Sports History: Test 1

4 Folkways

-New england puritans - in the 1620s - they come over for religious reasons. -Southern colonies - maryland and virginia - in the mid 1600 to 1700s. -New York, New Jersey and Delaware -Back country, in the 18th century

"Race of the Century"

A Northern Horse - Eclipse - races a southern hours - Sir Henry

"Collegiate Way"

A belief that students would learn better in supervised environments far away from the city and evil temptations. | sports were a way to blow off steam, and becomes a big part of the "collegiate way"

Kolven

A game introduced to the New York colony by the Dutch. It most closely resembles the modern game of golf

Quarter Horses

A new breed of horse in the colonies that was much smaller than the British thoroughbreds with larger hindquarters bred to race shorter distances of a quarter mile or less

Reserve Clause

Allowed clubs to reserve the rights of players for their careers. It left players with very little power when negotiating contracts and controlling their futures.

Playground movement

Also designed to keep children out of trouble it began in Chicago in 1903 and was responsible for the jump of cities with supervised playgrounds from 41 to 504 in a little more than a decade

Barn ball

An early incarnation of baseball that included bouncing a ball off the side of a barn and allowing another participant to hit it with a stick

Baseball Fraternity

Began with Alexander Joy Cartwright when he wrote the rules to baseball, and founded the Knickerbocker baseball club in the 1840s

Primogeniture

British cultural tradition of the first-born son inheriting the family fortune.

Paper Chases

Called "had and hound" races in England they were essentially cross-country races in which torn up paper would mark the course

Caledonian Clubs

Clubs that revolved around racing and track and field. Sprang up in America in the 1850s by Scottish immigrants and were responsible for setting up races all over the country.

"King" Kelly

Colorful player who started his career in Chicago but was famously sold to Boston for 10k in 1887.

National League

First ever professional league formed in 1871. Signified the death of the old fraternity

James Gordon Bennett

First generation Scottish immigrant who inherited the New York Hereld newspaper

Walking City

First of three stages of development of urban areas in which the edge of town was no more than two miles from the center of the city

Cincinnati Red Stockings

Fist recognized all-salary team in baseball. In their inaugural season of 1869, they won 57 wile losing none and tying one.

National Association of Base Ball Players

Formed just before the Civil War in 1858. It was the first organization that bound players together and codified the rules that would be played by all

Henry Chadwick

Former British cricket player who embraced the game of baseball and became a sportswriter for the New York Clipper writing about the game. Credited with inventing the batting average and box score and became known as "Father Baseball."

AG Spalding

Former Chicago White Stockings pitcher that crushed or bought out competitors with his sporting goods stores. Called the "Baseball Messiah." Went on a world tour and no one liked baseball.

Harry Wright

Former cricket player who switched to baseball and was one of the best of the early players. Was the player-manager of the Cincinnati Red Stockings

Toli

Game played by Native American tribes against other tribes. Basically lacrosse. Very serious. They would wager possessions/families. Games were part of religion/culture.

John Cox Stevens

Heir to a steamboat fortune, uses his wealth to stage and promote sporting events (particularly races) involving horses, yachts and people

Royal Sports

Henry VIII was an athlete and liked to joust, a royal sport. as well as tennis.

Puritans

King James offers 2 charters to go to the U.S. They go, and they hate sports. Think Sundays are for prayer.

"Book of Sports"

King James' 1618 declaration of what sports were allowed and were not allowed to be played on the Sabbath. The declaration came in response to the growing influence of the Puritans

Moses Fleetwood Walker

Known as the last black player to compete in the major leagues before the color barrier set in during the 1880s.

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of the Parliamentary forces during the British Civil War. Was the titular ruler of Great Britain after the Civil war when there was no monarch. Said sundays were for the English - no recreation.

Violent games

Life was short, blow off some steam. Ludgeling (hit each other with sticks) wrestling, bull baiting (bull dog clamps on bull testes). Most popular was football.

Counterculture

Made up mainly of working-class men from the new industrial economy of the 19th century who were no longer taking pride in their work. Immigrants also made up a large part of this group along with members of the upper class. They were rebelling against the restraint of the Victorian middle class in many ways including competitive sports

Enlightenment

Movement away from religion and superstition and an embrace of science and reason. Began in Europe

Middle Class Victorianism

Named for the longest-serving monarch in British History it was a time period in which there was a belief that there was commonality between the middle class of the western industrialized world. The common themes included evangelical Protestantism, self-restraint and hard work.

