Sport policy and governance Final exam

Sport organization such as national governing bodies in modern society are faced with:

multiple performance challenges pressures from various stakeholders such as the general public, players and athletes, coaches Call for sports organizations to be more transparent and accountable as ever-growing levels of finances garnered through evermore divergent streams become a major issue within the sector

The Netherlands: Elite Sport or Sport for all?

"Dutch sports federations and clubs focus on the preferences of individual participants, trying to provide the best possible conditions in which everyone can enjoy their sport." - NOC*NSF website NOC*NSF's mission statement: "Sport, a winning game for everyone." Even sport clubs with professional teams like Ajax and PSV Eindhoven have programs at the grassroots level. 24,000 non-elite sport clubs 5 million citizens are a part of one of these, but over 4 million more participate in sport without a club.

Germany: Sport Structure

16 German "Bundesländer", with each having its own state sport governance organization 57 NGBs for single sports The Deutscher Olympischer Sportbund (German Olympic Sports Federation) was created in 2006 as a result of the merging of the German Sport Federation and the National Olympic Committee for Germany Hierarchical set-up The public sector (government) has slight influences over the NGBs of sport at the state level (then regional, then local). 12 organizations with specifically-designated responsibilities around the country

New Zealand: Paralympics

19 Principal National Sports Organizations 9 ParaFed Associations Does not fall under the NZOC, it is independent

The Netherlands: Mega Events

1928 Summer Olympics Currently planning a bid for the 2028 summer olympics

Germany: History of Mega Events

1936 Berlin Olympics 1972 Munich Olympics Jesse Owens won 4 gold medals in the 36 Olympics. The '36 Olympics played a huge part in how people around the world viewed Germany Hitler + Goebbels considered the Olympics the perfect stage to showcase their propaganda, but later had to minimize it because of decreasing public perception and threats by some countries to not compete

Australia: History of Hosting

1956 Melbourne Summer Olympics 2000 Sydney Summer Olympics Stadium Australia (ANZ Stadium) -Multi-purpose stadium built in 1999 for the 2000 Sydney Games. Melbourne Cricket Grounds Docklands Stadium -Primarily used for Australian Rules football

Russia: Mega Sports History

1980 Summer Olympics (Soviet Union) 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi

Spain: History of hosting events/facilities

1992 Summer Olympics → Barcelona Nou Camp stadium → FC Barcelona Estadio Santiago Bernabeu → Real Madrid Most renovations or expansions of the stadiums are funded through the clubs. In Spain, the funding varies depending on whether it is a national or regional center. The national center is paid for by the national sports council whereas the regional center is funded by the government.

NHL and 2018 Winter Olympics

4 major stakeholders in this story- IOC, International Ice Hockey Federation, USA Hockey and the NHL Why and how did this decision get made for the 2018 Winter Olympics? What role did your stakeholder group have in this decision? Looking back, what could your stakeholder group have done to allow for NHL players in 2018 Olympics? Which stakeholder group had the most influence in arriving to this decision? What will need to happen between these stakeholder groups for NHL players to play in the 2022 Winter Olympics?

Spain: National sport federations

60 National Sport Federations overseen by the Spanish Olympic Committee Most popular: Soccer 874,093 registered players (829,220 men and 44,873 women) Real Madrid and Barcelona seen as two of the best teams in the world Prominent for males: soccer, tennis, basketball Prominent for females: synchronized swimming and rhythmic gymnastics

The Netherlands: Sport Federations

90 Sport federations Largest sport federation is the royal dutch football federation Soccer is most popular sport, followed by volleyball and Field hockey Korfball- combination of netball and basketball, first purely co-ed sport founded in the netherlands Women's field hockey has provided the most trophies Soccer and Baseball have provided the most well-known athletes

The Netherlands: Paralympic Sports

9th most medals in Paralympics history Participated in every summer games since 1960 Participated in every winter games since 1985 (except 2006) Far more success in summer games: out of 622 total medals, 611 have been won during the summer games NOC*NSF acts as Paralympic committee in addition to Olympic committee

Elite football

A 2009 ESPN poll of favorite spectator sports listed NFL football its first, NCAA college football as third, football on specified as eighth, and high school football as a ninth in popularity. The elite, entertainment sports programs are all tackle football, with the main organizations forming a very loosely linked elite sports system. NFSH, NCAA NFL There is no investment and little coordination among governing bodies. And if they played under three different sets of rules and structures.

Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee

A few notable Paralympic organizations in Australia include the following: Australian Paralympic Committee and the Australian Blind Sports Federation. The Australian Paralympic Committee (APC) is by far the most notable of the Paralympic organizations in Australia. The APC primarily identifies potential paralympians and helps them prepare for competition by providing funding for coaching, equipment, and travel leading up to the summer and winter Paralympic games. The APC has been very successful in facilitating high levels of competition in its athletes. At the 2016 Rio Paralympics Australia placed fifth on the gold medal count and also obtained 30 silver and 29 bronze medals out of 159 countries.

