Speech Final

Specific Purpose Guidelines

○ Full infinitive phrase ○ A statement, not a question ○ Avoid figurative language ○ Limit to one distinct idea ○ Avoid being vague

Steps to promote better listening

○ Take listening seriously ○ Be active listener ○ Resist distractions ○ Don't be diverted by appearance, delivery ○ Suspend judgment ○ Develop note-taking skills ○ Focus your listening

Be able to define and recognize the types of listening

● Appreciative- Listening for pleasure, and enjoyment. ● Empathic-Listening to provide emotional support for the speaker ● Comprehensive-Listening to understand the message ● Critical-Listening to evaluate the message.

Understand the guidelines for using visual aids.

Display where listeners can see, Avoid passing, Display only while discussing, Explain clearly, concisely, Talk to the audience, not to visual aid, Practice with visual aids, Check room & equipment

The ways to organize an informative speech (this might harken back to the chapter, 9)

Don't overestimate what the audience knows, Relate the subject to the audience, Don't be too technical, Avoid abstractions, Personalize ideas, Be creative.

Explain "ethics" and the guidelines for ethical speaking; why do speakers have an obligation to avoid abusive language?

Ethics- deals with issues of right & wrong in human affairs. Why It's morally correct and listeners probably wouldn't like it.

Understand what ethnocentrism means

Believing one's group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.

What is the importance of using visual aids (presentation aids)?

Clarity, Interest, Retention, Credibility, Persuasiveness

Give examples of commemorative speech (how does it differ from other kinds of speeches)

Commemoration- speech paying tribute to a person, group, institution, or idea. Paying tribute to a deceased one.

Visual Framework

Symbolization & indentation showing relationships among ideas.

What figures of speech could a speaker use to add rhythm to his/her speech?

Parallelism A similar arrangement of pairs or series of related words, phrases, sentences. "Rich and poor, intelligent, and ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious, man and woman-it is ever the same, each soul must depend wholly on itself," Repetition Reiterating the same word or set of words Located at the beginning or end of successive clauses, and sentences. "If you ain't wellness with wealth, come to India. If you want health and wholeness of life, come to India. If you want prosperity and peace, come to India." Alliteration Repeating initial consonants in close or adjoining words "Nothing great is accomplished without cooperation, compromise, and common cause." Antithesis The juxtaposition of ideas, usually in parallel structure "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country."

Know the Persuasive Strategies (Ethos, pathos, logos)

Ethos- credibility Pathos- Emotional appeal Logos- evidence and reasoning

Also, explain "identification."

Identification- Identifying the general demographic features of your audience. ○ Stereotyping ■ Oversimplified image of a group ■ Done by assuming all members are alike.

Know the different kinds of reasoning ( analogy, causal, etc)

Reasoning from specific instances Particular facts to a general conclusion Reasoning from principle General principle to a specific conclusion. Causal reasoning Cause and effects. One thing causes another. "Because that patch of ice was there, I fell and broke my arm." Analogical Reasoning Comparison of two similar cases. What is true for the first case is also true for a second. Cases must be essentially alike. Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second. Comparing two similar cases

Avoiding Ethnocentrism

Respect listeners' cultural values, Adapt messages to expectations, Imagine oneself in place of listeners, Be alert to feedback, Listeners also have to avoid ethnocentrism

Be able to recognize and define verbal pause, articulation, and pronunciation.

Verbal pause-When the speaker says "uh," "er," "um," etc. A momentary break in the vocal delivery. Articulation- Physical production of speech sounds. Pronunciation- The accepted standard of sound, and rhythm in a given language.

Specific Purpose Questions

○ Meet assignment? ○ Accomplish in the time allotted? ○ Relevant to the audience? ○ Too trivial for the audience? ○ Too technical for the audience?

What is a situational audience analysis?

○ Situational Analysis ■ Size ■ Physical setting ■ Disposition toward topic ■ Disposition toward speaker ■ Disposition toward occasion

What is a periodical database? How can you tell if a source is biased?

