SPED 626 Final Pt. 1

a decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been associated with a particular consequence.

An abative effect refers to

Functional assessment purpose

Identify function f operationally defined challenging behavior for a specific individual in a given environment

Medical model purpose

Identify the disorder using a list of behavioral symptoms

Tangible condition

Identify the structured descriptive assessment (SDA) procedure (Anderson & Long, 2002): ''In this role-play we want to see how the child reacts when preferred activities end. When we tell you to begin, please remove [preferred item]. You may interact with the child as you desire, but please refrain from attempting to engage the child in work activities.''

response

In the 4-term contingency for negative reinforcement, the act or behavior that produces reinforcement.

true

TRUE or FALSE. A functional assessment also attempts to assess an individual's internal environment (stimulation within the body) that might impact the target behavior (e.g., pain).

repeated-measures FA

Tests only 1 function (test condition) compared to a control (Play) condition

Standardized indirect assessments of behavioral function

The Motivation Assessment Scale (MAS) and Questions About Behavioral Function (QABF) are two examples of

applied behavior analysis

The form of behaviorism that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s.

abolishing operation, setting event, establishing operation

The term motivating operation is roughly synonymous with (mark all that apply)

Alice asks for help washing the dishes so she can finish her chores faster.

Which of the following examples illustrates socially mediated negative reinforcement?

Medical model treatment

dependent on diagnosis

Functional assessment focus

function of form of behavior ("why")

the type of stimulus change that occurs following the response.

The key distinction between positive and negative reinforcement is

Operant Learning Model

The learning model that explains behavior as result of environmental stimuli that evoke (antecedent) and maintain or reinforce (consequent) such behavior and was the basis for research on FBAs (dating back to the 1960s) and FAs (dating to the 1980s).

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

The most common neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed in childhood, characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and/or hyperactivity and functional impairment in multiple settings.

Negative reinforcement contingency

The occurrence of a response produces the termination, reduction, postponement, or avoidance of a stimulus, which leads to an increase in the future occurrence of that response.

B.F. Skinner

The researcher who identified and described operant behavior and developed the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB).

CMO-T

Your dog sits at the front door indicating he wants to go outside. You immediately begin looking for the dog's leash, so you can take him for a walk. In relation to looking for the leash, your dog sitting at the front door is a

an increase in the current frequency of behavior that has been associated with a particular consequence.

An evocative effect refers to

mand compliance

Can you identify the putative social-positive reinforcement? Suzy says, "I want you to stand up!" but mom doesn't respond, so Suzy lays on the floor and screams until mom stands up; then Suzy says "I want you to come here!" but mom sits back down, so Suzy lays on the floor and screams until mom goes over to her.

value-altering effects that are unlearned.

Unconditioned motivating operations have

There is a weak correspondence between descriptive assessment and FAs

Which of the following statements about research on direct observation of behavior (i.e., descriptive assessment) IS TRUE?

MOs and SDs are antecedent variables that have behavior-altering effects

Which one of the following statements about behavior-altering effects is TRUE?

Functional assessment treatment

changing environmental variables (antecedents & contingencies)

A form of assessment in which the skills a learner needs to function as independently as possible both currently and in the future are identified across domains

ALL of the following are definitions of functional assessment EXCEPT:

A learned/operant behavior that is sensitive to environmental variables

According to operant theory, challenging or problem behavior is considered:

Pica

An eating disorder in which a person eats things not usually considered food, typically maintained by automatic reinforcement function and sometimes by multiple functions (e.g., automatic and positive social reinforcement).

applied behavior analysis

The application of procedures and technologies derived from an operant paradigm to achieve socially valid outcomes are defining characteristics of:

Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis

The seminal article "Some Current Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis" by Baer, Wolf, & Risley (1968) was published in the premier issue of:

Differential reinforcement

The term for an intervention based on functional assessment results that reinforces an appropriate behavior while withholding reinforcement following occurrences of the challenging behavior is:

Combined contingency

The term used to describe an interactive effect where two or more contingencies simultaneously affect challenging behavior above and beyond the effects of the single contingencies by themselves.

Social positive reinforcement, social negative reinforcement, and control

The three commonly-used conditions in a functional analysis are:

The type of reinforcement that occurs when another person adds a reinforcing stimulus or removes an aversive event stimulus.

The type of reinforcement that occurs when another person adds a reinforcing stimulus or removes an aversive event stimulus.

