State & Local Gov Final
Virginia Plan
"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.
common law
"old/ancient law"; law before written law; implied laws; traditions, cultures, morals
examples of active constructive participation (voice)
- contacting officials - discussing political issues - campaign work -campaign contributions - participating in neighborhood groups - participation in demonstrations
examples of active destructive participation (exit)
- leaving or contemplations leaving the jurisdiction - opting for privatized alternatives to gov. services
examples of passive destructive participation (neglect)
- nonvoting - feeling that fighting city hall has no impact - distrust of city officials
examples of passive constructive participation (loyalty)
- voting - speaking well of the community - showing support for the community by attending public functions
formal powers of the governor
-oversees operation of executive branch -chief law enforcement officer -commander-in-chief of state's military -proposes annual budget -recommends new laws -gives "state of the state" address - fills government vacancies (appoint) -can call special sessions of the General Assembly
advantages to federalism
1. helps manage social and political conflict 2. promotes administrative efficiency 3. encourages innovation 4. maximizes political participation in gov.
what are the three principal functions of legislature?
1. policymaking 2. representation 3. oversight
a 2011 estimate by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security placed the number of illegal immigrants at approximately
11.5 million with 59% coming from Mexico
what percent of laws proposed get passed?
20-25%
Currently, federal funding accounts for approximately ___ of state and local revenues
38%
how long/when does the Georgia legislature meet?
40 days/About January-End of March/April
what percent of state expenditures goes to local governments?
40 percent; roads, hospitals, infrastructure, public health, public safety
how many state Supreme Courts are there?
50 total
the Constitution is __ Articles, ____ Amendments
7, 27
what percentage of civil and criminal cases are resolved outside the courtroom?
90 percent
tort
A civil wrong committed against a person or property, excluding breach of contract.
Interstate Compact Clause
A clause in Article 1, Section 10 of the Constitution that requires the approval of Congress when states enter into official agreements with one another
Privileges and Immunities Clause
A clause in Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution according citizens of each state most of the privileges of citizens of other states.
New Jersey Plan
A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress - favored smaller states.
16th Amendment
Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.
which Article is the U.S. Congress mentioned in?
Article 1 (it goes: 1. Legislature 2. Executive 3. Judicial)
national supremacy clause
Article VI of the Constitution, which makes national laws superior to state laws
district elections
elections in which the voters in one district or ward of a jurisdiction (city, county, school district) vote for a candidate to represent that district
14th Amendment
enacted in 1868, contains citizenship rights, due process, and equal provisions that states must apply to every citizen
Full Faith and Credit Clause
Constitution's requirement that each state accept the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state
concurrent powers are
exercised by both the state and national governments
true or false: in an open primary, only those registers with the political party are allowed to vote
false
true or false: in contemporary America, there is persistent evidence that citizens are very interested in political participation
false
true or false: wealthier, more educated individuals tend to participate in politics less than individuals with lower level of income and education
false
true or false: there seldom is tension between the national and non national governments in a federal system
false
true or false: the concept of jurisdiction refers to government's ability to respond effectively to change, make decisions efficiently and responsively, and manage conflict
false (would be capacity)
partial preemption
federal government's assumption of some regulatory powers in a particular field, with the stipulation that a state law on the same subject as a federal law is valid if it does not conflict with the federal law in the same area.
the trend in school districts follows the theory that
fewer is better
municipal courts
fines/traffic/probation violations, less than $500 fines; alleviates pressure on supreme courts
according to the text, non national governments face three tough challenges today. what are those challenges?
fiscal stress, inter jurisdictional conflict, and political corruption
what three things to local governments want from the state when given mandates?
flexibility when implementing mandates, money to complete and mandates, the reasoning for the mandate
councils of governments (COGs)
formal organizations of general-purpose governments in an area, intended to improve regional coordination
rainy day funds
Money set aside when a state's finances are healthy, for use when state revenues decline. Formally called "budget stabilization funds."
what is the only unicameral state?
Nebraska
closed primary
Primary election in which only persons registered in the party holding the primary may vote.
Shay's Rebellion
Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out. (Confederation ends)
what does SPLOST stand for?
Special Purpose Local Option Sales Tax
commerce clause
The clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations.