● A research aid that catalogs articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers. ● If a source is biased, something to gain. ○ Don't have an agenda.

What is a demographic audience analysis?

● Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors. ● Demographic analysis ○ Age ○ Religion ○ Racial ethnic, and cultural background ○ Gender, sexual orientation ○ Group membership

What are the different kinds of questions on audience questionnaires?

● Audience-Centeredness Questions ○ To whom am I speaking? ○ What do I want them to know, believe, and do? ○ What is the most effective way of accomplishing that?

Explain what it means to be an "audience-centered" speaker

● Audience-Centeredness-Audience foremost in mind during speech preparation, and presentation

What do you look for to determine the credibility of an Internet source?

● Authorship ● Sponsorship ● Reasoning

The three "general purposes" or "general goals" of all public speaking: to inform, to persuade, to entertain. Know it when you see it.

● Brainstorming-generating ideas by free association ● The general-purpose- broad goal of speech ● Specific purpose ○ Single infinitive ○ States what the speaker hopes to accomplish ● To inform ○ convey information, accurately, and interestingly. ○ Enhance the knowledge and understanding of your listeners to give them the information they did not have before. ● To p e r s u a d e ○ Act as an advocate or a partisan ○ Go beyond giving information to espousing a cause ○ You want to change or structure the attitudes or actions of your audience ● To entertain ○ You have to make sure of your general purpose yourself.

Explain the causes of poor listening and all the steps to promote better listening

● Causes of Poor Listening ○ Not concentrating ○ Listening Too Hard ○ Jumping to Conclusions ○ Focusing on Delivery and Personal Appearance

Understand how to recognize a central idea statement and how to properly phrase one

● Central Idea ○ One-sentence statement ○ Encapsulates major ideas of speech ● Central Idea Guidelines ○ Express a full sentence ○Don't express a question ○ Avoid figurative language ○ Don't be vague.

Know how to properly cite a source orally (name of publication and date)

● Citing Sources Orally ○ Name of document ○ Author, sponsoring organization ○ Qualifications ○ Date ● Oral Source Citation ○ The Minneapolis Star Tribune of January 31, 2018, quotes Chris Nowinski, co-founder of the Concussion Legacy Foundation, on the dangers of youth tackle football. "Children," he says, "were never intended to be hit in the head five hundred times in three months every year while their brain is going through incredible development."

Extras Notes

● Connectives ○ Word or phrase connecting ideas. 1. Transitions 2. Internal preview 3. Internal summary 4. Signpost

What does it mean to be egocentric?

● Egocentrism-Tendency to be concerned with own values, beliefs, and well-being ○ Ethnic group

Differences Between Public Speaking and Conversation

1.) Public speaking is more highly structured Imposes strict time limitations on the speaker The situation does not allow listeners to interrupt with questions or commentary Speaker must accomplish her or his purpose in the speech itself. 2.) Public speaking requires more formal language Famous work The language should rise to the level of the occasion Listeners usually react negatively to speakers who do not elevate and polish their language when addressing an audience. A speech should be special. 3.) Public speaking requires a different method of delivery. Critical thinking skills can be applied to other disciples Organizing speeches are related to critical thinking Critical thinking skills can help you listen more effectively

Explain each kind of special occasion speech

Introduction Introducing the main speaker to the audience presentation Presenting a gift, award, some recognition acceptance Giving thanks for the gift, award, recognition Commemoration Paying tribute to a person, group, institution, or idea.

Define small group communication (how many people, what are they doing) what are the NEEDS of small groups

A collection of 3 to 12 people who assemble for a specific purpose. A problem- small group- solve a particular problem. When such a group has effective leadership, it usually makes better decisions than individuals do by themselves.

