational skills and literacy B. Morality and vocational skills C. Social skills and prayer D. Morality and citizenship
The correct answer is: Morality and citizenship. They believed this would put students from immigrant backgrounds on par with European American students who were born in the United States.
When some students present oral reports and others present videotaped reports, they are illustrating which element of UDL? A. Multiple means of action and expression B. Multiple means of delivering content information C. Multiple means of engagement D. Multiple means of representation
The correct answer is: Multiple means of action and expression. This concerns how the materials provide alternative ways for students to demonstrate knowledge.
Which of the following groups is most likely to receive special education and related services for learning disabilities? A. Asian students B. Hispanic students C. Black students D. Native American/Alaska Native students
The correct answer is: Native American/Alaska Native students. With a risk ratio of 1.84, these students are more likely to receive services for learning disabilities than non-Native American/Alaska Native students.
What is the percentage of children with disabilities who live in households with no biological parents present? A. Over 40 percent B. Nearly 10 percent C. Over 50 percent D. Nearly 20 percent
The correct answer is: Nearly 20 percent. In contrast, only 3 percent of children without disabilities live in such households.
Where should teachers document how a student will be involved with and progress in the general education curriculum, how a student's progress will be assessed, and how state- and district-wide assessments will be modified? A. On the student's IEP B. On the student's report card C. In a letter from the school principal D. On a behavior management plan
The correct answer is: On the student's IEP. IDEA requires that an IEP be a written document covering these areas.
Which word is used to describe a relationship involving joint responsibilities and close cooperation? A. Family B. Partnership C. Collaboration D. Participation
The correct answer is: Partnership. In family-professional partnerships, families and professionals collaborate, capitalizing on each other's judgments and expertise to increase the benefits of education for all.
Which of the following is an example of school-wide instructional strategies? A. Backwards mapping B. Participation in setting classroom rules C. Peer-mediated learning D. Cognitive taxonomies
The correct answer is: Peer-mediated learning. Although this can be used in individual classrooms, it can also be used in school-wide programs or be expected throughout the school.
Which of the following conditions is specifically named by the inclusionary standard of the definition of specific learning disabilities? A. Perceptual disabilities B. Visual disability C. Economic disadvantage D. Hearing disability
The correct answer is: Perceptual disabilities. A person with perceptual disabilities may have perfect sight and hearing; however, it is how the individual perceives, or interprets, what he or she sees and hears that causes the problem.
Having a way to take care of expenses is an example of which domain of family quality of life? A. Physical/material well-being B. Exceptionality-related support C. Family interaction D. Emotional well-being
The correct answer is: Physical/material well-being. These are resources available to the family to meet its members' needs, including transportation, feeling safe, and medical/dental help.
The progressive movement of the first half of the 20th century produced educational reforms designed to do which of the following? A. Provide testing accommodations B. Promote educational equity for all students through differentiated instruction C. Provide English language instruction D. Provide special education for students with disabilities
The correct answer is: Promote educational equity for all students through differentiated instruction. Many educators believed that the recent advances in standardized testing could be used to "track" students so that schools could provide the skills students needed to be successful.
Which of the following is a means to determine whether any student, regardless of type of disability, needs more intensive instruction and involves assessing the quality of instruction? A. The discrepancy model B. Universal design for learning C. Standards-based assessment D. Response to Intervention (RTI)
The correct answer is: Response to Intervention (RTI). RTI is a multilayered system that provides increasingly intense levels of academic interventions and assessment.
Which component of delivering culturally responsive instruction addresses grouping and labeling practices and the interaction of staff and students across ethnic and racial lines? A. An equity pedagogy B. School culture and social structure C. Prejudice reduction D. The knowledge construction process
The correct answer is: School culture and social structure. These are some factors that should be examined to create a school culture that empowers students from diverse groups.
People who do not qualify for services under IDEA might still qualify for services, including special education, under which law? A. Section 504 B. Tech Act C. Section 94-142 D. ADA
The correct answer is: Section 504. The definition of a person with a disability in Section 504 is broader than that in IDEA: if a person is considered to have a history of disability, or is regarded by others as having a disability, then the individual may qualify under Section 504.
What requires students to create questions, predict answers to those questions, and search for the answers while reading? A. Embedded learning opportunity B. Self-questioning strategy C. Advance organizer D. Graphic organizer
The correct answer is: Self-questioning strategy. This strategy requires students to interact with material, divides passages into manageable units, and enhances later recall of information.
