Sports Management Exam 1 Study Guide

Lateral Communication

Communication between senior levels or other levels of management that are at the same level.

Sport

Offers a more universal description of the variety of activities and occurrances in the sports industry as a whole.

Power

One's influence over another

National Association for Sport and Physical Education

Organized a Sport Management Task Force in 1986 to being the development of standardized core competencies.

Mass Media Communications

Print Media Newspapers Radio (1920s started in the MLB) Television (1950s) Internet Sports Information

Technical Skills

Specific knowledge needed to perform tasks associated with a particular position. ("know how")

James Mason

Started the first Sport Management program in 1966 at Miami University in Ohio and it was a graduate program.

Title 7 of the Civil Rights Act of 1864

States that it is unlawful to discriminate against any employee or applicant for a position based on his or her race color.

Organizational Goals

Tend to be general statements that help identify the direction of the sport organization.

Eras of Sports Management

The Era of Incubation: 1957-1966 The Era of Maturation: 1967-1987 The Era of Unbridled Growth: 1988-2000 The Era of Dualism: 2001-2007 *The Era of Reflection, Assessment and Refinement: 2008-Prsent *

Linguistic Barriers

The sport administration has to be careful when selecting the terminology they use because it may be interpreted in different ways.

Constraints

Things that could get in the way of your goals

Trait Theory

This approach focuses on the characteristics, or attributes, that distinguished leader from non-leaders, which would include physical characteristics (height and appearance), personality traits (arrogance and self-esteem), and general ability traits (intelligence, insight and energy).

Americans Disabilities Act and ADA Amendments Act

This was passed to protect individuals with disabilities from being discriminated against in the workplace.

Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA

This was passed to protect workers age 40 and older from age discrimination.

Sports

Typically refers to separate sport activities such as football, baseball, etc.

Conceptual Skills

Understanding of the different "parts" and how they combine to make a "whole."

Sports Management Program Review Council

Was created to help universities "attain and maintain excellence in undergraduate and graduate education in sport management."

Management

Was typically associated with those programs and individuals working in the private sector.

Administration

Was typically associated with those programs and individuals working in the public sector, such as high school or university athletic directors

Psychological Barriers

What is going on in the mind of the listener, the most difficult barrier to understand.

Walter O'Malley

Worked for the Brooklyn Dodgers, and at the time he went to Mason and said he needed trained people in sport management positions.

Title 9 of Education Act of 1972

"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."

KNOW THIS TOO

*1979 ESPN became the first sports provider that covered sports for 24 hours a day 7 days a week.

KNOW THIS

*•A Clear and Consistent message is more likely to be understood by the recipient and responded in a positive manner.*

Average Manager spends 70% of their time communicating one way or another.

-45% Listening -30% Speaking -16% Reading -9% Writing

Benefits of Group Decision Making

-Ability to gather and analyze large amounts of information -Increased employee understanding of the issues -Improved member support of the final decision -Better execution of the decision

Career Paths

-As the sport industry continues to evolve, new positions and job descriptions will emerge. -With the current trend toward diversification it will generate even more positions. -Further advances/changes in technology will only serve to launch new positions in the industry.

Routine Decision

-Clear decision criteria -Repetitive in nature (daily decisions, when a team has practice) -Application of established rules

Myths in American Sport

-College sports programs generate millions of dollars, making huge profits for their universities. -Title Nine has resulted in complete equality for men's and women's education based athletic programs -Gambling in sport poses no risk to the sport or its participants. -Politics does not affect sport. -Most communities benefit economically and psychologically from supporting a professional sport franchise, and therefore the community should pay for or approve massive tax breaks for expensive renovations or building new stadiums. -Drug abuse is not that big of a problem in professional sports. -Sport is one of the few places in society where minority participants get equitable treatment. -Women are fairly treated and get equal job opportunities in sport as men (Title 7)

Complex Decisions

-Complicated decision criteria -Difficult to clearly define/frame -Lack of established rules/policies (kneeling during the National Anthem)

Factors Affecting Employee Performance

-Deficiencies in employee performance due to effort or motivation to perform the tasks. -Employee not having necessary technical skills to successfully complete the task -The performance standard is unrealistic -The employee, workgroup, or organization does not have the resources required to complete the task -Poor planning or organizing -Under task assignment

Finance

-Generate multiple sources of revenue. -More revenue is generated from these alternative revenue streams than from the core product itself. (Clothing, hats, kitchen stuff,etc.)

Commission on Sports Management Accreditation (COSMA)

-Has been created to provide accreditation and related services for the sports management programs. -Its purpose is to promote and recognize excellence in sport management education in colleges and universities-at both the undergraduate and graduate levels-through specialized accreditation.

Marketing

-Has to clearly identify who the customer and where the customer will consume the product. -The same product may be consumed in multiple ways simultaneously

Who Benefits from COSMA?

-Institutions, students, employers, and the general public all benefit. -They also benefit from the process of continuous quality improvement that is encouraged by the COSMA's developmental approach to promoting excellence in sports management education.

Religious Discrimination

-It is illegal for employers or employees to discriminate based on religious beliefs. -A manager is required to make reasonable efforts (accommodations) to provide workplace flexibility regarding various religious convictions of workers, as long as those accommodations do not infringe on the beliefs or work environment of other employees

Disadvantages of Group Decision Making

-Longer time requirement -Employees may not have necessary knowledge/experience in a particular situation -Employees may not have access to information needed in a correct decision.