Australia: Australian Olympic Committee

AOC receives funding from the Australian Olympic Foundation, the IOC, and from certain sponsorship and licensing deals The AOC is made up of an executive board, several management and staff members, and various committees The executive board of the AOC is made up of the following: one president, two vice presidents, the IOC member in Australia, the CEO, the chairperson of the athletes' commission, and seven members of the executive.

Elite Sport or Sport for All?

Achieving international and especially Olympic sporting success has become increasingly important to a growing number of countries. Elite sporting success has frequently been regarded as a resource valuable for its malleability and its capacity to help achieve a wide range of non-sporting objectives (Green & Houlihan, 2005) Governments have become more willing to intervene directly in elite sport development by making considerable financial investments, thus leading to the increasing institutionalization of elite sport systems.

New Zealand: Country Sport Structure

All sports fall under Sport New Zealand , a "Crown Entity" Subsidiaries of SNZ are the High Performance Sport New Zealand, Drug Free Sport and the NZOC Dominated by non-profit and public, the landscape is certainly Sport for All There are 90 registered NSO's each affiliated with regional associations Over 14,500 public clubs that are affiliated with regional associations or directly associated with NSO's In 2011 over 88 million was sent from public sector to the sport sector 17 regional trusts are set up essentially as charities and support local sport

Board conflict II

Almost outside the boards jurisdiction to become involved with operational plans been executed within the organization. The boards role in planning is at the strategic level it is important for the sport organization to differentiate between strategic and operational plans. Operational plans are the responsibility of the CEO and staff.

Mass media & hegemonic spectator sport

Americans also grow up exposed to a mass media filtered version of American sport that often simplifies and mythologizes sport in the matter design to buttress hegemonic spectator sport ethos in the United States (Koppett, 1994). This often leads to misunderstandings and misconceptions when American sport leaders communicate with sport from other countries. This has also led to a great deal of misleading scholarly work. It is crucial to explore the disconnect that the development system in the United States factors with respect to elite spectator sport and mass participation sport.

Kenya: Most Important Governing Bodies

Athletics Kenya Cricket Kenya Kenya Football Federation Kenya Golf Union Kenya Rugby Union

Australia: Structure of Sport

Australian Sport Commission as "the Commonwealth Government's statutory authority responsible for developing and funding Australian sport." Six guiding principles: 1) Board composition, roles and powers 2) Board processes 3) Governance systems 4) Board reporting and performance 5) Stakeholder relationship and reporting 6) Ethical and responsible decision making Three mandatory sport governing principles -Structure of sport -Board composition and operation -Staggered board rotation with a maximum time in office of no more than 10 years in order "to encourage Board renewal while retaining corporate memory" Transparency and integrity within sport Requires that the NSOs show an annual report consistent with the Australian Corporations Act and full disclosure of administration expenses to avoid corruption

Elements of elite sport development

Because of country specific, historical and cultural reasons, nations may find different answers to implement a successful elite sport systems model as concluded by Digel et al. (2006) who stated that ''successful nations in high-performance sport are characterized by cultural patterns of sport that have grown over many years'' (p. 106).

Kenya: Elite Sport vs. Sport for All

Because there is policy for both aspects the direction depends on perception and results Kenya is an elite sport nation They've won 100 medals in their Summer Olympic history 93 of those medals have been from track and field events 61 of those 93 track medals have been from distance running events

Germany: Culture and Trends

Biggest issues Germany faces today: Immigration crisis- -Chancellor Angela Merkel initially implemented an open door policy for immigrants, but this position has recently come under fire. -Particularly since the Paris attacks, more and more stringent immigration restrictions have been put in place Greek debt crisis- -As a result of the Eurozone partnership, Germany (strongest economy in the EU) is in a position of being essentially forced to bail out Greece (weakest economy in the EU) Talks of Germany or Greece leaving the EU (unlikely in the near future) The participation rates of soccer outrank all other sports

China: Importance of Sport

China is an athletic powerhouse - strong sense of pride Focus on "elite" sport 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing solidified China's elite status ○51 gold medals Use of Spare-Time Schools ○Students selected on athletic talent ○Academic classes in the morning ○Rigorous sport training sessions in the afternoon ○Issues: ■ Poor training facilities ■ Inhumane training methods ■ Inadequate education Recommendations: ●Improve conditions of spare-time schools ●Give elite athletes best facilities, trainers, etc. ●Mistreatment of children should NOT be tolerated ○Result in termination of trainer or possible closure of school ●Develop professional American Football League in China ○Large population to tap into ○More people willing to participate

China: Structure of Sport

Chinese government makes sport a priority Physical fitness a major aspect in Chinese culture Major Sports: ○Basketball Most popular spectator sport Over 300 million active players ○Table Tennis ○Martial Arts ○Cycling State General Administration of Sports (SGAS) 3 branches Oversees Chinese Olympic Committee Some responsibilities: ○Promote physical activity & exercise ○Enforcement of drug-use ○Organizing international sport events

Ivory Coast (Côte D'Ivoire): Olympic Committee

Comité National Olympique de Côte D'Ivoire Under the National Sport Office -Won 3 medals -2 in 2016 Olympic Games 24 Sport Federations Most popular sport is soccer, where the team is known as Les Elephants. The Ivorian Soccer team has qualified for the past 3 World Cups and has won 2 African Cup of Nations (2015) Fédération Ivoirienne des Sports Paralympiques is the Paralympics committee and the Ivorian's have won 5 Paralympic medals.