Tenth Amendment
The constitutional amendment stating, "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people." Ratified in 1791
smart growth
government efforts to limit urban sprawl by managing growth
in terms of voter turnout, states with moralistic political culture typically experience
higher voter turnout than states with traditionalistic political culture
the amount and type of authority that states give their local governments is
highly variable
the Framers of the Constitution held to the belief of English political philosopher Thomas Hobbs that
human beings are contentious and selfish
federalism is best described as a system of government
in which powers are divided between a central (national) government and regional (state) governments
enumerated (delegated) powers
Those powers expressly given to the national government, primarily in Article 1, Section 8, of the Constitution.
revenue sharing
a "no-strings" form of financial aid from one level of government to another
of the following, which type of individual would generally be the most likely to vote?
a 65 year old man living in a small town
civil case
a case that concerns a dispute involving individuals or organizations. for example: divorce, property disputes, suits from damage from accidents
metropolitan area
a central city of at least 50,000 people, the adjacent suburbs, and the surrounding county or counties; often called an urban area
transparency
a characteristic of a government that is open and understandable, one in which officials are accountable to the public
impact fee
a charge levied by a government on new developers to offset some of the societal costs of providing services
civil court
a court dealing with noncriminal cases.
social capital
a dense network of reciprocal social relations that promotes greater civic engagement
charter
a document that sets out a city's structure, authority, and functions
the difference between a federal system and a confederacy is that
a federal system divides power between the central government and geographically jurisdictions, whereas in a confederacy the central government is weak and regional governments are strong
block grant
a form of financial aid from one level of government to another for use in a broad, functional area
categorical grant
a form of financial aid from one level of government to another to be used for a narrowly defined purpose
federalism
a form of government in which power is divided between the federal, or national, government and the states
volunteerism
a form of participation in which individuals or groups donate time or money to a public purpose
formula grant
a funding mechanism that automatically allocates monies based on conditions in the recipient government
project grant
a funding mechanism that awards monies based on the strength of an applicant government's proposal
bench trial
a judge alone hears the case and makes the decision
The territorial range of government authority is referred to as
a jurisdiction
alderman
a label used in some communities for members of a local legislative body, such as a city council
sunshine laws
a law requiring certain proceedings of government agencies to be open or available to the public.
confederacy
a league of sovereign states in which a limited central government exercises few independent powers
multimember district (MMD)
a legislative district that contains more than one seat
delegate
a legislator who functions as a conduit for constituency opinion
politico
a legislator who functions as either a delegate or a trustee, as circumstances dictate
trustee
a legislator who votes according to his or her conscience and best judgment
single-purpose local government
a local government that performs a specific function
general-purpose local government
a local government that performs a wide range of functions
ordinance
a local law
school choice
a market-based approach to education improvement that permits parents and students to choose which school the child will attend; examples include charter schools and voucher programs.
equalization formula
a means of distributing funds (primarily to school districts) to reduce financial disparities among districts
federal system
a means of dividing the power and functions of government between a central government and a specified number of geographically defined regional jurisdictions
dual federalism
a model
creative federalism
a model of cooperative federalism in which many new grants-in-aid, including direct national-local financial arrangements, were made
cooperative federalism
a model of federalism that stresses the linkages and joint arrangements among three levels of government
new federalism
a model that represents a return of powers and responsibilities to the states
progressive era
a period in the early twentieth century that focused on reforming or cleaning up government
policy entrepreneur
a person who brings new ideas to a policymaking body
open primary
a primary election in which voters are not required to declare party affiliation.
federal preemption
a principle asserting the supremacy of federal legislation over state legislation when both pertain to the same matter
recall
a procedure that allows citizens to remove and replace a public official before the end of a term of office
referendum
a procedure whereby a governing body submits proposed laws, constitutional amendments, or bond issues to the voters for ratification
popular referendum
a question placed on a ballot by a citizen petition to decide if a law should be repealed
federal mandate
a requirement that a state or local gov. undertake a specific activity or produce a particular service as a condition of funding
dillon's rule
a rule that limits the powers of local gov't to those expressly granted by the state or those powers closely linked to the express powers
runoff election
a second election pitting the top two vote-getters from a first election in which no candidate received a majority of the votes cast
second-order devolution
a shift in power from state government to local government
focus group
a small group of individuals assembled to provide opinion and feedback about specific issues in government. Participants are often paid for their time.