Social Influence of Sport

-People will support their chosen team, but will also suffer with them if they don't win. -Fans demonstrate their emotional and psychological attraction to the sport, and will show their attachment through purchases.

Sport Venues

-Produces and displays its product in a variety of ways and settings. -Sports product may be consumed in a variety of ways at the same time -Consumption can take place at the stadium or arena, the consumer's home, a sports bar or a restaurant, on the radio, via the Internet, or mobile devices

Customer Base (Fans)

-Rarely is sense of loyalty found in other industries. -Sport fans also exhibit intense levels of identification with the sport product through which they fell psychologically connected to a team. -This connection does not go away from a losing season or a move because it allows expansion for a product and so does social media.

Environmental Barriers

-The designated audience may not effectively receive verbal messages delivered in a crowded, noisy, uncomfortable room. -Temperature and other weather conditions, such as snow, heavy rain and high winds may also impact how someone gets the message.

Sport Sociology

-The method of analyzing sport from a cultural perspective. -Interested in how humans relate to each other in the sport context, how values affect these relationships, and how humans organize and value sport activities

Sex Discrimination

-Title 7 also states that women should not be discriminated against in sport arenas, fitness centers and other venues. -BUT because sport is still organized and primarily controlled by white men, the "glass ceiling" that exists in the business world is restrictive to women who wish to advance to upper management and front office positions in the business world.

Decision Making (Single Most Important Function in Management):

-Your ability to problem solve and make correct (productive) decisions in part, determines your success as a manager. -Takes place within each function of management.

Effective Communication Requires that Sport Managers....

1. Acknowledge the importance of effective communication 2. Commit to an honest and frequent appraisal of their communication strengths and weaknesses. 3. Demonstrate a willingness to invest time and effort to improve weaknesses.

Keys to Effective Communicatihon:

1. Effective Planning 2. Integrity of the Message -Content: Is accurate and free of bias. -Credibility: How credible the person delivering the message is (truthful, accurate, how legitimate they have been in the past. 3. Medium of Transfer (how was the message delivered) 4. Type of Information -Complex: The content may be potentially confusing and must be carefully presented in order to avoid creating additional communication problems. -Emotional Content: Is the content considered emotional in some ways (Ex: The firing of a coach or trade of a player has to be written in the most positive manner possible.)

Functions of Sport:

1. Entertainment 2. Educational Tool 3. Art Form 4. Recreation 5. Political Tool

Bennis's Leadership Competencies

1. Management of attention 2. Management of meaning 3. Management of trust 4. Management of self

Sports Information Outputs

1. Media Relations (Designed to positively position the sport organization, and talk about future developments happening in the organization) 2. Fact Sheets (Did you know....) 3. Pre-Game Notes (Profiles players and key matchups) 4. Hometown Features 5. Media Guides (Detailed analysis of organization) 6. Game Programs (Handed out at games, and at FGCU if you're over 60 years old these are a big deal)

Sources of Power

1. Reward Power (ability to reward) 2. Coercive Power (ability to punish) 3. Legitimate Power (ability to make requests) 4. Expert Power (special knowledge) 5. Referent Power (charisma)

Why should we study sport?

1. Sport is omnipresent. It is all around us and affects our lives in many different ways. Sport fans know more about sports than what is happening in the U.S. politically. 2. Sport coverage has increased dramatically over the past decade 3. Many of the role models/heroes adopted by children are athletes. Ex: Tim Tebow, Tom Brady, Aaron Rodgers These athletes are viewed as models and heroes and often provide their skill with a devotion to charity, family and community projects.

Methods Used in Sociocultural Studies to Understand Sport Behavior

1.Survey: (questionnaires) Valuable, quantifiable methods of learning about group and individual preferences and opinions. 2. Interviews: Can be more revealing than surveys, especially when they ask open ended questions. 3. Observational Studies: Produces data that can help a sport sociologist understand aspects of sports participation and can help managers be more effective in areas related to customer service.

Organizational Problem

A situation that could reduce the effectiveness of organizational operations

Organizational Opportunity

A situation that represent a chance for organizational growth

Human Skills

Ability to lead, motivate, and communicate with employees

Race/Color Discrimination

Although African Americans represent a large percentage of those who play professional sports, the opportunities for advancement to the administrative, front office, and coaching ranks are limited.

Downward Communication

An Athletic Director communicating downward to their employees.

Functions of Management: Organizing

Delegation of tasks to different individuals and work groups.

Behavioral Approach

Emphasized what leaders and managers actually did on the job, as opposed to their personal characteristics.

Functions of Management: Planning

Identifying goals, establishing objectives, and implementing action plans within the constraints of the organization.

Upward Communication

If an Athletic Director wanted the fans to communicate their comments or questions to upward levels of management.

Deviance

Is any act that violates the norm of an activity; it is prominent in both the sport and business world. (Ex: Aaron Hernandez, Adrian Peterson, Michael Vick)

Leadership

Is focused more on human and conceptual skills

Management

Managers are more closely attuned to technical skills.

Functions of Management: Monitoring

Measuring the performance of employees and work groups against established standards.

Functions of Management: Directing

Motivating and leading employees towards the achievement of organizational goals.