One Old Cat

Next incarnation of baseball that replaced the barn with a base

"Beer and Whiskey League"

Officially called the American Association, received it's name by serving alcohol at their games, which the National League wouldn't do.

Town Ball

Once three more bases were added the game was called Four Old Cat and eventually town ball. Closely resembles the game of baseball and the name derived from towns fielding teams to play the game.

Cap Anson

One of the earliest superstars of baseball. Played first base for the White Sox for 22 seasons finishing with a career average of .333 and 3,418 hits.

College crew

One of the popular sports in England. Harvard and other schools want it to be popular too, so it is.

YMCA

One place where Strenuous Life could be practiced. Initially founded in England in 1851 it focused more on the Christian part of the name but by the end of the 19th Century it became synonymous with exercise and sports.

Sporting Spectacles

Organized sporting events start popping up for guys to show off how good they are, and to start making some money.

Rough and Tumble

Popular violent sport with no rules in the backcountry usually contested when there was a real or perceived slight to one's manhood. Ultimate goal of the sport was to gouge out the eyes of your opponents.

William Hulbert

President of the Chicago White Stocking who formed the National League in 1876

Knickerbockers

Recognized by many as the earliest organized baseball club. reserved for gentlemen and was more interested in the social aspect of the club than the competitiveness of the game . Played first organized games in Hoboken, NJ at the Elysian Fields in 1845.

Muscular Christianity

Second half of the 19th Century movement that stressed a balance of physical and spiritual exercise. Writer Thomas Wentworth Higgenson was a leading proponent of the movement

Pageant of Misrule

Seldom does lower class get to make fun of the higher class - but on this day, it happens.

Quakers

Settled in Pennsylvania. Were persecuted in England because they were pacifists and didn't like the church of england. They had blue laws where everything was closed on Sundays, but there was some needful recreation.

Positive Sports Ideology

Sports became an outlet for the working class, and for the class had nothing good going on in their lives thanks to working in factories and urbanization.

IC4A

Stepped in to oversee the running of track and field events in American colleges

Mills Commission

The committee that came up with the story in 1839 of how baseball came to be. They said Doubleday came up with the game in Gettysburg, though there was no evidence that that ever happened.

2nd Great Awakening

The same idea - that time should be spent pleasing God.

Tavern pastimes

The water wasn't clean so they drank beer - very high tolerance. Tavern was a place for drinking and games like darts, billiards and cards. Taverns could be found in every region of the colonies

Southern Gentry

They ruled over early Colonial land. There was a large class distinction, and they ruled, and they loved sports and gambling, especially horse racing, fox hunting. The lower class loved cock fighting, billiards, and gander pulling.

Alexander Joy Cartwright

Wrote the rules of Baseball and founded the Knickerbocker Baseball club in 1840s.

1st Great Awakening

a direct reaction to Enlightenment and a push to get people back in the church.

Rational Recreation

done at home with no competition

Folk games

foot races, quoits (horse shoes) skittles (bowling basically) mostly played on May day.

Britain's Festive Culture

games played in conjunction with the gathering of large groups of people in british society celebrating religious or pagan holidays or simply celebrating life

Sabbatarian laws

laws passed in the colonies to restrict recreation on the Sabbath

Sports Fraternity

started b/c of the Victorian Counterculture - boxing fraternities and horse racing fraternities. Made up of the same as Victorian Counterculture.

Separate Spheres

that the woman does everything in the home, and the man does the work out of the house

Republicanism

the idea that the U.S. needed to break off of Britain, including sports. We'll be a republic led by the people - not anything like Europe.

Lawful Recreation or Sport

Activities allowed by Puritan society which were designed to refresh the mind and body of the participant while being completely disassociated from Britain's Festive Culture.

Needful recreation

Activities deemed to be appropriate in Pennsylvania. Similar to Puritan Lawful Sport, needful recreation was allowd if it benefited the individual through exercise or providing food.

Leonard Jerome

in the 1860s he inherits a lot of money, builds a park with no alcohol or gambling. Shortens the races and has a yearly stakes. The belmont stakes, the Preakness and the Kentucky Derby, which are all implemented by 1875

Self-restraint

in the victorian era the restraint of drinking and dressing in full clothing