Statistics Exam 1

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___ is the variable that is believed to change in the presence of the independent variable

Dependent variable

Which of the following terms are least likely to be used to describe qualitative data?

Numeric

Which of the following requires the calculation of a real range?

frequency distributions for grouped data

The sum of relative frequencies for each interval is

1.00

A researcher finds that 12% of participants makes between 3-5 visits to a physician each year. What are the real limits for this interval.

2.5-5.5

A researcher reports that 12 persons in a sample of 60 reported getting between 4 and 6 hours of sleep per night. What is the relative percentage for this interval?

20%

A researcher selects a sample of 6 males and 11 females. She asks participants to rate the likelihood they would do female-stereotyped jobs (such as nursing or school teaching) on a scale from 1 = not likely at all to 5 = very likely. Men indicated that they would be less likely to do these jobs (M = 2.1) compared with women (M = 4.3). What is the weighted mean for this entire sample of 17 participants?

3.5

As a general rule, a simple frequency distribution should have between

5 and 20 intervals

A researcher records the following scores: 5, 3, 7, 6, 2, 8, 0, and 1. In terms of these data, the sum of the squared differences of scores from their mean is

60

A researcher wants to determine how many participants will take less than 24 seconds to complete a cognitive performance task. If he constructs a frequency distribution for these data, what type of distribution would be most appropriate to answer his question?

A cumulative frequency distribution from the bottom up

A psychologist wants to know how many of her clients continue with therapy for at least 12 days. If she constructs a frequency distribution for these data, what type of distribution would be most appropriate to answer her question?

A cumulative frequency distribution from the top down

A percentile is also called a

percentile point

When cumulating frequencies from the bottom up, the data are discussed in terms of

At most, less than, and at or below

What terms refer to each of the following measures, respectively: mean, median, and mode

Average, middle, and most

Which of the following is a type of graphical display used to summarize qualitative, discrete data?

Bar chart, pie chart, and histogram

Each of the following are interval scale measurements, except

DURATION OF SLEEP (IN HOURS), MARITAL SATISFACTION RATINGS ON 5-POINT RATING SCALE, the latitude and longitude of birth for those suffering from schizophrenia, the body temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit) increase during the exercise

The median is an appropriate measure of central tendency for

Data that are positively skewed, negatively skewed, or on an ordinal scale

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the mean?

Delete a score above the mean and the mean will increase

A researcher records the number of votes for each of five candidates running for class president. Based on her presentation of the following results, what type of statistics did she use? (chart with number of votes next to each candidate)

Descriptive statistics

Quantitative measures can be

Discrete and continuous data

___ are measured in whole units or categories that are not distributed along a continuum

Discrete data

Recording the number of dreams recalled is an example of ___ data; whereas recording the time (in minutes) spent in a dream stage of sleep is an example of ___ data

Discrete; continuous

Which of the following research designs is used to determine the causes of behavior that help to explain why the behavior occurs?

Experimental

Three research methods common to research in the behavioral sciences are

Experimental, quasi-experimental, and correlational

A ___ is plotted at the midpoint of each interval, whereas a ___ is plotted at the upper boundary of each interval

Frequency polygon; ogive

When cumulating frequencies from the top down, the data are discussed in terms of

Greater than, at or above, and at least

A researcher measures the mean time (in seconds) it takes two groups of children to complete an activity task. She finds that Group A (M = 22 seconds) completed the task more quickly than Group B (M = 36 seconds). She then computes a weighted mean for both groups combined and calculates = 26. Based on the information provided, which group had a larger sample size?

Group A

A researcher summarizes a set of frequency data into five intervals. This is an example of a frequency distribution for

Grouped data

A researcher measures the weight (in ounces) of newborn infants in the month of March. What type of graphical display would be the most appropriate for summarizing the frequency of infants falling into different intervals of weight?

Histogram

Which of the following is a type of graphical display used to summarize quantitative, continuous data?

Histogram, frequency polygon, ogive

A researcher asks participants to estimate the calories they consume in a meal. The researcher records the following estimates: 450, 426, 310, 500, and 220. If the researcher removes the estimate of 220 (perhaps because the participant drops out of the study), then the value of the mean will

Increase

Procedures that allow researchers to infer or generalize observations made with samples to the larger population from which they were selected best describes

Inferential statistics

A researcher measures the body temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit) of participants immediately before and immediately following sleep. Temperature is on what scale of measurement?