Which of the following demonstrates an indicator in the family interaction domain? A. Know how to teach their child to get along with others B. Have support needed to relieve stress C. Feel safe at home, work, school, and neighborhood D. Solve problems together
The correct answer is: Solve problems together. This, along with talking openly, enjoying spending time together, and showing that they love and care for each other, comprises the family interaction domain.
At which stage of English language proficiency do students expand their receptive vocabulary to about 3,000 words and begin using simple sentences? A. Advanced language proficiency stage B. Intermediate language proficiency stage C. Speech emergence stage D. Early production stage
The correct answer is: Speech emergence stage. Students' receptive vocabulary expands to about 3,000 words. They begin to use simple sentences. This stage often lasts for 1 year.
Reading biographies of women and people of color who are scientists and mathematicians, learning about demographics of diverse groups in mathematics, reading and creating multicultural literature, and including images of many kinds of families in the curriculum are examples of action steps for which of the following? A. Steps to content integration B. Steps to the knowledge construction process C. Steps to equity pedagogy D. Steps to prejudice reduction
The correct answer is: Steps to content integration. This involves teachers using examples and content from a variety of cultures and groups to illustrate concepts.
Which of the following is a student outcome associated with inclusion? A. Students with disabilities benefit academically from involvement in the general education curriculum. B. Students without disabilities in inclusive settings are at an academic disadvantage compared to those who have no students with disabilities in their classrooms. C. Students with disabilities do not benefit socially from their involvement in inclusive settings. D. Compared to students in self-contained classrooms, students with disabilities in inclusive settings are less likely to work on activities linked to grade-level standards.
The correct answer is: Students with disabilities benefit academically from involvement in the general education curriculum. This is particularly important in light of trends in standards-based reform.
Which of the following is the federal law that is an employment-related law for people with disabilities? A. The Rehabilitation Act B. No Child Left Behind (NCLB) C. The Tech Act D. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
The correct answer is: The Rehabilitation Act. This law ensures that a person will receive work evaluations and other services at age 16 and that people with severe disabilities can enroll in supported employment programs.
Which part of the IEP addresses how the student's disability affects his or her involvement and progress in the general curriculum? A. The special education and related services the child will receive B. The present level of academic and functional performance C. How the student's progress toward annual goals will be measured D. Measurable annual goals
The correct answer is: The present level of academic and functional performance. It also addresses how a preschooler's disability affects the child's participation in activities and describes benchmarks for students who take alternate assessments.
Which of the following means that students with exceptionalities should be placed in schools and classrooms in the same proportion as the occurrence of exceptionality within the general population? A. Overrepresentation B. Age- and grade-appropriate placements C. The principle of natural proportions D. Home-school placement
The correct answer is: The principle of natural proportions. The principle of natural proportions holds that students with exceptionalities should be placed in schools and classrooms in the same proportion as the occurrence of exceptionality within the general population.
Which statement about gifted education is true? A. There is no federal law regarding partnerships between parents of gifted children and teachers because such partnerships are not necessary for gifted children. B. IDEA defines and protects the rights of children who are gifted the same way it does for all other exceptionalities. C. About 25 percent of states have state or local requirements related to the involvement of parents in gifted education. D. There is no federal law granting parents of children who are gifted the right to make decisions in partnership with teachers.
The correct answer is: There is no federal law granting parents of children who are gifted the right to make decisions in partnership with teachers. Because of this, only 26 states (of 47 reporting) have such a requirement
Which of the following is not true about curriculum-based measurements (CBMs)? A. They enable teachers to be more responsive to student needs. B. Compared to students whose teachers use other strategies, students whose teachers use CBM show more growth across content areas. C. They can significantly improve student performance across content areas. D. They are slow to administer and score, so they are not meant to be used repeatedly.
The correct answer is: They are slow to administer and score, so they are not meant to be used repeatedly. CBMs are quick to administer and score and can be given repeatedly, can significantly improve student performance, and enable teachers to be more responsive to student needs.
