Speech Ch. 6-11 Test

Open-ended questions

allow respondents to elaborate as much as they wish Open-ended questions are particularly useful for probing beliefs and opinions.

Social news site

allows users to submit news stories, articles, and videos, to share with other users of the site. The most popular items win more visibility

Being aware of the audience's age range and generational identity...

allows you to develop points that are relevant to the experience and interests of the widest possible cross section of your listeners.

Scale questions

also called attitude scales — measure the respondent's level of agreement or disagreement with specific issues Ex: "Flag burning should be outlawed": Strongly agree___ Agree___ Undecided___ Disagree___ Strongly disagree___

Misinformation

always refers to something that is not true. One common form of misinformation on the Internet is the urban legend

Atlases

collection of maps, text, and accompanying charts and tables.

Testimony

firsthand findings, eyewitness accounts, and people's opinions

General speech purpose

"Why am I speaking on this topic to this particular audience on this occasion?" -inform -persuade -commemorate/celebrate -entertain

Avoid confusing statistics with what?

"absolute truth." " Even the most recent data available will change the next time data are collected Refrain from declaring that these data are definitive.

Thesis statement

(also called central idea) is the theme or central idea of the speech stated in the form of a single, declarative sentence. briefly expresses what you will attempt to demonstrate or prove in your speech. The main points, the supporting material, and the conclusion all relate to the thesis.

Advanced searching

(also called field searching) goes beyond the basic search commands to narrow results even more

Individual search engine

(such as Google, Yahoo!, and MSN Search) compile their own databases of Web pages

Meta-search engines

(such as Ixquick, MetaCrawler, and Dogpile) scan a variety of individual search engines simultaneously.

When you credit speech sources, you should what?

-Demonstrate the quality and range of your research to audience members. - Avoid plagiarism and gain credibility as an ethical speaker who acknowledges the work of others. -Enhance your own authority and win more support for your point of view. -Enable listeners to locate your sources and pursue their own research on the topic.

For each source, plan on briefly alerting the audience what?

-The author or origin of the source -Type of source -Title or description of the source -The date of the source

Word association

-write down a single topic that might interest you and your listeners. -write down the first thing that comes to mind. -Continue this process until you have a list of fifteen to twenty items. -Narrow the list to two or three, and then select the final topic.

When using an article as a source, locate and record what citation elements?

1) Author 2) Article Title 3) Periodical Title 4) Date of Publication 5) Page Number

When using a Web document as a source, locate and record what citation elements

1) Author of the Work 2) Title of the Work 3) Title of the Web Site 4) Date of Publication/Last Update 5) Site Address (URL) and Date Accessed

Uncover the audience's attitudes, beliefs, and values—their feelings and opinions— toward

1) The topic of your speech 2) You as the speaker 3) The speech occasion This "perspective taking" will help you learn more about your audience and see things from their point of view

When using a book as a source, locate and record what citation elements?

1) Title 2) Author 3) Publisher 4) City of Publication 5) Year of Publication 6) Page Number

Frequency

A count of the number of times something occurs Frequencies can help listeners understand comparisons between two or more categories, indicate size, or describe trends: Ex:"On the midterm exam there were 8 A's, 15 B's, 7 C's, 2 D's, and 1 F."

Story

AKA narrative; help us make sense of our experience

Cherry-Picking

Avoid it!!! selectively presenting only those statistics that buttress your point of view while ignoring competing data.

Religion

Encyclopedia of American Religions identifies more than 2,300 different religious groups in the United States,9 from Seventh-Day Adventists to Zen Buddhists, so don't assume that everyone in your audience shares a common religious heritage

Supporting material

Good speeches contain accurate, relevant, and interesting supporting material in the form of examples, narratives, testimony, facts, and statistics. These "flesh out" the speech— they give substance to the speech's thesis, or central idea.

How should you present statistics?

In context Inform listeners of when the data were collected, the method used to collect the data, and the scope of the research

An advanced search option includes (at least) what fields:

Keywords Language Country File Format Domain Date

Identification

Listeners have a natural desire to identify with the speaker and to feel that he or she shares their perceptions, so establish a feeling of commonality, or identification, with them. Use eye contact and body movements to include the audience in your message.

Types of interviews

One-on-one, group, in person, telephone, email

Paid inclusion

Others accept fees to include companies in the full index of possible results, without a guarantee of ranking

What to remember when conducting an interview

Prepare questions for the interview Word questions carefully Avoid vague questions Avoid leading questions Aim to create neutral questions Begin by establishing a spirit of collaboration Pose substantive questions End the interview by rechecking and confirming

Use only what type of statistics

Reliable ones. The more information that is available about how the statistics came about, the more reliable the source is likely to be.

