Speech Final Exam
How to add imagery to a speech
1. Concrete words (call up mental impressions of sights, sounds, touch, smell, and taste) 2. Similes 3. Metaphors
Supporting materials
1. Examples: Specific case to illustrate an idea (story) 2. Testimony: Quotes or paraphrases (From an expert) 3. Statistics: Numbers on the subject
Listening
Paying close attention to what is being said
Articulation
Physical production of speech sounds
Hearing
Physicality of sound waves on eardrums
Speech of Presentation
Tell the audience why the recipient is receiving the award. Point out his or her contributions, achievements, and so forth. Focus on achievements related to the award, and discuss these achievements in a way that will make them meaningful to the audience.
Types of persuasive speaking
1. Question/assertion of fact: To persuade your audience that something is true or false 2. Question/assertion of value: To persuade your audience that something is morally wrong 3. Question/assertion of policy: To persuade your audience that something should change
Transition
A word or phrase connecting ideas (Gets you from point A to point B)
Periodical database
Articles in publications that appear in a new edition on a regular basis (Newspapers, magazines)
Incremental Plagiarism
Failing to give credit for parts of a speech borrowed from a source
Speech of Acceptance
Give thanks for a gift or an award. When giving such a speech, you thank the people who are bestowing the award and recognize the people who helped you gain it.
Ethnocentrism
The belief that one's group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures
Global plagiarism
The entire speech is stolen and passed off as your own
Kinds of informative speaking
1. Objects: A place or thing (The Saint Louis Arch) 2. Processes: How something is made, done, or works (Magic tricks) 3. Events: A ceremony, concert, cultural tradition (Mardi Gras parade) 4. Concepts: Belief, theory, idea, notion, principles (Homeschooling)
Similarities between conversation and public speaking
1. Organized thoughts 2. A tailored message to the audience 3. Tell a story
How to add rhythm to a speech
1. Parallelism: The similar arrangement of a pair of words, phrases, or sentences 2. Repetition: Reiterating a set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences 3. Alliteration 4. Antithesis: Juxtaposition of ideas
Differences between conversation and public speaking
1. Public speaking is more structured 2. Public speaking has more formal body language and language 3. Public speaking adapts to listener feedback
Communication elements model
1. Sender (Speaker): Sends the message 2. Message: What the speaker is communicating to someone else 3. Channel: The means by which the message is communicated 4. Listener: Receives the speaker's message 5. Feedback: The messages, usually nonverbal, sent from the listener to the speaker 6. Interference: Anything that block the communication of a message (External or internal)
Common parts of conclusions
1. Signal (In conclusion) 2. Review (Today I told you...) 3. Final positive message (Help to make your speech memorable)
Situational audience analysis
1. Size (How many are in the audience) 2. Physical setting 3 Audience's disposition toward the topic (Interest, knowledge, attitude)
Steps to become a better listener
1. Take listening seriously 2. Be an active listener 3. Resist distractions 4. Don't be diverted by appearance 5. Suspend judgement 6. Focus your listening 7. Develop note taking skills
General purpose for public speaking
1. To demonstrate/ entertain (To demonstrate how to...) 2. To inform (To inform the audience about...) 3. To persuade (To persuade the audience about the benefits of...)
Tips for using statistics
1. Use tips sparingly 2. Identify the sources of your statistics 3. Explain your statistics
Guidelines for ethical speaking
1. Your goals should be ethically sound 2. Be fully prepared 3. Be honest 4. Avoid name-calling (be rhetorically sensitive) 5. Avoid plagiarism
Who is responsible for ethical communication?
Both the speaker and the listener
Extemporaneous delivery
Carefully prepared and rehearsed and presented with brief notes
Analogical Reasoning
Comparing two cases that are similar
Problem- Solution Order
First main point- The problem Second main point- The solution
Chronological Order
Main points follow time sequence
Causal Order
Main points show cause- effect relationship
Spatial Order
Main points show directional movement
Connotative
Meaning suggested by associations and emotions
Persuasion
The action or fact of persuading someone to believe something
Logos
Utilize a logical argument (evidence/reasoning)
Verbal (Vocalized) Pause
When the speaker say "Uh", "Um", etc.
Signposts
Words used to let the audience know where the speaker is (First, Second, Finally, In Conclusion)
Memorized delivery
Written out full, word for word, memorized and delivered without notes
Manuscript delivery
Written out fully and read to the audience
Egocentric
"What do I care/ what's in it for me?"