Interval

The size of a population is symbolized as ____, whereas the size of a sample is symbolized as ___

N; n

A researcher records the following data for the time (in seconds) it takes five rats to cross an electrical grid to obtain reinforcement on the other side: 12, 9, 13, 4, and 12. Is the mean equal to the mode in this example?

No, the mode is larger than the mean

To measure attraction, a researcher records the following data for the distance (in inches) between two persons sitting in a waiting room: 46, 32, 10, 23, 18, 46, and 60. Is the mode equal to the median in this example?

No; the mode is larger than the median

An animal researcher measures the number of times a rat presses a lever located at the right, center, and left of a cage for a food reward. What scale of measurement is the location of lever pressing?

Nominal

An education counselor records the number of high school graduates enrolled in community colleges, four-year colleges, and universities. What scale of measurement is the type of college?

Nominal

A researcher distributes frequencies into the following classes: absent, tardy, present. What type of data are distributed?

Nominal, qualitative, and ungrouped data

A researcher distributes frequencies into the following intervals: 1-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, and 51 and above. What is wrong with this frequency distribution?

One interval is an open class

A consultant ranks the five most needed areas of improvement for a local business. What scale of measurement are the rankings?

Ordinal

A movie critic rates a movie on a scale from one (lowest) to four (highest) stars. What scale of measurement are the ratings?

Ordinal

___ data describe numeric aspects of phenomena; whereas ___ data describe nonnumeric aspects of data

Quantitative; qualitative

A researcher compares the amount of college debt (in dollars) that undergraduate students incur up to their four-year degree. College debt is on what scale of measurement?

Ratio

To determine the interval width, we divide the ___ by the number of intervals

Real range

Researcher A measures academic preparedness as the percent correct responses on an entrance exam; Researcher B measures academic preparedness as the current class rank of students. Which researcher measured academic preparedness as discrete data?

Researcher B

___ refer to how the properties of numbers can change with different uses

Scales of measurement

Descriptive statistics are procedures used to

Summarize a set of scores or observations, organize a set of scores or observations, and make sense of a set of scores or observations

Which of the following is NOT a rule for constructing a simple frequency distribution?

THE NUMBER OF INTERVALS SHOULD EQUAL THE NUMBER OF VALUES MEASURED, each interval is equidistant, no class interval overlaps, values are rounded to the same degree of accuracy measured in the original data

A researcher records 52 scores. What is the median position of these scores?

The average of the 26th and 27th scores in numeric order

A staff member records the number of victories (per 10-game season) for a new football coach during his first three seasons with a team. The coach won 1, 3, and 8 games respectively over the three seasons. Which conclusion is appropriate?

The football coach won an average of four games per season, the coach won a median of three games per season, and the coach won 40% of his games during his first three seasons

A researcher distributes frequencies into the following intervals: 3-6, 7-10, 11-15, 16-18, 19-22, and 23-26. What is wrong with this frequency distribution?

The interval width is unequal

Which of the follow best describes an independent variable?

The manipulated variable

Which of the following best describes a dependent variable?

The measured behavior

A researcher reports, "the average patron (n = 22) in a local bar consumed more than twice the number of drinks (per day) on weekends (M = 5.4 drinks) compared to weekdays (M = 2.3 drinks)." Although not stated directly, how do we know that the patrons in this study constitute a sample, and not a population of patrons at this local bar?

The notation for a sample mean was used and the notation for sample size was used

You are interested in measuring the construct, work expertise. Which of the following measures for this construct is quantitative and discrete?

The number of employees that work under an employee

What is the corresponding percentile of a percentile point?

The percentile rank

A researcher reports that "the average shopper in the sample (n = 12) purchased $65.00 worth of items ( μ = $65.00) during a busy shopping day." What mistake was made is this citation?

The sample mean is written using the wrong notation

You are interested in measuring the construct, reinforcement. Which of the following measures for this construct is quantitative and continuous?

The size of a reward in grams

A student scores in the 80th percentile on an exam. What does this mean in comparison to all other students?

The student scored higher than 80% of all others who took the exam

A professor grades 120 research papers and reports that the average score was an 80%. What do we know about the sum of the differences of these 120 scores from their mean of 80%?

The sum of the differences is equal to zero

Which characteristic of a histogram implies that it summarizes continuous data?