war chest
a stash of funds accumulated in advance of a campaign
fusion
a state election provision that allows candidates to run on more than one party ticket
nation-centered federalism
a theory holding that the national government is dominant over the states
state-centered federalism
a theory holding that the national government represents a voluntary compact or agreement between the states, which retain a dominant position
Compact Theory
a theory of federalism that became the foundation for states' rights arguments
elite theory
a theory of government asserting that a small group possess power and rules society
pluralist theory
a theory of government asserting that multiple open, competing groups possess power and rules society
jury trial
a trial in which a group of people selected to hear the evidence presented decides on guilt or liability
public authority
a type of special district funded by nontax revenue and governed by an appointed board
of the following, which type of individual would be generally least likely to vote? a. a 21-year-old male living in a large city b. a 65-year-old male living in a small town c. a 65-year-old male living in a large city d. a 21-year-old living in a small town
a. a 21-year-old male living in a large city (rural > young; old > young)
which of the following is NOT an example of federalism? a. it ensures that national government programs and priorities are achieved b. it encourages innovation c. it helps manage political and social conflict d. it promotes administrative efficiency
a. it ensures that national government programs and priorities are achieved
informal powers of a governor
ability to lead, persuade, and bargain with the willingness of others, leader of their political party
what factor can not be taken into account when drawing legislative districts?
access to polling places
which factor is not taken into account when drawing legislative districts?
access to polling places
participation
actions through which ordinary members of a political system attempt to influence decisions
the term judicial activism implies that judges are
actively trying to influence or change public policy.
administrative procedure acts
acts that standardize administrative agency operations as a means of safeguarding clients and the general public
The Great Compromise adopted by the Framers of the Constitution involved
adoption of a bicameral legislature in which one house selected members based on population and one in which states were equally represented
voting-age population
adults eighteen years of age and older; excludes those who are noncitizens, convicted felons, or mentally incompetents (depending on state law)
legislative veto
an action whereby the legislature overturns a state agency's rules or regulations
town meeting
an annual event at which a town's residents enact ordinances, elect officials, levy taxes, and adopt a budget
proactive
an anticipatory condition, as opposed to a reactive one
regime analysis
an approach asserting that certain individuals and groups possess systemic power and enjoy a strategic advantage in influencing government decisions.
regional government
an area-wide structure for local governance, designed to replace multiple jurisdictions
lame duck
an elected official who cannot serve beyond the current term of office
nonpartisan election
an election without party labels
new normal
an environment characterized by stagnant revenues and budget cuts, leading to changes in the provision of public services
grant-in-aid
an intergovernmental transfer of funds or other assets, subject to conditions
advisory committee
an organization created by government to involve members of the public in studying and recommending solutions to public problems
factions
any group of citizens or interests united in a cause or action that can threaten the rights or interests of the larger community
appellate courts have the responsibility for hearing
appeals of cases tried in lower state courts
the enumerated or delegated powers in the Constitution are those that
are expressively given to the national government
what part of the US Constitution created the US legislative branch?
article i
what part of the US Constitution created the US executive branch?
article ii
what part of the US Constitution created the US judicial branch?
article iii
community policing
assigning police to neighborhoods where they walk the beat and work with churches and other community groups to reduce crime and improve relations with minorities.
in what kind of election can a city voter voter for as many candidates as there are seats to be filled?
at-large
magnet schools
attract better students from multiple school districts
what is the difference between reactive policing and proactive policing?
being reactive id reacting to crime after its committed (with more force). being proactive is to build trust with the community so that trust prevents crime and force.
at the heart of the Progressive effort regarding initiatives, popular referenda, and recall mechanisms was a
belief in the capacity of individual citizens and in restricting the powers of institutions, such as legislatures
Lisa is the superintendent of a school district and her district has just been awarded a federal grant that can be used freely to address the most important need within the district. This is an example of which type of grant?