Informative speaking
The speaker acts as a lecturer or teacher
Obstacles to effective listening
1. Not concentrating 2. Listening too hard 3. Jumping to conclusions 4. Focusing on delivery/ appearance
Critical listening
Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it. (Sales pitch)
Empathic listening
Listening to provide emotional support for the speaker (psychiatrist)
Comprehensive listening
Listening to understand the message of the speaker (Director)
Impromptu delivery
Little or no immediate preparation
Reasoning from principle (Inductive)
-My speech class is easy. -My friend's speech class was easy. -My brother's speech class was easy. -Speech class at MVCC is easy
Reasoning from principle (Deductive)
-U.S. Constitution (major premise or principle) guarantees U.S. citizens the right to vote. -Women are U.S. citizens
Demographic audience analysis
1. Age 2. Gender 3. Religion 4. Sexual orientation 5. Race/ ethnicity/ culture 6. Group membership
Monroe's Motivated Sequence
1. Attention : Gain attention (tell a story about your topic) 2. Need: Tell us why we need this change- tell us what the problem is 3. Satisfaction: Tell us the solution to the problem 4. Visualization: What will the world look like once your suggested change is realized 5. Action: What the audience needs to do. How they can help
Ethical guidelines for listeners
1. Be courteous and attentive 2. Don't prejudge 3. Allow for the free/open expression of ideas
How to combat nervousness
1. Breathe. 2. Think positive. 3. Visualize a successful speech. 4. Practice. 5. Sleep
Responsibilities of small group members
1. Commit yourself to the goals of your group 2. Fulfill individual assignments 3. Avoid interpersonal conflicts 4. Encourage full participation 5. Keep the discussion on track
Common parts of introductions
1. Gain attention 2. Central idea (Background on the topic) 3. Audience goodwill (Why should they care?) 4. Credibility (Why are you the one to tell us) 5. Preview (Today I am going to...)
Fallacies
1. Hasty Generalization: Insufficient evidence to support your claim 2. False Cause: Because one event follows the other, the first event is the cause of the second 3. Invalid Analogy: Comparing two things that aren't alike 4. Bandwagon: Because it is popular, it is good/ correct, etc. 5. Red Herring: Introducing an irrelevant issue to divert attention away from the issue at hand. 6. Ad Hominem: Attacking the person, not the issue 7. Either-Or: Assuming there are only two solutions to a problem 8. Slippery Slope: 1st step will necessarily lead to a second step, etc. etc. etc. (AKA: snowball effect) 9. Appeal to tradition: Something old is always better than something new.... "because we've always done it that way..."
Different types of leaders in a small group
1. Implied Leader: Group defers to this person because of their rank or expertise 2. Emergent Leader: This person emerges as leader - strong personality- seems to have knowledge of topic 3. Designated Leader: Appointed and/or elected leader
Levels of communication
1. Intrapersonal: Only you. 2. Interpersonal: Two people. 3. Group: Three or more people. 4. Public: Person speaking to an audience. 5. Mass: TV, internet, radio, newspapers
Pronunciation
Accepted standard of sound and rhythm in a given language
Denotative
Definition meaning of a word
Topical Order
Divides topics into mini subtopics
Inclusive language
Does not stereotype, demean on basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation (Avoid using "he" generically and using "man" when referring to men and women, avoid stereotyping jobs, and social roles by gender)
Causal Reasoning
Global warming is caused by pollution
Speeches of Introduction
Introduce someone 1. Build enthusiasm for the upcoming speaker. 2. Build enthusiasm for the speaker's topic. 3. Establish a welcoming climate that will boost the speaker's credibility.
Ethics
Issues of right or wrong (morally)
Appreciative listening
Listening for the pleasure (Music)
Target Audience
Portion of the audience the speaker most wants to persuade. Those who are unsure or don't care about your topic.
Ethos
Prove to the audience that your are credible 1. Initial: When you come up to speak 2. Derived: When you are speaking 3. Terminal: At the end of the speech
How to properly cite a source orally
Say the name of the publication and the date
Pathos
Show passion/interest in your subject (emotions)
Central Idea
Similar to a thesis statement and introduces the subject
Small Group Communication
Small enough to allow free discussion among all members. In small-group communication, all participants are potentially speakers and listeners.
Commemorative Speech
Speeches of praise or celebration. Eulogies, Fourth of July speeches, and dedications are examples of commemorative speeches.
Internal Previews
Statement in body indicating what speaker will discuss next...more detailed
Patchwork Plagiarism
Stealing ideas from 2-3 sources and using it as your own