Importance of country comparisons

Comparative analysis (CA) is a methodology within political science that is often used in the study of political systems, institutions or processes. Often referred to as one of the three largest subfields of political science, It is a field of study that was referred to as "the greatest intellectual achievement" by Edward A. Freeman. Patterns, similarities and differences are examined to assess the relationships of variants between the two or more separate systems. It is this nature of the analysis that renders it comparative. Henceforth the researcher is subsequently able to isolate the independent variables of each study case.

The Netherlands: NOC Structure

Dutch Olympic committee*Dutch Sport Federation (NOC*NSF) acts as umbrella organization for sport Acts as the overseer for all national sport organizations, and both the Olympics and Paralympics

Football development channels

Each state has its own organization with mission and priorities. And most are affiliated with the and NFHS. Despite NFHS efforts at standardization, there is not even common agreement about the number of players on the field American football is universally developed through the schools. Players supplement their skills through participation in camps and clinics are university football programs, private, and not-for-profit organizations, including USA football. The pathway to the NFL runs clearly through the high schools and universities. The picture gets murkier at the developmental levels of the game.

China: Background

East Asia World's most populous country - 1.4 billion Over 56 minority groups ○Han: 91.51% ○Others: Zhuang, Tibetan, Russian, Mongolian, Korean, etc. Over 292 living languages ○Mandarin: 70% Communist Government Heavy restrictions on citizens ○Internet, press, assembly, right to have children, religion, etc. Two-Child policy Recently, there have been movements of political liberalization ○Lack of "fundamental rights"

Flag football

Flag and touch football programs are offered by local state and national sports organizations of all kinds. Unlike tackle football flag football is common to be coed. The rules and policies change from program-to-program. At the youth level, flag football is considered an appropriate introduction to the game in a way to develop skills and understand strategies with less risk of injury. NFL flag football is an increasingly popular version of the game, serving people from 5 to 17 years of age. However, most leagues failed to attract high school age players. Most of them go on to transition to tackle programs as they get older. As a result, the girls have been picking up the sport in the house he had opportunities to keep playing. The NFL has responded by creating girls flag football programs in junior high and high schools.

The Netherlands: Country Characteristics & Background

Former colony of Spain 78% of the population is native Dutch Official language is Dutch 89% of population speaks English

Internal causes External

In relation to regulation and control: a good system of governance should incorporate the power to impose penalties on individuals or groups we're not meeting compliance responsibilities. Internal issues are shortcomings with in the organization through poor strategic planning policy making a poor decision making External consequences such as with drawl of funding sponsorship membership and possible intervention from external entities such as government may arise

Germany: Characteristics and Background

Germans place great importance on health, efficiency, and loyalty. They closely follow the "work hard, play hard" mentality. They are extremely efficient while at work, which means they are able to have shorter workdays and more vacation time. Strongly emphasize "sport for all" - many efforts at the grassroots level to encourage women and children to participate in sports more Professional soccer clubs there have developmental academies all over the country, where players have a strict schedule to balance practicing and studying and finishing school

Ivory Coast (Côte D'Ivoire): Sport Structure

Governmental arm- Ministere des Sports et des Loisirs Three distinct offices under the Ministere: Office National des Sports -National teams, Olympic Sport Office Ivoiorien des Sports Scolaries et Universitaires -School sport, University sport L'Institut National de la Jeunesse et des Sports -Youth sport and local sport

federalist model of the covenant and a free market economy

Has resulted in a plethora of sport organizations claiming governance over the same sport Deep challenges to development of U.S. athletes and teams

Ivory Coast (Côte D'Ivoire): Today

Home to 22 million people 46% in poverty Low literacy rates Islam is the predominant religion Entered a civil war that lasted throughout 2000's Today is slowly recovering from the civil war and trying to find stability in the government

Board conflict

In the absence of clearly laid out role descriptions, members of the board or committees can feel it is necessary to become involved in the daily operations of the organization in order to exercise their control and supervision function. This practice leads to conflict with management and other employees whose role within the organization is to carry out those very tasks

Australia: Culture and trends in sports participation

In Australia, the Australian Sports Commission conducted a study to uncover the levels of sports participation among adults and children. The study did not break adult sport participation into separate categories for men and women, but did discover that Australian women tend to play sports for health-related reasons, while men tend to play sports for fun. The study found that 69 percent of children participated in organized sports outside of school hours in Australia. This study discovered that Australians spend over 10.7 billon a year on sports and physical activities, however only about 29 percent of this goes to sports clubs. This disparity between level of sports participation and level of fund allocation reflections an emphasis on elite sport participation in Australia.