Know the "communication elements model" (sender, message, channel, feedback, etc)

1.) Speaker: The person who is presenting an oral message to a listener, The success of the speaker depends on you, On personal credibility, Knowledge of the subject, Preparation of speech, Manner of speaking, Sensitivity to the audience, Occasion enthusiasm 2.) Message: Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else. The goal in public speaking is to give your intended message the message that is communicated. Achieving this depends both on what you say (Verbal message) and on how you say it (the nonverbal message). The verbal message requires work. Nonverbal message. 3.)Channel: Means by which the message is communicated. 4.) Listener A person who receives the speaker's message The frame of reference-sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference. 5.) Feedback The messages, usually nonverbal, are sent from a listener to a speaker. 6.) Interference Anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners. External-to the audience Internal-within the audience. 7.) Situation Time and place in which speech communication occurs Public speakers must also be alert to the situation. Physical setting

Know Monroe's Motivated Sequence

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that is persuasive toward the audience. Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, Action.

Know what a target audience is

A portion of the audience speaker most wanted to persuade.

Review the responsibilities of group member

Commit Yourself to the goals of your group Hidden agenda- a set of unstated individual goals that may conflict with the goals of the group as a whole. Fulfill individual assignments, Avoid interpersonal conflicts, Encourage full participation, Keep the discussion on track.

Review the Principles of Nonverbal Communication

Communication is based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words.

What is the difference between abstract and concrete language?

Concrete- References to tangible objects Cannot capture. Abstract- References to general concepts, theories, democracies, Philosophy Can capture. Use self-identifiers.

Explain the relationship between "words" and thoughts. Connotative & denotative definitions.

Connotative Meaning-Meaning suggested by associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase. Feelings you're associated with. Denotative Meaning- Literal, dictionary meaning of word or phrase. Dictionary definition.

Define & explain persuasion

Creating, reinforcing, and changing people's beliefs or actions. The ability to speak (and write) persuasively will benefit you in every part of your life, from personal relations to community activities to career aspirations. That is a long continuum Ethics & Persuasion Ethical Goals Ethical Methods

Know the Types of Persuasive Speeches (fact, value, policy)

Fact Deals with truth or falsity of assertion. Value Deals with worth, the rightness of idea or action. Policy Whether course of action should or should not be taken Policy Issues Need- Is there a problem tha requires change form current policy? Plan - What is speaker's plan to solve the problem with current policy? Practicality Will plan solve problem? Will plan create new problems? Deals with truth or falsity of assertion. Value Deals with worth, the rightness of idea or action. Policy Whether course of action should or should not be taken Policy Issues Need- Is there a problem tha requires change form current policy? Plan - What is speaker's plan to solve the problem with current policy? Practicality Will plan solve problem? Will plan create new problems?

Know each fallacy speakers should beware of

Hasty generalization A speaker jumps to a general conclusion based on insufficient evidence. Jumping to a conclusion based on very little evidence. False Cause A speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another the first event is the cause of the second. Mistakenly assuming that because one event follows another, the first event causes the second. Invalid Analogy The two cases being compared is not essentially alike. Employees are like animals. Just as nails must be hit on. Bandwagon Assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable. Because something is popular, it is good or correct. Red herring Introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion. Irrelevant issue diverting attention from the actual subject. Ad hominem Attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute. Either-Or Forcing choice between two alternatives when more than two exist. Slippery Slope Taking the first step will lead to subsequent steps that can't be prevented. Appeal to Tradition A fallacy that assumes that something old is automatically better than something new. " Always been done this way" Appeal to Novelty Something new is automatically better than something old. "Because it is, it must be good."

Know the obstacles to effective listening

Hearing: Vibration of sound waves on eardrums ● Listening: Paying close attention to what we hear

Review the different types of group leaders.

Implied leader- a group member to whom other members defer because of her or his rank, expertise, or other quality. Emergent leader-a group member who emerges as a leader during the group's deliberations. Designated leader- a person elected or appointed as a leader when the group is formed. Task needs Substantive actions are necessary to help the group complete the particular task at hand. Substantive actions are necessary to help a small group complete its assigned task. Maintenance Needs Involve interpersonal relations in the group. Communication actions are necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in small groups.