The vertical bars touch at the upper boundary of each interval

Which of the following statements about a weighted mean is true?

The weighted mean is used to compute the combined mean for two or more samples of scores in which the number of scores in each sample is disproportionate or unequal

Researchers rarely have access to entire populations. How do researchers resolve this limitation?

They record data from a sample of people in the larger population in order to make inferences concerning characteristics in that larger population

The mode can be used with the mean to describe which of the following variables?

Volume in a container

A researcher selects a sample of 6 professors, 6 students, and 6 administrators at a local school and has them rate the effectiveness of an innovative new teaching style. In this example, is it possible that the weighted mean ratings will equal the arithmetic mean for the entire sample of 18 participants?

Yes, because the sample sizes are equal in this example

A percentile is

a percentile point

Suppose that a researcher is interested in a group of 10 million people who paid to see a movie playing in theaters. In this example, the 10 million moviegoers would be regarded as:

a population of moviegoers who paid to see the movie in a theater

Which of the following will decrease the value of the mean?

adding a score below the mean

A population can be ___ group of interest to a researcher

any

Grouped data can be distributed

as a range of values, with upper and lower boundaries, and into intervals

A researcher records the number of children at a local school from single, divorced, and married-parent homes. This frequency data would be best displayed as a

bar chart

A simple frequency distribution

can be used to summarize grouped data, ungrouped data, or frequency of scores in a given category or range

Ungrouped data can be distributed as

categories

Adding the same constant to each score in a distribution (or subtracting the same constant from it) will

cause the mean to change by that constant

Multiplying or dividing each score in a distribution by the same constant will

cause the mean to change by that constant

Qualitative data varies by ____; quantitative data varies by ___

class; amount

The procedure of converting a categorical variable to numeric values, is called:

coding

___ are measured along a continuum at any place beyond the decimal point

continuous data

The mode is an appropriate measure of central tendency for

data that are bimodal, use with other measures of central tendency, and data that are on a nominal scale

The mean is an appropriate measure of central tendency for

data that are normally distributed, data on an interval or ratio scale, and data in which the mean, median, and mode are equal

The use of tables and graphs to summarize data is an example of

descriptive statistics

A health practitioner measures the heart rate (in BPM) of patients under low, moderate, and high stress levels. HR can be best described as

discrete data

The mean would be used to describe which of the following variables?

distance traveled in miles

Statistical analysis allows researchers to

evaluate scientific observations

A researcher tests whether the dosage level of some drug (low, high) causes significant differences in health. To do this, the researcher randomly assigns rat subjects to receive a low or high dosage of the drug and records health-related measures in both groups. The type of method described is

experimental

The three steps for constructing a simple frequency distribution are

find the real range, find interval width, and construct the frequency distribution

A therapist observes that spouses are more likely to forgive their partners for lying to them if they find out the truth from their spouse and not a third party. In this example, the dependent variable is

forgiveness

Interval scales of measurement

have equidistant scales

A graphical display for grouped frequency distributions with continuous data is called a

histogram

A researcher measures the time (in seconds) that it takes children to complete a basic reading skills task. What type of graphical display would be most appropriate for summarizing the frequency of children falling into different intervals of time?

histogram

___ is the variable in an experiment that is manipulated between conditions being observed

independent variable

The range of scores in each interval of a grouped frequency distribution is called the

interval width

Grouped data are distributed into ___, whereas ungrouped data are distributed into ___

intervals; categories

The distribution of personal income for U.S. citizens is positively skewed. If the median annual income is $44,000, this implies that the mean annual income is

larger

A researcher records the time (in seconds) that participants arrive late for a scheduled research study. Assuming these data are normally distributed, which measure of central tendency is most appropriate to describe these data?

mean

The ___ is the sum of all scores (in a sample or population) divided by the number of scores summed

mean

A researcher asks adult participants to rank their top five favorite songs from their childhood. Based on the scale of measurement described, which measure of central tendency is most appropriate to describe these data?

median

The ___ is the middle value in a distribution of scores that are listed in numeric order

median

The sum of the squared differences of scores from their mean is

minimal

A researcher records the hospital admission rates for coronary heart disease at 10 local hospitals. She finds that 2 different hospitals had the highest overall rates of hospital admissions. Which measure of central tendency did this researcher use to describe these data?