Kenya: Cultural Trends

In Olympic competition, gender participation is very balanced Athletes in Rio: 47 males and 42 females The women out medaled the men 7 to 6 Outside of the Olympics, however, elite sport is not balanced

USA Football- Conclusion

International participation, national teams, and women's participation have been a natural platform for USA football to assert itself into the governance of landscape. These areas were not well served by existing football organizations. The youth market, on the other hand, has thrived without any real governance. The intense fragmentation of youth football development is the biggest challenge to development system for football and United States.

IRELAND: CULTURE AND TRENDS

Ireland has had a hard time finding its identity as an independent nation Lots of women throughout Ireland's sport governing bodies Most recently, Ireland has made a lot of monetary decisions Cut funding to boxing after coming away with no medals in Rio ($200,000) Boxing coach left for job in United States Increased spending to rowing and sailing after both had success in Rio with winning medals Sport Ireland will invest around $7.6 million into high performance programs and further funding will be allocated to Women in Sport program Ireland transferring between tradition of sport for all to elite sport May not be beneficial due to high levels of emigration and trying to increase sport participation throughout country

IRELAND: SPORT STRUCTURE

Irish Sport Council: established in July 1999 under Irish Sport Council Act Overall purpose is to develop and coordinate competitive and recreational sport (other functions include research, strategies to increase participation, and anti-doping) 8 Divisions: Anti-Doping, Corporate Services, Finance, High Performance, Sport Partnerships, National Governing Bodies, National Trails Office, and Irish Institute of Sport Also has the Department of Tourism, Culture, and Sport- heavy state involvement Two specific departments: Sport Policy & Capital Projects Sport Governance works alongside European Union and WADA Lastly Federation of Irish Sport which specifically handles NGBS (74 different) Woman President of Federation

Importance of country comparisons II

It should also be noted that all countries, to differing degrees, are functioning in an interdependent globalized environment. Because of immigration, economic and political interdependence, the study of an institutions and/or processes within a single country inevitably gives a reduction in the transferability of the findings. This is because the findings at least are only as applicably transferable as their counterparts are functionally equivalent. It also somewhat fails to account for transnational trends (Franzese, 2007).

Size of board

It's been argued The size of the board should be large enough to: Attract various valuable resources required by the organization Still have experience, knowledge and skills that are available through the establishment of large boards. Large boards provide greater benefit to support organizations even though not all researchers agree. Jensen (1993) claim smaller boards are the mechanisms which can help an organization perform at the optimum level.

Russia: Characteristics and Background

Largest country by size spanning 6.602 million square miles 12th largest by population at 143.5 million

New Zealand: Country Characteristics and Background

Located in the Pacific Ocean Approximately 900 miles east of Australia Actually consist of two main islands Te Ika-a-Māui (North) and Te Waipounamu (South) Because of the remoteness of New Zealand it was one of the last major landmasses to be inhabited by humans (Polynesians in 1250-1300) (Maori) Population estimate as of July 2016 is 4.4 million, with the capital being Wellington, and the most populous city being Auckland (74% European, 15% Maori) A very developed country, the GDP is around 37,000 (50th)

IRELAND: CHARACTERISTICS

Located next to United Kingdom and north of France, Spain, Italy, etc. Mostly White Irish ethnicity, pretty equal on men to women ratio Republic government with 220 members in its legislature, 22.2% of its seats being filled by women Elections every 7 years Capital city is Dublin, more than one fourth of country's population lives there Very high GDP per capita ($61,133) and gross national income ($226 billion) Recently came out of a recession and economy is growing 4.64 million people in Ireland, but also has a lot of emigration

Australia: History and Background

Located on the continent of Oceania between the Indian and Pacific Oceans Was British prison colony from sending over 160,000 convicts until 1868 Demographic Breakdown Over 65% comes from some sort of British background English is most commonly spoken language, then Chinese Current Social/Political Issues Sexual assault and safety for women Managing alcohol abuse among its citizens

Spain: Background, history, and country characteristics

Located: Southwestern Europe Population: Over 46 million people; "Mediterranean and Nordic types" -CIA Factbook Current Issue: increased rate of violence against women 16 officially recorded women murdered by ex partner or husband since March 2, worst rates since 2008 After protests, government put into action a 1) bipartisan sub-commission → goal: government priority & how to use state funds more efficiently 2) bi-monthly panel discussion → examines 25 measures brought by protesters

New Zealand: Participation and trends

Look up later

Russia: National Olympic Committee and Paralympics

Made of of a 14 member executive board (1 President) and a 10 member board representing 10 different sports There are 3 women on the executive board Russia has a national Paralympic committee Banned from 2016 games in Rio All citizens have opportunity