CMO-R

When the amount of clothes in your dirty clothes hamper reaches a specific height, you wash clothes the next day. Otherwise, if the amount of dirty clothes gets too high, you have to wash more than one load, which requires spending several hours over the weekend at the crowded laundromat. In relation to washing the clothes, the dirty clothes going above a specific height in the hamper is a

Behavior that is intended to harm another person who is motivated to avoid the harm

Which of the following descriptions of aggression is NOT in behavioral terms?

Observation

Which of the following is NOT an example of an indirect functional behavior assessment?

MOs may also alter (increase or decrease) the punishing effectiveness of a stimulus

Which of the following statements about MOs for punishment is true?

Historical influences will not likely facilitate or impede the outcome of extinction procedures

Which of the following statements about extinction is NOT true?

Indirect assessment is recommended as the first step in the FBA process

Which of the following statements about indirect assessments of behavior IS TRUE?

Strong MOs can directly evoke behavior in the absence of relevant discriminative stimuli or, at least, in the presence of untrained stimuli

Which one of the following statements about direct and indirect effects of motivating operations is TRUE?

Consequences alter the future frequency of whatever behavior immediately preceded those consequences

Which one of the following statements about function-altering effects is TRUE?

The value-altering and behavior-altering effects of an MO occur simultaneously but are considered independent in the sense that one does not derive from the other

Which one of the following statements is TRUE?

Operant

Which theory is the basis for the following statement? "Causes of behavior can be determined through assessment of environmental events that surround the occurrences and non-occurrences of precisely defined behaviors."

Iwata et al. (1982)

Who is credited with publishing the first comprehensive experimental functional analysis, "Towards a Functional Analysis of Self-Injury"?

UMO

You are driving in your car on a sunny clear day when the sun starts to shine in your eyes. You immediately reach for your sunglasses and put them on. In relation to putting on the sunglasses, the sun shining in your eyes is a

an evocative behavior altering effect.

You are scrolling through a news app and stop to read an article that says flu season is here and it will be particularly bad this year. After reading the article, you immediately head out to buy a pack of disposable masks and some hand sanitizer. Heading out to the store after reading the article exemplifies

CMO

You are scrolling through a news app and stop to read an article that says flu season is here and it will be particularly bad this year. After reading the article, you immediately head out to buy a pack of disposable masks and some hand sanitizer. In relation to buying masks and hand sanitizer, the news article is

value altering establishing effect on having masks and hand sanitizer.

You are scrolling through a news app and stop to read an article that says flu season is here and it will be particularly bad this year. After reading the article, you immediately head out to buy a pack of disposable masks and some hand sanitizer. The particularly bad flu season has a

Indirect assessment

information from interview and rating scales

Latency-based FA

measures the time between the presentation of the antecedent designed for low-frequency but high-intensity behaviors and the occurrence of that target behavior

TRUE or FALSE. Functional assessments are especially valuable for designing and implementing effective interventions for challenging behaviors and mental health disorders.

true

Positive reinforcement

If results of the functional assessment indicate behavior is maintained by the individual obtaining preferred stimuli, this would mean the behavior is maintained by:

value-altering effects that are a function of a learning history.

Conditioned motivating operations have

Brief FA

completed within a single 90 min session

alone series FA

For use when indications are automatic functions of behavior

Medical model focus

behavioral symptoms ("what")

trial-based FA

brief (1 min) trials distributed across naturally occurring routines

Functional analysis

Systematic manipulation of environmental variables surrounding the challenging behavior that allows for the demonstration of cause and effect (functional relationship between environmental variables and the target behavior).

false

TRUE or FALSE. A goal of functional assessment is to identify the consequences that function to reinforce or maintain the behavior as well as the impact of the behavior on the learner's environment.

Aggressive Behavior

A behavior that is threatening or likely to cause harm to another and may be verbal or physical.

Emotional Behavioral Disorder (EBD)

A broad term that describes individuals that present with a range of challenging behaviors and characterized by an inability to form and sustain satisfactory relationships, consistent abnormal behaviors and feelings in normal situations, and general low mood and feelings of depression or sadness.

Self-Injurious Behavior (SIB)

A challenging behavior directed at the individual engaging in the behavior and that produces or has the capacity to produce tissue damage to the individual's own body.

Operant or contingency analysis of behavior

A description of an individual's goal and/or problem behavior and the events that appear to precede and follow those behaviors; used to begin to identify contingencies that may be functionally related to goal and problem behaviors

Intellectual Disability (ID)

A developmental disability that includes intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits.