block grant
the governing body for counties is typically called the
board of commissioners
nonpartisan elections, often used at the local level, remove the political party identification of the candidates and are intended to
bring about greater cooperation where politicized city council elections had previously been in use
Which of the following statements about tribal governments is NOT true? a. Tribes are semi-sovereign nations, exercising self-government on their own reservation b. States are prohibited from taxing, regulating, or extending judicial powers over them c. Local zoning laws govern tribal land use d. Tribal residents can vote in federal and state elections
c. Local zoning laws govern tribal land use
legislative assistance on behalf of a constituent, usually within the bureaucracy is called
casework
how has the transformation of American metropolitan areas impacted central cities
central cities have lost some of their prominence as the social, economic, and political focal points of their areas
how do cities differ from counties?
cities have greater decision-making authority and discretion than counties.
who are the professional, neutral experts whose job it is to run the day-to-day affairs of the city
city managers
in the United States, the closest thing to a regional government is
city-county consolidation
what are the two types of trial courts?
civil and criminal courts
three types of courts
civil, criminal, administrative
_______ were created by states to function as their administrative appendages
counties
what three types of governments are general purpose governments?
counties, municipalities, and towns/townships
criminal court
court in which criminal trials are heard
E-government is seen as beneficial in all of the following ways EXCEPT a. it is an efficient way for government to gauge public opinion and preferences b. citizens can easily download reports and forms c. people can "click" on a gov's homepage and find information and resources d. it leaves the "technology have-nots" behind
d. it leaves the technology have-nots behind
Which of the following factors impact the amount of federal grant allocations received by a state? a. its geographic location b. its level of cooperation with Congress c. its relationship with cooperate interests d. its level of poverty
d. its level of poverty
the practical devices placed in the U.S. Constitution to control factions included all of the following EXCEPT a a. system of representative government b. division of government into three branches, which served as a system of checks and balances c. federal system where power was dispersed within and among the federal governments and the states. d. national bank that would control the nations money and therefore keep factions from ever gaining complete control over the economy
d. national bank that would control the nations money and therefore keep factions from ever gaining complete control over the economy
according to the text, which of the following institutional factors may suppress voter participation? a. the use of partisan elections by local governments b. local governments tendency to schedule city council meetings on evenings and weekends c. online contact forms for citizens to contact public officials d. the use of nonpartisan elections by local governments
d. the use of nonpartisan elections by local governments
urban sprawl
development characterized by low population density, rapid land consumption, and dependence on the automobile
in what three ways have state and local gov. changed over the last three decades?
diversity, competitiveness, resiliency
how does government corruption impact the economy?
it causes economic growth to slow down.
which of the following statements about judicial decision making is true? a. it is not subject to any review or oversight b. it is based solely on precedents and scientific techniques c. it is often as subjective as the decision making of other government officials d. it is so similar from one judge to another that it is unimportant who sits on a case
it is often as subjective as the decision making of other government officials
the most frequently heard complaint about special districts is that they
lack accountability
administrative court
less formal proceeding such as probating wills, child custody, revoking drivers licenses
With the aim of processing drug-related offenses more efficiently and reducing recidivism rates of drug offenders, drug courts are an example of which type of court?
limited jurisdiction court
per diem
literally, "per day." the payment a legislator receives to cover expenses during the session.
Over the years, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 has been modified to
make illegal any government action that discourages minority voting
mandate reimbursement requirements
measures that take the financial sting out of state mandates
alternative courts
mental health courts, drug courts
edge cities
new boom towns featuring retail shops and malls, restaurants, office buildings, and housing developments, far from the central city
appellate courts are different from trial courts because
no plaintiffs, defendants, or witnesses are present
slating groups
nonpartisan political organizations that endorse and promote a slate of candidates
Underlying the result of Baker v. Carr (1962) and Reynolds v. Sims (1964) was the fundamental concept
of "one person, one vote" that led to reapportionment of legislative seats based on population
state departments of community affairs (DCAs) are specialized community agencies that
offer a range of programs and services to local governments
is older or younger more likely to vote?
older (age 65 and older)
unitary system
one in which all authority is derived from a central authority
states may regulate pollution emissions so long as state standards are at least stringent as those of the federal government. This is an example of
partial preemption
what causes the decline of a city?
people move due to traffic and taxes, causing the city to lose money, then they are forced to try to raise taxes on residing citizens and cut public services, making more people want to move away, increasing the crime in the city and worsening education.