Spain: Breakdown of the NOC

Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sport Higher Council for Sport is a sub-ministerial division dependent on Prime Minister's Office Deals with issues of national interest such as: "professional sport, the preparation of the Olympic national teams, the development of sport sciences, the construction of large sport infrastructures and the promotion of school sport in some concrete cases." National Sports Act Defines and regulates Spanish sport system Title III: clear priority of national sport organisations New provisions introduced: -Sociedades Anonimas Deportivas, a special type of private limited company especially tailored to the needs of the Sports market -Recognition of the Entes de Promoción Deportiva at the national level with the purpose of creating access to sport for entire population -65 national governing bodies recognized, 5 to deal with sport for the disabled -Spanish nacional olympic comité & General Assembly of Sport represent the national sport federations GAS is consultative body for Higher Council for Sport made up of "representatives from the regional sport federations, professional sport leagues, sport clubs, athletes, coaches and referees."

Russia: Sport Structure

Ministry of sport Russia controls everything

IRELAND: NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE

Mission to "manage and enhance the performance of Team Ireland at Olympic Games while developing the Olympic movement in Ireland" Ireland has participated in 27 Games and has won 31 medals

Youth and recreational football

More than 3 million youth aged 7 to 14 play organized tackle football in leaks across United States. Nearly all of these leads are governed and administered at the community support level. There are a few national level organization is responsible for youth football; Pop Warner football since 1929, American youth football since 1996, but only these organizations control about 15% of the youth football programs in the US Each organization determines its own eligibility requirements, sets its own rules, sanctions play, and trains its own coaches and officials. So I'm determined eligibility by weight, some by age, and some by age and weight combined.

College football

NCAA is main governing body FBS has 120 members FCS has 122 members Each NCAA division creates own rules NCAA has a president supported by chief operating officer, Vice Presidents assigned by functional area. NCAA president reports to executive committee A presidential group leads each of the three divisions. NCAA mainly focuses on eligibility and rules of enforcement

The Netherlands: Sport in Dutch Society

Netherlands has 458 municipalities- these account for 90% of public funding for sport programs Non-commercial sport clubs are primary source of sporting activities Physical activity is increasing while club patronage is decreasing Emphasis Is transitioning to individual sport 58% of population are physically active on a weekly basis 69% of the country participate in some sort of sport Women's participation is almost equal to men's participation

New Zealand: National Olympic Committee

New Zealand Olympic Committee or New Zealand Commonwealth Games Association The objectives of the NZOC are to ensure the athletes of the country are given the best opportunities to perform at the highest level while contributing to the Olympic tradition New Zealand has Consists of 8 members not including the president Five of the board members elected by the general assembly and two are members of the IOC, and one Athlete Commission Representative complete the board President has control of the board, 3 of the 8 are women

China: Chinese Olympic Committee

Non-Governed, non -profit national sports org. That represents China in handling international affairs related to the Olympic Movement -It represents China's olympic movements in regards to relationships with the IOC, OCA, and all other NOCs -Tasks include promoting olympic sport/competition, fighting and protecting against things like discrimination, and helping to choose host cities, etc. Leaders (Council)

Australia: National Sports Federations

Overall there are about eight major national federations in Australia: -Cricket Australia -Australian Football League -Australian Rugby League Commission -Australian Rugby Union -Football Federation Australia -National Basketball League -Netball Australia -Baseball Australia

Kenya: Background Information

Population: 47 million Only 1% of the population is non-African Kenya has a long history of imperialism

IRELAND: PARALYMPICS

Recognized by the International Paralympic Committee and a registered charity Delegates through a non-executive board of directors in charge of policy formation and compliance President, two vice presidents, financial officer, athlete representative, honorary life member, three independent directors Board members have four year terms beginning immediately after a Summer Paralympic Games Ireland had 48 athletes compete across 10 different sports in Rio 15 of those 48 were women ParaSwimming World Series in March 2017 saw four Irish swimmers advance to finals and win three medals

Board Conflict (3/3)

Scenario: When a board member wrongfully becomes involved in operational planning they are stepping outside of their area of competence and involved in problematic issues that are not their responsibility When the board decides to establish operational plans instead of a lower management to do so, it denies itself the opportunity to hold employees accountable for the role that they are employed to carry out. When boundaries have been drawn up, it is important for board members to remove themselves from operational functions and allow the CEO to carry out the responsibilities

IRELAND: BACKGROUND

Settled about 10,000 years ago by farmers and later inhabited by the Celts First official language came from the Celts -Gaeilge Early rule primarily by Christian religion and Protestants Long conflict about whether the people wanted to be ruled by Great Britain War of Independence and then Civil War as well as Great Famine

Ivory Coast (Côte D'Ivoire): History

Settlers and inhabitants for thousands of years Came to prominence when Muslim traders created trade routes for gold, ivory, and slaves Fell under French protectorate and the colonial rules