Why do the authors of your textbook include information about different family structures among participants in a study of 12 African American families? A. To illustrate the point that it is likely that you will encounter vast diversity among the families of the students you teach B. To help you understand the difference between the U.S. Census Bureau's and the authors' definitions of "family" C. To describe what is meant by "multicultural education" D. To explain that you will be communicating primarily with the mothers of your students at parent-teacher conferences
The correct answer is: To illustrate the point that it is likely that you will encounter vast diversity among the families of the students you teach. This is why the authors favor a much looser definition of the term "family" than that used by the U.S. Census Bureau.
IDEA's definition of specific learning disabilities includes each of the following components, except: A. a disorder manifested in an imperfect ability to perform specific skills (listen, read, and spell). B. a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes. C. a disorder that may be due to visual, motor, hearing, or intellectual disabilities. D. a disorder that includes perceptual disabilities and brain injury.
The correct answer is: a disorder that may be due to visual, motor, hearing, or intellectual disabilities. IDEA specifically excludes these conditions from the definition of specific learning disabilities.
Groups from a large area that have distinct traditions and cultures separate from those of the predominant culture are called: A. subcultures. B. microcultures. C. macrocultures. D. dominant cultures
The correct answer is: microcultures. Microcultures have distinct cultures and traditions (common race/ethnicity, religion, language, and geographic origins) and make up the macrocultural group known as "Americans."
Each of the following is a documented result of good family-professional partnerships cited in your textbook, except: A. better academic achievement for students across grade levels. B. higher levels of trust for their schools among families. C. higher rates of involvement in organized groups by students across grade levels. D. a significant decrease in problem behaviors at home.
The correct answer is: a significant decrease in problem behaviors at home. Although the authors of your textbook say that family-professional relationships can enhance families' quality of life, they do not specifically state that behavior at home is improved.
Each of the following is a strategy for becoming a more culturally responsive teacher, except: A. increasing knowledge of and experiences with other cultures. B. enhancing self-awareness. C. implementing culturally responsive instruction. D. adjusting instruction to fit within the ecological layers that influence the provision of education.
The correct answer is: adjusting instruction to fit within the ecological layers that influence the provision of education. Teachers can participate with those advocating for systems change across the ecological layers to reflect our increasingly diverse macroculture.
Accommodations in assessment do each of the following, except: A. change assessment timing. B. change the content of the assessment. C. change teachers' ways of presenting information. D. change students' ways of responding.
The correct answer is: change the content of the assessment. Accommodations do not change the content of assessment and can include changing the way information is presented, how students respond, and how assessment is timed.
A process that helps identify those points in the curriculum at which students with disabilities should receive instruction based on their unique learning needs is: A. advance organizers. B. differentiated instruction. C. embedded learning opportunities. D. curriculum mapping.
The correct answer is: curriculum mapping. The process helps teachers to know the scope and sequence of content being delivered in the general curriculum, enabling teachers to see gaps or repetitions (and to identify essential skills) in the content.
Our national goals for the outcomes of students with disabilities are: A. equality of opportunity, full participation, independent living, and minimum wage. B. equality of opportunity, at least partial participation, independent living, and economic selfsufficiency. C. equality of opportunity, full participation, self-actualization, and economic self-sufficiency. D. equality of opportunity, full participation, independent living, and economic self-sufficiency
The correct answer is: equality of opportunity, full participation, independent living, and economic self-sufficiency. These should be the outcomes of effective education for all students.
Well-written annual goals should be: A. derived from projected levels of performance. B. expressed in terms of observable behavior. C. readily accomplished during the child's time at a particular school. D. long and thorough.
The correct answer is: expressed in terms of observable behavior. In addition, they should be expressed according to the conditions under which the behavior will occur.
A tool that helps students identify key concepts and subconcepts, compare and contrast information, and relate cause to effect is called a(n): A. curriculum map. B. embedded learning opportunity. C. graphic organizer. D. self-questioning strategy
The correct answer is: graphic organizer.
Each of the following is a campus- or classroom-level action that promotes student progress in the general education curriculum, except: A. designing unit and lesson plans. B. implementing school-wide quality instruction. C. creating learning communities. D. implementing universal design for learning
The correct answer is: implementing universal design for learning. This is an important tool for promoting access but is not part of the "heavy lifting" that occurs day in and day out in the classroom.
All of the following are supplementary aids and services, except: A. educational and assistive technology. B. instructional modifications and supports. C. classroom ecological variables. D. modifications to ensure physical and cognitive access to the environment.