if you were arrested for a major traffic violation, and then negotiated with the prosecutor to plead guilty to a minor offense of traffic, you engaged in
plea bargaining
culture wars
political conflicts that emerge from deeply held moral values
traditionalistic political culture
politics functions to maintain the existing order, and political participation is confined to social elites
individualistic political culture
politics in an open market place in which people participate for essentially private motivations
moralistic political culture
politics is an effort to establish a good and just society. citizens are expected to be active in public affairs.
suburbs
populates areas, often residential in character, on the outskirts of a central city.
necessary and proper clause
portion of Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution that authorizes Congress to enact all laws deemed "necessary and proper" to carry out its responsibilities
voter turnout tends to be the highest in which elections?
presidential election years
the circumvent the right to vote given to African Americans under the 15th Amendment (1870), southern states employed
primaries based on race were illegal
referendums
proposed laws submitted directly to the public, on spending or other economic issues
Interstate compacts authorized by the U.S. Constitution are useful in
providing a vehicle that is useful in settling disputes between two or more states
downsize
reducing the size and cost of something, especially government
in Vieth v. Jubilirer (2004), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that
reliance on partisan considerations remains an appropriate redistricting option
appellate court
reviews decisions of lower courts to determine if a significant error of law was made during trial
Opponents of term limits argue that term limits
rob voters of their fundamental right to choose their representatives.
is rural or city/urban more likely to vote?
rural
who does not have to answer to city councilmen?
sheriff, tax assessor, prosecuting attorneys, and clerk of court
malapportionment
skewed allocation of legislative districts that violate the "one person, one vote" ideal.
a dense network of reciprocal social relations that promotes greater civic engagement is known as
social capital
in 2013, the preclearance requirement of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that required counties covered under the act to submit change in election laws to the U.S. Department of Justice was eliminated. These counties are located mainly in
southern states
when judges use previous judicial rulings to guide their decisions, they are employing the doctrine of
stare decisis
judicial federalism
state constitutional and statutory laws are consulted and applied before federal law
state courts resolve disputes and administer justice by interpreting
state statutes, the state and federal constitutions, and common law
full preemption
states have no say
interjurisdictional cooperation
states working together legally
open meeting laws
statutes that open the meetings of government bodies to the public
sunset laws
statutes that set automatic expiration dates for specified agencies and other organizations
examples of common law
stealing, murder, adultery, self defense
what is the broken window principle?
take care of little crime to prevent big crimes
redistricting of state legislative and the state's congressional districts happen every
ten years and must be based on the U.S. census
general welfare clause
that part of Article I, Section 8 that gives Congress the power to "...provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States..."
the suffragists scored the ultimate victory in their quest for the enfranchisement of women when
the 19th Amendment was passed in 1920, forbidding the states to deny women the right to vote on the basis of gender
McCulloch v. Maryland (18190 enhanced the power of the national government by stating that
the Constitution contained implied, as well as enumerated, powers
Real financial power moved from the states to the national government by virtue of
the Sixteenth Amendment, which gave Congress power to tax the incomes of individuals and corporations
Capacity
the ability of government to respond effectively to change, make decisions efficiently and responsively, and manage conflict (gov's effectiveness)
annexation
the addition of unincorporated adjacent territory to a municipality
political culture
the attitudes, values, and beliefs that people hold toward government
the workhorse of the legislature is ________, which provides a structure for organizing the process of making laws.
the committee
incorporation
the creation of a municipality through the granting of a charter from the state
the social conflict over political and legal actions related to morality issue such as same-sex marriage is an example of
the culture wars
devolution
the delegating of power and programs from the federal government to state and local governments
primary system
the electoral mechanism for selecting party nominees to compete in the general election
Voting Rights Act of 1965
the law that effectively enfranchised racial minorities by giving the national government the power to decide whether individuals are qualified to vote and to intercede in state and local electoral operations when necessary
home rule
the legal ability of a local government to run its own affairs, subject to state oversight
strong-mayor-council structure
the mayor is empowered to perform the executive functions of government and has a veto over city council actions
weak-mayor-council structure
the mayor lacks formal executive power; the city council (of which the mayor may be a member) is the source of executive and legislative power
tort reform refers to the policy goal of reducing
the number of personal injury cases and the subsequent awards
residual votes
the number of uncounted, unmarked, or spoiled ballots in an election
plurality
the number of votes cast (though not necessarily the majority) cast for a winning candidate in an election with more than two candidates
gerrymander
the process of creatively designing a legislative district, usually to enhance the electoral fortunes of the party in power
what statement about citizen advisory committees is true?