AAU

Since the federal government takes no responsibility for sport, each of the 50 states it's free to formulate and manage score policies. Since states largely choose not to do so, sport is left to local and county governments. The result is that if youth sports are managed and governed through publicly funded schools and universities. Also programs offered by parks and recreation systems that are run at a city or county level. Also many choose not to affiliate to their national governing body, but choose instead to affiliate to the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU), which provides an alternative system of national governments for programs affiliated to it

Australia: Opinion & Recommendation

Slight favor to Elite sport ASC's structure seems more organized and detailed for their elite sport programs in the Australian Institute of Sport compared to Participation & Sustainable Sports division Challenges and Recommendations: 2008 increasing participation and promotion of sport, but especially towards women Women is Sports Leadership Register -Increased sponsorship of women's sport -Aboriginal sport participation down -Australian government planned to use sport as a way to bridge the cultural gap between the indigenous Aboriginal peoples and non-indigenous Australians were becoming increasingly "time poor." Shorten the school day for the youth so they have more time for sports Develop culture and mentality at a young age that sports is part of daily life

The role of the board

Sport organization boards must consider the most important roles to be financial strategic and legal. The Australian sports commission describes the role of the board in terms of having a legal, strategic, financial and moral function. UK sports provides for fundamental rules of sport organization boards: -to set the organization strategic games -to provide leadership to put those Ames into affect number three to supervise the management of the entity number for to report to members on their stewardship

Russia: Sport Participation- Culture and Trends

Soccer (football) and ice hockey are the most popular Leans toward elite sport Emphasis on youth development in sport Official sport of Russia is Bandy Other sports: basketball, tennis, chess, volleyball Recent corruption with doping scandals

Spain: Paralympic sport federations

Spanish Paralympic Committee founded in 1995 and oversees 5 National Paralympic Sport Federations: Spanish Federation of Sports for the Blind (FEDC) Spanish Federations for Persons with Physical Disabilities (FEDDF) Spanish Federation of Sportspeople with Intellectual Disabilities (FEDDI) Spanish Federation of Sports for the Deaf (FEDSI) Spanish Federation of Sportspeople with Cerebral Palsy (FEDPC) Swimming: 102 gold, 109 silver, 110 bronze medals Basketball scandal in 2000 Paralympic games in Sydney

national level governance

Sport in the United States lack systematic national level governance because of: the country's history of both a capitalistic market driven political economic philosophy And cultural resistance of any type of government in position on free markets American free market capitalism purveyed even the sporting landscape Stakeholders at virtually all levels subscribe to the American ethos that individual actors operating within the free market will render optimal outcomes. Therefore, government intervention would represent an insult to the core believes of the stakeholders. This in turn, renders a sport governance system that avoids policy driven solutions and when forced to develop a policy, often undermines it's legitimacy by failing to provide us in the policy and mechanisms for implementation or enforcement.

Spain: Culture and trends in sport participation

Sports participation in general has increased Men more active in sports than women Spain has created many programs to progress women and youth in sports Socio-economic status has little impact Main sport developed at grassroot level is soccer

Ivory Coast (Côte D'Ivoire): Sport Trends

Success with the soccer team under stars Drogba, the Toure brothers, and Kalou Ended the Civil War, can it united the nation? All schools offer physical education and sport, but is there enough funding? After youth, sport becomes overwhelmingly elite Where is FIFA and the IOC's sport growth? Ivory Coast is too poor to host major international tournaments for decades, however they have hosted the African Cup of Nations twice and two Afroball Tournaments.

Germany: Olympic Committees

The "Deutscher Olympischer Sportbund" (DOSB), also known as the German Olympic Sport Federation 99 member organizations 27 million members 90,000 sport clubs The "Deutscher Behindertensportverband" or the National Paralympic Committee of Germany 40 Paralympic sports Relies heavily on support from the German Federation of Disabled Persons and the German Association of the Disabled

China: Chinese Sport Federations

The Chinese Sport Federation is comprised of four sport elements: Summer, Winter, Non-Olympic and Ethnic sports, totaling 63 sport organizations across the field. Summer- 28 sport orgs total, Most known for Summer olympics games, where China totaled 386 medals (163 G, 117 S, 107 B) since 1986 -Also known for its tradition and various forms MMA, with sports like Judo, Taekwondo, etc., where the Chinese have dominated in the olympics Winter- Made up of 6 sports, Skating being the most known of the 6. Speed Skating and Figure Skating have been two of the more dominant competitions for the Chinese at the Winter Olympics Non-Olympic- Makes up 10 sports, that at the 2010 Asian Games, clinched 416 medals in this sport federation, 199 Gold. Ethnic- Made up of 18 sport orgs, with deep history in the Chinese culture that are celebratory for fairs, holidays, etc.

Pro football

The NFL is a private, for-profit enterprise. The league is headed by a commissioner, who reports to the executive committee. Executive committee has representation for each of the 32 NFL teams. League policies are made on the basis of a three-quarter's majority of team owners. All but one of the teams is owned by an individual, corporation, or an LLC owned by individuals.