Know the guidelines for "inclusive language"

Inclusive Language 1 Do not stereotype, or demean on basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, etc. Inclusive Language 2 Avoid generic "he" Avoid "man" when referring to men & women Avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender Use names groups use to identify themselves.

Defining "informative speaking" and being able to identify an informative speech from a persuasive one.

Information speaking- Designed to convey knowledge, understanding. Improving your ability to convey knowledge effectively will be available to you throughout your life. Informative-To inform, to teach, to process, Persuasive-Convince, persuade

Explain the ways (tips) to successfully approach each kind of speech

Introduction Guidelines Be brief Be accurate Adapt to occasion, audience Build a sense of anticipation Commemoration Guidelines Inspire audience Heighten appreciation Adjust content, and delivery to fit the situation Use language creatively.

Know the ethical guidelines for Listeners Guidelines for Ethical Listening

Listeners have an ethical obligation ■ Listen courteously and attentively ■ To avoid prejudging the speaker ■ Maintain the free and open expression of ideas. ○ Be courteous and attentive Be prepared and learn Be conscious of sending feedback ● Avoid prejudging the speaker ● Maintain the free and open expression of ideas. ● Speech-making is a two-way street ● Listeners have ethical obligations

Read the part about who is responsible for ethical communication (is it the speaker or listener, both or neither?)

Listeners have the responsibility

Guidelines for Ethical Speaking

Make ethically sound goals. Be fully prepared, Be honest, Avoid name-calling and abusive language, Name-calling- Using language to defame, demean, and degrade individuals or groups. Put principles into practice

Be able to define the 4 methods of delivery.

Manuscript Written out fully. Read to the audience. Memory speech Reciting from memory Able to concentrate on communicating with the audience. Impromptu speech Little or no immediate preparation. Extemporaneous speech Carefully prepared & rehearsed. Presented from brief notes.

Give examples of persuasive speaking.

Mental Dialgoue Mental give & take between speaker & listener Mental give and take

The kinds of informative speeches ( process, event, etc)

Objects Anything visible, tangible, stable in form. Processes Systematic series of actions leading to a specific result Events Anything that happens or is regarded as happening. Concepts Belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, etc.

Know the similarities and differences between conversation and public speaking Similarities Between Public Speaking and Conversation

Organize thoughts logically, Tailor message to the audience, Tell stories for maximum impact, Adapt to feedback.

What is the main purpose of a conclusion? *remember everything you had to do for your Speeches.

Signal end of the speech & Reinforce the central idea.

What figures of speech could a speaker use to add vivid imagery to his/her speech?

Simile Comparison introduced with "like" or "as" "With eyes glued on their phones, pedestrians walk the streets like zombies after the apocalypse." Metaphor Comparison not introduced with "like" or "as" "America's cities are the windows through which the world looks at America."

Understand how to recognize a specific purpose statement and how to properly phrase

Single infinitive phrase ● States what the speaker hopes to accomplish

What is the main purpose of an introduction? What are common parts of introductions and conclusions?

The main purpose of an introduction ○ Gain attention, interet ○ Reveal topic ○ Establish credibility, goodwill ○ Preview body ● Common parts of introductions and conclusions ○ Introductions ■ Gaining attention ● Relate the topic to the audience ● State the importance of the topic ● State the importance of the topic ● Startle audience ● Arouse curiosity ● Question audience ● Begin with quotation ● Tell story ● Use visual aids ■ Relating to Audience ■ Telling a Story ■ Using Visual Aids ■ Credibility ● Perception of speaker's qualifications. ■ Goodwill ● Perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind. ■ Preview Statement ● Statement in intro identifying main points of the body. ■ Preparing Intro ● Be concise ● Look for materials as you research ● Be creative ● Finalize after the body is done ● Work out content, and delivery in detail. Conclusion Crescendo Ending Building to the zenith of power, intensity Dissolve Ending Generating emotional appeal by fading to the dramatic final statement Reinforce Central Idea Summarize speech End with quotation Make dramatic statement Refer to intro Summary in Conclusion Referring to Intro Preparing Conclusion Look for materials while researching Conclude with a bang, not a whimper Be brief Work out content, and delivery in detail

Understand the tips for using evidence in a speech.