Determining the learner's preference for items and activities that will serve as reinforcers

A functional assessment assists in ALL of the following EXCEPT:

Trichotillomania

A hair-pulling disorder, typically maintained by automatic reinforcement function and sometimes by multiple functions (e.g., automatic and social positive reinforcement).

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A neurodevelopmental disorder with symptoms present in early childhood and characterized by deficits in social communication in combination with restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities.

Attention condition

Identify the structured descriptive assessment (SDA) procedure (Anderson & Long, 2002): ''In this role-play we would like you to pretend this is a time that you cannot directly interact with the child. You may interact with other children or engage in another activity, such as working at your desk.''

false

TRUE or FALSE. There is general behavioral function for each category or topography of behavior (i.e., a clear behavioral description supersedes the need for a functional analysis).

Direct naturalistic observations

Collecting data through direct observations of the target behavior in the natural context (in which the target behavior is likely to occur) over a number of days to identify patterns of antecedents and consequences.

Task condition

Identify the structured descriptive assessment (SDA) procedure (Anderson & Long, 2002): 'In this role-play we want to see how the child responds to requests. Please work with the child on activities that you typically engage the child in and use prompting strategies you normally use.''

Negative reinforcement

If results of the functional assessment indicate behavior is maintained by the individual escaping from or avoiding unwanted or aversive stimuli, this would mean the behavior is maintained by:

Indirect FBA

Gathering qualitative AND/OR quantitative data regarding a specific target behavior from respondents who know the focus individual:

Play condition

Identify the structured descriptive assessment (SDA) procedure (Anderson & Long, 2002): ''In this role-play we would like to see how the child responds when you are not making requests and preferred items are available. Please play with the child as you normally do.''

false

TRUE or FALSE: An indirect FBA is typically used to confirm the results of the direct FBA.

discriminative stimulus (SD)

In the 4-term contingency for negative reinforcement, the antecedent event in whose presence a response is more likely to be reinforced.

establishing operation (EO)

In the 4-term contingency for negative reinforcement, the antecedent event in whose presence escape (termination of the event) is reinforcing.

reinforcer

In the 4-term contingency for negative reinforcement, the termination of the event that served as the EO.

attention is provided to determine if this contingency was maintaining the behavior

In the attention condition of a functional analysis, attention is withdrawn from the individual; if the target behavior occurs in the absence of attention, then...

present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior. Whereas with punishment, the aversive stimulus occurs following the target behavior.

Negative reinforcement can be differentiated from punishment by attending to the role of the aversive stimulus. With negative reinforcement, the aversive stimulus is

removing an aversive stimulus contingent upon a behavior.

Negative reinforcement involves

both produce an increase in responding. both involve a stimulus change following a target behavior. can either be conditioned or unconditioned. all of the above

Positive and negative reinforcement are similar in that they

- Antecedents are also important parts of the FA; the antecedent stimuli that impact the occurrence of the behavior are establishing/motivating operations (EO/ MO) and discriminative stimuli (SD) - Consequences influence behavior response classes (a group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment; e.g., behaviors that look different can be maintained by the same type of reinforcement)

Principles derived from FA research on the 3-term contingency.

mental processes

Prior to emergences of behaviorism (early 1900s), field of psychology focused on ____________ _____________.

Stereotypy

Repetitive, invariant, and contextually inappropriate behaviors that persist in the absence of socially mediated reinforcement, typically maintained by automatic reinforcement and sometimes maintained by multiple functions (e.g. automatic, positive social reinforcement, and/or negative social reinforcement).

Assessment

Select the one best term to match this definition: "A systematic/structured process for gathering information."

Visual analysis

Standard method for interpreting data in single-subject (AKA single-case) design research.

Elopement

When an individual runs away from or leaves a supervised area, compromising safety; this behavior may be maintained by multiple functions, including automatic reinforcement and social positive reinforcement.

- Developing a behavioral intervention based on the results - Understanding the purpose of the behavior (why the person is engaging in the behavior)

When conducting a functional assessment, the emphasis is on

positive punishment

aversive stimuli added; future behavior decreases

negative reinforcement

aversive stimuli removed; future behavior increases

negative punishment

desired stimuli removed; future behavior decreases

Pairwise FA

evaluates 2 conditions in alternating format (hypothesized function vs. control)

Direct assessment

observation in natural environment, including observations in structured sessions in which the controlling variables are manipulated

positive reinforcement

preferred stimuli added; future behavior increases