Check that the Web site documents its sources.

Reputable Web sites document the sources they use. Follow any links to these sources, and apply the same criteria to them that you did to the original source document.

Paid Placement

Some engines and directories accept fees from companies in exchange for a guaranteed higher ranking within results

Pandering

The act of expressing one's views in accordance with the likes of a group to which one is attempting to appeal. Being audience centered does not mean that you must cater to the audience's whims and abandon your own convictions.

Identify what about the information

The creator. Look for contact information. A source that doesn't want to be found, at least by e-mail, is not a good source to cite.

Working bibliography

To avoid losing track of sources, maintain a working bibliography as you conduct your research.

Check for a date that indicates what?

When the page was placed on the Web and when it was last updated.

Urban legend

a fabricated story passed along by unsuspecting people.

Periodical

a regularly published magazine or journal. Periodicals can be excellent sources because they generally include all types of supporting material

Questionnaire

a series of open- and closed-ended questions

Blog

a site maintained by individuals or groups containing journal type entries

Researchers have identified a set of core values, including...

achievement and success, equal opportunity, material comfort, hard work, practicality and efficiency,change and progress, science, democracy, and freedom.

What sex characteristics are considered in the analysis of a speech audience?

age, ethnic or cultural background, socioeconomic status (including income, occupation, and education), religion, political affiliation, and gender. group membership, physical disability, sexual orientation, or place of residence may be important as well

Look for what kind of link on a web page?

an "About" link describes the organization or a link to a page that gives more information. These sections can tell a great deal about the nature of a site's content

Demographics

are the statistical characteristics of a given population

Mean

arithmetic average

What percent of the population belongs to a racial or ethnic minority group?

at least 30%

General encyclopedias

attempt to cover all important subject areas of knowledge The most comprehensive of the general encyclopedias is the Encyclopaedia Britannica

Source qualifier

brief description of the source's qualifications to address the topic Including a source qualifier in your presentation can make the difference between winning or losing acceptance for your supporting material.

Anecdotes

brief stories of interesting and often humorous incidents based on real life

Articles in general-interest magazines rarely contain what?

citations and may or may not be written by experts on the topic.

Fixed-alternative questions

contain a limited choice of answers, such as "Yes,""No," or "Sometimes."

Information

data that are understandable and have the potential to become knowledge when viewed critically and added to what we already know

Specialized encyclopedias

delve deeply into one subject area, such as religion, science, art, sports, or engineering. Specialized encyclopedias of all types range from the Oxford Encylopedia of Latinos & Latinas in the United States to the Encyclopedia of Physical Education, Fitness, and Sports.

Specific Purpose

describes in action form what you want to achieve with the speech; the thesis statement concisely identifies, in a single idea, what the speech is about.

Average

describes information according to its typical characteristics. We think of the average as the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores. This is the mean, the arithmetic average. But there are two other kinds of averages—the median and the mode.

Income

determines people's experiences on many levels.s. It directly affects how they are housed, clothed, and fed, and determines what they can afford.

Articles in refereed journals are what?

evaluated by experts before being published and supply sources for the information they contain.

Virtual libraries

existing only in the electronic environment often take you to links that do not readily appear in general search engines such as Google. They are considered part of the invisible Web

Almanacs and fact books contain

facts and statistics on many subject areas and are published annually

Brainstorming

good way of generating ideas

Examples

illustrate, describe, or represent things. Their purpose is to aid understanding by making ideas, items, or events more concrete.

Expert testimony

includes findings, eyewitness accounts, or opinions from professionals trained to evaluate a given topic

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

includes income, occupation, and education

Secondary research

includes information produced by others most likely sources of secondary research include books, newspapers, periodicals, government publications, blogs, and reference works such as encyclopedias, almanacs, books of quotations, and atlases.

Occupation

is an important and easily identifiable demographic characteristic. The nature of people's work has a lot to do with what interests them.

Propaganda

is information represented in such a way as to provoke a desired response. The purpose of propaganda is to instill a particular attitude—to encourage you to think a particular way. Ex: Military posters encouraging you to enlist

Gender

is our social and psychological sense of ourselves as males or females. Making assumptions about the preferences, abilities, and behaviors of your audience members based on their presumed gender can seriously undermine their receptivity to your message.

Disinformation

is the deliberate falsification of information. Doctored photographs and falsified profit-and-loss statements are examples of disinformation in action. The Internet is widely used for disinformation.