mode

The ___ is the value that occurs most often or at the highest frequency in a distribution

mode

A researcher records the following data for the number of times an interviewer is interrupted during a series of interviews: 0, 0, 3, 2, 5, 3, 0, 8, 0, 2, 1, and 1. Is the mode equal to the median in this example?

no, the median is larger than the mode

A researcher records the following data for the number of complaints filed (per day) following a controversial policy change at a local business: 3, 8, 5, 0, 4, 6, 2, 1, 1, 4, 2, and 0. Is the mean equal to the median in this example?

no; the mean is larger than the median

State the four scales of measurement in order from least to most informative

nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

Which graphical display lists percentages and not original scores?

ogive

A cumulative percentage summary that indicates the percentage of scores at or below a given value is called a

percentile rank

The ___ is the percentage of scores with values that fall below a specified score in a distribution, is called the:

percentile rank

A characteristic (usually numeric) that describes a population is called a

population parameter

A psychologist reviews her notes for all her patients and determines that on average her patients complete therapy in 24 days. The average time to complete therapy among all her patients is called a

population parameter

Recording whom students study with describes ___ types of data; whereas recording the number of hours spent studying per week describes ___ types of data

qualitative; quantitative

Grouped data are to ungrouped data as

quantitative is to qualitative

3 key elements of control that allow researchers to draw cause-and-effect conclusions are

randomization, manipulation, and comparison/control

The median would be used to describe which of the following variables?

rankings

To construct a pie chart, first distribute the data as

relative percentages

A researcher asks participants to estimate the height (in inches) of a statue that was in a waiting area. The researcher records the following estimates: 40, 46, 30, 50, and 34. If the researcher removes the estimate of 40 (say, due to an experimenter error), then the value of the mean will

remain the same

If a portion of people from a population are asked to complete an assessment, then the average score among that group of people would be considered a

sample mean

Which type of mean is used to describe a portion of individuals in a given population?

sample mean

A characteristic (usually numeric) that describes a sample is called a

sample statistic

A researcher records the time it takes to complete a memory task in a sample of 25 participants. He finds that the average participant completed the test in 43 seconds. The average time to complete this task is called a

sample statistic

Researchers measure data in a ___ to learn more about individuals in the larger ___ of interest

sample; population

Which of the following describes a descriptive statistic?

summarize

Which of the following can be used to estimate the median?

the 50th percentile of a cumulative percentage distribution

A researcher records 17 scores. What is the median position of these scores?

the 9th score in numeric order

Bar charts are a lot like histograms, except

the bars displayed in the graph do not touch

The fact that the sum of the differences of scores from their mean is zero best illustrates that

the mean is the "balance point" of a distribution

Which of the following measures of attraction is an example of a ratio scale measurement?

the physical proximity (in feet and inches) between two romantic partners

The mathematical term ∑x is the numerator for

the population and sample mean

A researcher identifies college students as a group of interest to test her hypothesis. She then identifies a few local college students and selects a small group of the local college students to be observed. In this example, the sample is:

the small group of college students who here observed

A percentile point is

the value of a score on a measurement scale below which a specified percentage of scores in a distribution fall

A relative frequency distribution is appropriate when

there are large frequency counts in each interval

Each of the following is an example of quantitative data, except

weight in ounces, income in dollars, POLITICAL AFFILIATION, age in years

The ___ is an arithmetic mean of a weighted or disproportionate set of scores

weighted mean

When would a researcher calculate a population mean?

when data are measured for all members of a population

A researcher records the following data for how participants rated the likability (on a scale from 1 = not liked at all to 7 = very likable) of an individual who blushed after making a mistake: 5, 4, 7, 6, 6, 4, 6, 7, 2, 5, and 6. Is the mode equal to the median in this example?

yes

A researcher records the following data for the number of different food items chosen by seven participants in a buffet-style setting: 1, 6, 2, 5, 4, 3, and 7. Is the mean equal to the median in this example?

yes

A researcher records the following data for the number of dreams recalled during a night of sleep for 10 college students: 3, 2, 4, 4, 3, 1, 1, 0, 2, and 0. Is the mean equal to the median in this example?

yes

Given the same set of data for a population and sample, would the mean for both data sets be equal?

yes, this would be true anytime both data sets are the same

Which of the following is not a symbol used with samples

μ

The population mean is symbolized as ___, whereas the sample mean is symbolized as ___

μ; M


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