the provide a formal structure for citizen input
reapportionment
the reallocation of seats in a legislative assembly
redistrict
the redrawing of legislative district lines to conform to the one person, one vote ideal.
coattail effect
the tendency of a winning (or losing) presidential candidate to carry state candidates of the same party into (or out of) office
Jurisdiction
the territorial range of government authority; "jurisdiction" is sometimes used as a synonym for "city" or "town"
public choice theory
the theory that individuals shop around to find a local government whose taxes and services are in line with their own preferences
which of the following statements about limited jurisdiction trial courts is true? a. they are courts with original jurisdiction over specialized cases, such as juvenile offenses and traffic violations b. they are courts with original jurisdiction to hear appeals from lower courts c. they are courts with jurisdiction over major criminal and civil cases d. they are courts beyond which there is no appeal except to the US Supreme Court
they are courts with original jurisdiction over specialized cases, such as juvenile offenses and traffic violations
from a state government perspective, what is not considered a benefit of state mandates?
they ensure that all municipalities and counties have the same resources to fund mandates policies
which of the following statements about original jurisdiction courts is true? a. they have ultimate authority to hear all final appeals b. they have the power to hear criminal cases, but never civil cases c. they have the power to hear civil cases, but never criminal cases d. they have the power to hear certain types of cases first
they have the power to hear certain types of cases first
a judge's personal characteristics, such as party identification, political ideology, prior careers, religion, age, and sex are important aspects of judicial decision making because
they predispose a judge to decide cases in certain ways
concurrent powers
those powers granted by the Constitution to both the national and the state govs
reserved powers
those powers residing with the states by virtue of the 10th amendment
implied powers
those powers that are not expressively granted by the Constitution but are inferred from the enumerated powers
Federal government powers grow in .....
times of crisis (9/11, Great Depression, Great Recession, WW1, WW2)
what is a recall?
to call back an elected official to revote.
The Americans with Disabilities Act, which requires states and localities to make physical and occupational accommodations for disabled persons is an example of
total preemption
many New England towns continue their tradition of direct democracy through a ____ _______ form of government
town meeting
As a precaution to reduce corruption, the states have moved to make government more open, understandable and accountable to the public. This is known as
transparency
what are some benefits of an area being annexed into a city?
trash pick up, city water, sewer not septic, retail shops, nicer roads, nicer housing
most state courts are part of a two-tier system. the two tiers are
trial and appellate courts
true or false: exit ramp communities and edge cities are a manifestation of urban sprawl
true
true or false: one of the disadvantages of federalism is that it can encourage obstruction and delay and result in ineffective national government programs and priorities
true
true or false: states may regulate local governments' finances by establishing debt limits and requiring balanced budgets
true
true or false: the Supreme Court interpretations of the necessary and proper clause of the Constitution have allowed Congress to enact a great many laws that stretch the phrase necessary and proper beyond its original limits
true
true or false: to ensure public access to the rulemaking process, states have adopted administrative procedure acts, which require public notice of the proposed rule and an opportunity for citizen comment
true
true or false: today, city councils are less white, less male, and less passive than they were in the past
true
true or false: the most intractable problem for states and localities involves money
true
true or false: urban sprawl is often called leapfrog development because it jumps over established settlements
true
a system of government in which most, if nor all, legal powers rest with the central government is referred to as a
unitary system
the great majority of countries (more than 90%) have a
unitary system of government
sunbelt
unofficial region in the U.S - South & West
frostbelt
unofficial region in the U.S. - North East & Midwest
a closed primary is a primary in which
voters must be registered with their party affiliation indicated in order to vote in their party primary.
instant runoff
voters use preference rankings to select candidates at a single election
the increased popularity of initiatives can be explained by the fact that
wavering public confidence in government has led citizens to take matters into their own hands
are men or women more likely to vote?
women
should officers in a precinct reflect the community racial-profile make-up? why?
yes, it can help citizens relate to officers better if they can understand their community, to build trust.
is older or younger least likely to vote?
younger (ages 18-24)