Specific speech purpose

lays out precisely what you want the audience to get from the speech

Specialized search engines

let you conduct narrower but deeper searches into a particular field. Examples of these include Scirus Science Search; Bioethics.gov

Mode

most frequently occurring score in the distribution Ex: 1 4 6 6 9 Mode = 6

Brief examples

offer a single illustration of a point

Extended examples

offer multifaceted illustrations of the idea, item, or event being described, thereby getting the point across and reiterating it effectively

Library portal

or electronic entry point into its holdings (e.g., the library's home page). The databases and other resources on a library's portal are as much a part of its holdings as are its shelved materials.

Primary research

original or firsthand research such as interviews and surverys

Values

our most enduring judgments about what's good and bad in life, as shaped by our culture and our unique experiences within it. more long-lasting than attitudes or beliefs and are more resistant to change.

Attitudes

our general evaluations of people, ideas, objects, or events.

Audience Analysis

process of gathering and analyzing information about audience members' attributes and motivations with the explicit aim of preparing your speech in ways that will be meaningful to them. This is the single most critical aspect of preparing for any speech

Topic mapping

put a potential topic in the middle of a piece of paper. As related ideas come to you, write them down

Statistics

quantified evidence that summarizes, compares, and predicts things. add precision to speech claims, if you know what the numbers actually mean and use terms that describe them accurately.

Percentage

quantified portion of a whole Percentages are especially useful when comparing categories of something

Source reliability

refers to our level of trust in a source's credentials and track record for providing accurate information.

Facts

represent documented occurrences, including actual events, dates, times, people, and places.

Hypothetical example

what you believe the outcome might be

You should check for what about the setting when you are going to give a speech

size of audience, location, time, seating arrangement, and rhetorical situation

Closed-ended questions

small range of specific answers supplied by the interviewer ex: Do you or did you ever smoke cigarettes? The answer will either be yes or no. Closed-ended questions are especially helpful in uncovering the shared attitudes, experiences, and knowledge of audience members.

Co-culture

social community whose perspectives and style of communicating differ significantly from yours.

Education

strongly influences people's ideas, perspectives, and range of abilities. If the audience is generally better educated than you are, your speech may need to be quite sophisticated

Encyclopedias

summarize knowledge that is found in original form elsewhere. Their usefulness lies in providing an overview of subjects. Two kinds: general and specialized

Lay testimony

testimony by nonexperts such as eyewitnesses, can reveal compelling firsthand information that may be unavailable to others

Median

the center-most score in a distribution

Invisible web

the large portion of the Web that general search engines often fail to find. Countless documents and Web sites form part of the invisible Web; this is yet another reason why you should not rely solely on popular search engines for your speech sources.

Beliefs

the ways in which people perceive reality Beliefs are our feelings about what is true.

Target Audience

those individuals within the broader audience whom you are most likely to influence in the direction you seek

Both attitudes and beliefs are shaped by

values

Captive Audience

who are required to hear the speaker may be less positively disposed to the occasion than members of a voluntary audience

Voluntary Audience

who attend of their own free will

Maintaining an audience-centered approach...

will help you prepare a presentation that your audience will want to hear

Subject (Web) directory

y is a catalog of Web sites, organized by a human editor, into subject categories such as "Science," "Reference," or "Arts and Humanities."

Domain

—the suffix at the end of the address that tells you the nature of the site: educational (".edu"), government (".gov"), military (".mil"), nonprofit organization (".org"), business/ commercial (".com"), and network (".net").

If listeners are negatively disposed toward the topic...

• Focus on establishing rapport and credibility. • Don't directly challenge listeners' attitudes; instead begin with areas of agreement. • Discover why they have a negative bias in order to tactfully introduce the other side of the argument. • Offer solid evidence from sources they are likely to accept. • Give good reasons for developing a positive attitude toward the topic.

If listeners are a captive audience...

• Motivate listeners to pay attention by stressing what is most relevant to them. • Pay close attention to the length of your speech.

If the topic is new to listeners...

• Start by showing why the topic is relevant to them. • Relate the topic to familiar issues and ideas about which they already hold positive attitudes.

If listeners know relatively little about the topic...

• Stick to the basics and include background information. • Steer clear of jargon, and define unclear terms. • Repeat important points, summarizing information often.

If listeners hold positive attitudes toward the topic...

• Stimulate the audience to feel even more strongly by emphasizing the side of the argument with which they agree. • Tell stories with vivid language that reinforce listeners' attitudes.