Use Specific evidence, Use Novel Evidence, Use Evidence from Credible Sources, Make Clear the Point of Your Evidence.

Understand the guidelines or criteria for using language effectively.

Use language accurately, Use language clearly, Use language vividly, Use language appropriately.

What does each kind do for a speech (I mean, why use statistics? Why use examples? Etc)

● Examples- ○ Creates a stronger impression ○ Help clarify ideas ○ Reinforce ideas ○ Personalize ideas ● Statistics - ○ Conveying your message ○ Make them meaningful to your audience. ○ Make them meaningful to your audience. ● Testimony- ○ Make your ideas more credible ○ Expert Testimony ■ Testimony from recognized experts ○ Peer Testimony ■ Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience, and insight. ○ Direct Quote ■ Testimony presented word for word. ○ Out-of-Context Quote ■ Distorting statements by removing words, and phrases around them. ○ Paraphrase ■ Restate the source's ideas in your own words. ○ Tips for Testimony ■ Quote, paraphrase accurately ■ Use qualified sources ■ Use unbiased sources ■ Identify sources

Library Resources

● Librarians ● Catalog ● Reference works ● Reference works ● newspaper & periodical databases

Know the strategic ways to order main points (chronological, topical, problem-solution, topical order

● Main Points ○ Major points developed in the body of the speech ○ Most speeches have 2-5 ● Chronological Order ○ The main points follow a time pattern ● Spatial Order- ○ The main points follow the directional pattern ● Causal Order- ○ The main point shows a cause-effect relationship ● Problem-Solution Order- ○ First main point: The problem ○ Second main point: The solution ● Topical Order ○ The main points divide topics into logical, consistent subtopics.

Know which ones work best for different kinds of topics, know what works best for is persuasive or informative.

● Persuasive ○ Avocating some ideas ● Informative ○ Chronological Order ○ Spatial Order ○ Topical Order

Types of plagiarism

● Plagiarism ○ Presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own. ○ To give the impression you have written or thought something yourself when you have taken it from someone else. ○ Plagiarism is the Latin word for the kidnapper. ● Global Plagiarism ○ Stealing your speech entirely from another source and passing it off as your own. ● Patchwork Plagiarism ○ Stealing ideas, language from two or three sources, passing off as one's own. ● Incremental Plagiarism ○ Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people. ○ Quotations ■ Whenever you quote someone directly, you must attribute the words to that person. ■ Introduce the person's statement to avoid plagiarism. ○ Paraphrase ■ Restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words. ■ Important to acknowledge the person because you are borrowing the person. ■ Two ways to guard against incremental plagiarism 1. Be careful when taking research notes to distinguish between direct quotations, paraphrased material, and your comments. 2. To avoid incremental plagiarism is to err on the side of caution. Cite your evidence

Know each kind of supporting material—(Statistic - Testimony - Example)

● Statistic-Numerical data ○ Mean-Average value of a group of numbers ○ Median-Middle figure in a group once figures are ordered highest to lowest ○ Mode-Number occurs most frequently in groups. ● Testimony-Quotation or paraphrases used to support points. ● Example- Specific case to illustrate the idea. ○ Types of examples ■ Brief ■ Extended ■ Hypothetical ○ Brief example 1 ■ Specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point

Efficient Note Taking

● Take plenty of notes ● Record inconsistent format ● Make separate entries ● Distinguish direct quotations, paraphrases, and own ideas.

How to cite sources as you speak (what information do you say about the source?)

● Tips for Research ● Start early ● Think about materials ● Make preliminary bibliography ● Take notes efficiently

Know the book's tips for using statistics

● Use to quantify ideas ● Use sparingly ● Identify sources ● Explain thoroughly ● Round off ● Use visual aids if needed.

Is it true that most employers rank listening as the most important communication skill?

● Yes