The correct answer is: instructional modifications and supports. Supplementary aids and services are noninstructional supports and modifications.
Some special education researchers criticize the RTI model for each of the following reasons, except: A. it presents multiple approaches but no clear consensus on which to use. B. its insufficient emphasis on determining the presence of a learning disability. C. its lack of emphasis on the specific psychological processing profiles of students. D. its emphasis on discovering optimal instruction for students to make academic progress.
The correct answer is: its emphasis on discovering optimal instruction for students to make academic progress. This is the strength of RTI; it is an effective model of instruction even if it remains unproven as a model for identification.
Those in support of the RTI model for identifying students with learning disabilities disagree with the psychological processing model because it: A. has reliable criteria for identifying students but not for instructing them. B. lacks scientific evidence. C. addresses the unique profiles of psychological processing of each student but does not align instruction to those profiles. D. focuses too much on instructional strategies that will be effective and not enough on identifying the profile of psychological processing.
The correct answer is: lacks scientific evidence. RTI also has no reliable criteria for identifying students.
Environments in which students learn to respect and value differences, understand their roles and responsibilities, work in a self-directed manner, and participate in setting classroom rules are: A. universal communities. B. learning communities. C. learning environments. D. universally designed classrooms.
The correct answer is: learning communities. Such communities are created by discovering students' abilities, using students' progress to plan future lessons, and individualizing educational experiences.
The biggest barrier to successful inclusion and positive postsecondary outcomes for many students with disabilities is: A. reading problems. B. limited social skills. C. academic deficits. D. math problems.
The correct answer is: limited social skills. That is why it is so important to track students' social skills and relationships throughout the school years.
In a study of 12 African American families, only one had two biological parents living in the home with at least one working full-time. This type of home group is described as a(n): A. nuclear family. B. extended family. C. legal family (by the U.S. Census Bureau). D. traditional family.
The correct answer is: nuclear family. A "nuclear" family refers to a two-parent home in which both parents are the biological parents of the child or children in the family.
Differentiated instruction includes each of the following elements, except: A. increasing the students' access to instructional materials in a variety of formats. B. expanding test-taking and data collection options. C. providing students with lots of practice within the context of daily activities. D. varying the complexity and nature of content presented during the course of study
The correct answer is: providing students with lots of practice within the context of daily activities. This is a feature of the embedded learning approach.
Research has documented positive impacts within families of children with disabilities in each of the following areas, except: A. degree of empowerment. B. rate of depression. C. degree of resilience. D. ability to problem solve
The correct answer is: rate of depression. Maternal depression is higher in families with children who have disabilities.
Youth whose families are more involved in their schools are less behind grade-level peers in : A. social skills. B. writing. C. math. D. Reading.
The correct answer is: reading. They tend to receive better grades overall but are specifically less often behind in reading.
Each of the following is a skill needed for executive functioning except: A. initiating new strategies. B. acquiring, organizing, and prioritizing information. C. evaluating correct and incorrect solutions. D. recalling information shortly after it is presented
The correct answer is: recalling information shortly after it is presented. Acquiring, organizing, and prioritizing information; initiating new strategies; shifting to different approaches when a given approach is not working; and evaluating correct and incorrect solutions are skills needed in the area of executive functioning.
Each of the following is an example of a student factor in the ecological layers influencing provision of education to students, except: A. biological influences. B. social services. C. motivation. D. environmental influences
The correct answer is: social services. Social services are an example of state and federal policy factors.
A risk ratio of 0.8 indicates: A. underrepresentation of a particular group as compared to the combination of other groups. B. overrepresentation of a particular group as compared to the combination of other groups. C. expected representation of a particular group as compared to the combination of other groups. D. that the "risk" of a group being placed in a category is eight times that of the non-group.
The correct answer is: underrepresentation of a particular group as compared to the combination of other groups. This means that the "risk" of a group (such as Asian/Pacific Islander) being placed in a category (such as intellectual disability) is 0.8 times that of the non-group (non-Asian/Pacific Islander), or less than the non-group.
Which metaphor do the authors of your textbook use to describe "culture"? A. Yeast culture in the air B. Melting pot for different elements C. Stew of distinct peoples D. Salad of distinct peoples
Which metaphor do the authors of your textbook use to describe "culture"? Yeast culture in the air Melting pot for different elements Stew of distinct peoples Salad of distinct peoples