Kenya: Olympic Committees

The National Olympic Committee of Kenya was established in 1955 Widespread corruption and doping Rio was embarrassing outside of competition Paralympic success is also heavily rooted in track and field

3 Federal Policies that govern sport in U.S.

The US support system is organized in a way that shares a little in common with sport in the rest of the developed world. At the federal level, there are only three policies that govern sport or aspects are there in moreover two of these three policies on the address sport indirectly. The most well-known federal policy and the most, is Title IX of the education amendments of 1972. The second federal policy is the Americans with disabilities act, which was initially signed into law in 1990 and amended in 2008. Neither of these pieces of legislation was designed to redress issues to sport, but there are provisions prohibit discrimination in settings were sport may occur. Prohibiting discrimination in educational activities and programs and the other prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability.

Amateur Sports Act PT.2

The other federal policy having to do with sport participation directly addresses for governance in the United States. The Amateur Sports Act, initially signed into law in 1978 and amended in 1996 officially grants authority over the governance of Olympic sports to the Olympic states Olympic committee through the NGBs for each sport. The amateur sports act was formulated with the purpose of keeping government out of sport governance. The objective was keeping government out of sport The only requirement provided to assist with governance is that the USOC must provide a report to Congress each year regarding its activities. No congressional committees or federal agencies are assigned even to the report, so the USOC and it's NGB's are affectively free from government oversight.

The size of the board

The size of the board within sport organizations is an area of research that few studies have addressed even though this may potentially be an integral issue in determining board and organizational effectiveness. Large board is described as having more than 10 members A larger board size reduces the control function of the CEO over the board and provides greater depth of leadership. Generally most sports organizations boards with the nonprofits are around 30 members

Sport Development in the U.S.

The sport development model for America's most popular sports is predicated on the delivery of the elite youth sport through the school systems. Compared with much of the world where membership base sport clothes organized within national sports federations for the Dom at structure to participate in sports. Under the influence of developmental theory and a growing capitalist economy in the middle of the 20th century, policymakers in the US saw competition sport as an important character building experience in childhood. The sports systems for school age young people are deeply intertwined with the education system and have become an important part of American high school and colleges. The US is the only nation in the world where it is taken for granted that high schools and universities sponsor and fund highly expensive interschool varsity sports programs.

High school football

The sport of tackle football is the most popular high school sport for boys, with nearly 1.1 million participants. Due to the federalist system of American government, high school football programs are covered first and foremost bother local school district. Typically, the school district competes in the state also affiliate to state athletics league. Example: high schools in Austin Texas are part of the Austin Independent schools district. The AISD as well as the other school districts in the state, compete with in the university interscholastic league. The UIL administers regional and state championships and 14 sports. It creates original alignments, and ministers and enforces rules and eligibility requirements, trains coaches and game officials, and sets policies regarding all aspects of the game.

Consequences of an uncoordinated governance system

There is no definable pathway to excellence for athletes. They're often starkly different rules for eligibility and even for competition between systems, which can be confusing for all. Spectator sports predominate the national consciousness in United States and the reason for this our cultural fascination with universal in particular to the US context. When tracing the roots of the countries of session with spectator sports, there are factors specific to United States that drive the emphasis on engaging with support through spectator channels as opposed to participation channels particularly as individuals age.

Process based development to Results based outcomes

This development system creates a motivational climate that ships the value of sport participation from process based development to results based outcomes. As a result, the values that become fostered in youth sports and even very young ages are ones that have traditionally been associated with adult modes of work - competitiveness achievement -as opposed to child centered model to play. This also results in the pursuit of excellence through active participation in childhood converting to a pursuit of excellence through friendship and consumption in adulthood, evidenced by the apparent diminishment in motivation to participate be on the school system. As another consequence, the drop off in participation rates for individual and team sports as adults after leaving the school system is dramatic.

The need for coordination: Football case study

Traditionally the purpose of national governing bodies is to develop the sport. This includes the dual task of: developing participation in the sport will also enhancing the competitive excellence of its players and teams. In practice this usually results in an emphasis financially and programmatically on the elite side of the sport. USA football, due to its late entry into the sport and it's close relationship to the NFL and NFLPA has positioned itself to serve the development side of the sport and has developed an extensive group loosely affiliate partners.

The independence of the board

Two types of scenarios within a governance system. 1.) board independence refers to the situation where the CEO of an organization is classed as a board member and has equal voting rights as other board members. 2.) Independent board also refers to the establishment of a board that does not contain representatives were current members of the organization such as those from affiliated original associations.

Amateur Sports Act

US law granting authority over the governance of Olympic sports to the United States Olympic committee through the national governing bodies for each sport. The amateur sports act was formulated with the explicit purpose of keeping government out of sport governance

Why would the NFL invest in USA football? PT. 1

USA football explained it's partnership with the NFL and NFLPA as this partnership allows the NFL, it's 32 teams in the NFL PA to focus on fan development while utilizing USA football is expertise in developing youth football players and coaches. Former NFL Commissioner Paul Tagliabue discussed challenges facing the same development of the NFL: 1.) The need to maintain the publics respect for those involved in the game; 2.) Loss of traditional geographic sources of playing talent related to the loss of blue-collar jobs that necessitates making the game more attracted to young people; 3.) Increase in women sports that has created a more crowded support and marketplace; 4.) Globalization and the need to expand uniquely National sports to the global community.

USA Football- Conclusion III

USA football has been able to develop relationships with the community football programs across the country. They assist with player safety, background checks, insurance, league websites, and fundraising. As leagues affiliate with USA football they are required to educate their coaches for the coaching education program. Coach education and training materials provided to all USA football members communicate and socialize administrator's coaches and players into the core values of USA football. Most notably this enables them to diffuse the player progression development model, the beginnings of a more coordinated system development governed by USA football. In conclusion while there is still fragmentation in program delivery USA football is increasingly seen as the establish provider of science-based expertise and player in the development.

USA Football: Background

USA football is a relatively new national governing body in the United States. It was established in 2002 as an independent, nonprofit organization. It's initial funding came through the NFL and the NFLPA who remain active partners with USA football Because USA football is a recent player in the governance of sport, coordination issues faced by many NGB's in the United States are even more problematic

U.S: No Formal system of sport governance

USA has had success in some high profile sports, particularly the summer Olympic Games. Also baseball, basketball and gridiron football. The United States long avoided any formal system of sport governance, preferring instead to rely on market forces and institutions establish outside government. Success in sport buy more readily be attributed to American wealth, which was estimated at over US $15 trillion in 2011. -Almost a quarter of the worlds wealth

College and high school sport

University and college system of governance have emerged, yielding three separate systems similarly, high schools banded together to form leaks which they then covering, while their national body (NFHS) provides a venue for discussions and lobbying efforts nationally. There is no single system of sport governance in the United States. Rather there are a number of parallel but separate systems, some of which are loosely connected through personal contacts or because they occasionally have shared interests that bring them together. Americans who work in sport take the parallel and loosely connected systems American sport for granted, and consequently neither understand nor value integrated system for support governance, as those are outside their experience.

Why would the NFL invest in USA football? PT. 2

Unlike many other football organizations, USA football works to develop the women's game as well as the members. They are highly involved in the NFL flag's push to get girls flag football into schools as a varsity sport, and if you can find a study examining ways to promote girls participation in sports. At the same time, they create positive perceptions and then affinity for football that can build fan ship for the NFL and it's domestic teams. USA football has been instrumental in the development of American football internationally, and currently shares of educational materials with the international Federation of American football members via the IFAF website.

Uniqueness of US sport system

Unlike most nations, the United States has no federated or coordinated system of sport governance. Instead sport governing bodies function has parallel systems, often with a deep disconnect between elite sport and mass participation in sport.

Kenya: History of Mega Events

Very little: only major event was the All-African Games in 1987 Lack of stadium infrastructure 2024 Olympic bid?

Table: Participation Rates

http://www.nfhs.org/ParticipationStatics/PDF/2014-15_Participation_Survey_Results.pdf

USA Football- Conclusion II

Without institutional legitimacy or formal linkages to existing youth football organizations, USA football has had to create and communicate it's a value to organizations such as the NFL, and NFLPA, and national Federation of high schools. They have done that in two ways: 1.) providing practical assistance to leaves which opens a line of communication and establishes a positive relationship. 2.) establishing themselves as the premier organization for football knowledge including coaching, officiating, injury prevention, player development in football related scientific research.

Amateurism

system by which athletes are expected to play for little to no compensation. Instead they are expected to play for the love of the game

Federalism

system of government in which authority is constitutionally divided to ensure shared governance between the federal and state governments American federalism results in power distributed to the states and even local governments.

China: Mega Events

●2008 Beijing Olympics ●2022 Winter Olympics (Beijing) ●Beijing National Stadium ○91,000 Person capacity ○"The Bird's Nest" ○230 ft. tall

China: Culture and Trends

●China has the largest population in the world (1.4 B) ○Much higher sports participation than many other countries ●Gender Imbalance in Sport ○16% increase in female board members on National Sport Committee since 2014 ○Sports brands are running more campaigns anf ads aimed at females ●Socioeconomics ○82% of all physical activity takes place in a occupational setting ○Activity level is related to unemployment level

China: Paralympic Sports in China

●National Paralympic Committee of China ○Winter and Summer Sports ■Archery, Judo, Football, Rugby, etc ●Medal counts for the last three summer paralympic games ○Gold: 291 ○Silver: 222 ○Bronze: 168 ●Asian Paralympic Games ○Stepping stone for athletes looking to compete in World Paralympics ○China hasted the 10th APG in 2010 ○Complete Chinese domination ■80 medals over the 2nd place country