Stats Final

For the total population of a large southern city, mean family income is $34,000, with a standard deviation (for the population) of $5,000. Imagine that you are taking subsample of 200 city residents. What is the Z score for $33,000?

-2.83

Assuming that a sample (N=504) has a standard deviation of 3.26, what is the estimated standard error?

.15

For the total population of a large southern city, mean family income is $34,000, with a standard deviation (for the population) of $5,000. Imagine that you are taking subsample of 200 city residents. What is the Z score for $34,000?

0

A sample of 150 U.S. adults is composed of 100 women and 50 men. Estimate the standard error of the proportions for the male population.

0.0385

Calculate the value of the median for the following distribution. State Proportion of Residents Without Health Insurance Louisiana .19 New Jersey .13 New York .16 Pennsylvania .11 Rhode Island .09 South Carolina .13 Texas .25 Washington .14 Wisconsin .10

0.13

For the total population of a large southern city, mean family income is $34,000, with a standard deviation (for the population) of $5,000. Imagine that you are taking subsample of 200 city residents. What is the probability (or proportion) that your sample mean is between $33,000 and $34,000?

0.4977

Using the information in number 2 what is the predicted number of children for a person with a college degree (16) years of education?

1

Number of Children. Frequency 1. 5 2. 12 3. 8 4. 3 5. 0 6. 0 7. 1

2.5

Based on the expected frequencies you found in number 3 calculate chi-square and round to the second decimal place.

22.86

For the total population of a large southern city, mean family income is $34,000, with a standard deviation (for the population) of $5,000. Imagine that your are taking a subsample of 200 city residents. What is the Z score for $37,000 ?

8.49

Using data from the 2006 MTF survey, you find the following distribution for the average number of friends that drink alcohol after looking at the 2006 MTF survey: None 120 a Few 181 Some 264 Most 517 All 257 Calculate the median category for the average number of friends who drink alcohol.

Most

A rate based on the total population is referred to as a(n) ______ rate.

crude

Parameters are associated with __________; whereas, statistics are associated with __________.

populations; samples

The difference between the highest and the lowest values in a distribution of scores is known as the:

range

According to the T score and significance level you got in number one we would reject or fail to reject the null hypotheses at an alpha of .05?

reject the null hypothese

Remember the answer is a category not a number. Using data from the 2006 MTF survey, you find the following distribution for the average number of friends that drink alcohol after looking at the 2006 MTF survey: None 120 a Few 181 Some 264 Most 517 All 257 Now calculate which category contains the 20th and 80th percentiles. 20th percentile =(1)____ 80th percentile =(2)____

1. A few 2. Most

Calculate the degrees of freedom for a one-sample t test with 2,822 U.S. adults between the ages of 15 and 64 in the sample.

2,821

Suppose you are interested in testing whether the mean income of women in the General Social Survey is representative of the earning of the entire U.S. male population. If there are 467 women in the General Social Survey sample and approximately 128 million women in the population, calculate the degrees of freedom for this single-sample t test.

466

Below is the sex ratio of 15 countries (the number of men per 100 women). Number of men per 100 women by Country: 2019 Country Sex Ratio Australia 99 Germany 98 Canada 98 France 94 Ireland 98 Italy 95 Japan 95 Netherlands 99 New Zealand 97 Mexico 96 Portugal 90 Spain 97 Sweden 100 United Kingdom 98 United States 98 What is the mode?

98

Given the following frequency distribution, calculate the median. Grades. f D 7 C 18 B+ 35 B 22 A 13 A+ 5

B+

GSS stands for

General Social Survey

The null hypothesis is symbolized as ______.

Ho

Please Identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, or interval-ratio) for the following variable: The number of people in your family

Interval-ratio

For the total population of a large southern city, mean family income is $34,000, with a standard deviation (for the population) of $5,000. Imagine that your are taking a subsample of 200 city residents. What is the probability that the sample mean exceeds $37,000?

Less than .0001

The sum of all frequencies in a frequency distribution should sum to ______.

N

Rejecting the null hypothesis when in fact it is true is a type __________ error.

One

Which of the following statements describes sampling error?

The discrepancy between a sample estimate of a population parameter and the real population parameter.

A(n) __________ is the number of standard deviations a score is above or below the mean.

Z score

A left-tailed test is one where the sample outcome is hypothesized to be ______.

at the left tail of the sampling distribution

In a __________the bars which represent the categories of a variable are spaced so that one bar is not directly next to another; whereas, in a __________ the bars actually touch one another.

bar graph; histogram

A technique for the simultaneous organization of two variables into a table is known as:

cross-tabulation

An intervening variable is a control variable that ______ and ______ in a causal sequence.

follows the independent variable; precedes the dependent variable

A graph showing the differences in the frequencies or percentages among the categories of an interval-ratio variable, and in which the points are used to represent the frequencies of each category and placed above the midpoint of the category and then joined by a straight line, is referred to as a ______.

line graph

The radius of a confidence interval is called the ______.

margin of error

Which of the following factors is a dichotomous variable?

marital status

A relationship between two variables in which the variables vary in the opposite direction (i.e., one increases while the other decreases, or vice versa) is referred to as a:

negative

Distributions that have many extreme low values are described as ______.

negatively skewed

The mayor of your city has been talking about the need for a tax hike. They city's news paper uses letters sent to the editor to judge public opinion about this possible hike, reporting on their results in an article. Do you think that these letters represent a random Sample?

no

Identify the level of measurement for race.

nominal

On the first day of class, a statistics professor asks her students to report their eye color. These data are distributed as follows: green=25 students, brown=55 students, blue=30 Students, other=6 students. What type of variable is eye color (nominal, ordinal, or interval-ratio)?

nominal

Please identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, or interval-ratio) for the following variable: The type of transportation a person takes to work (for example, bus, walk, or car)

nominal

A clever undergraduate, Grace N. Poise, hypothesizes that people under 30 are more humorous than people over 30. She tests this hypothesis by randomly selecting 4 people over 30 from the telephone book and 4 people under 30 from university registration lists. She gives each research participant the Humorous Speech Scale, which measures humor on a Likert-type scale from 1 to 10. The scores are listed below. People Under 30 People Over 30 6 5 7 6 10 2 9 3 Is this a one-tailed or a two-tailed test?

one-tailed test

Please identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, or interval-ratio) for the following variable: The rating of the overall quality of a textbook, on a scale from Excellent to Poor

ordinal

A graph showing the differences in frequencies or percentages among the categories of a nominal or an ordinal variable, and for which the "pieces" sum to 100% of the total frequencies, is referred to as a ______.

pie chart

The questions below refer to the following situation: A researcher is interested to know if there is a difference in levels of religiosity between different income groups. The researcher administers a religiosity scale to a total of 15 people: 5 "low income" individuals, 5 "middle income" individuals, and 5 "high income" individuals. The means for each group are as follows: Please round to one decimal place The correct decision is to:

reject the null hypothesis.

Use the contingency table below for the variables SEX and OTHSHELP (the extent to which respondents to the 2002 GSS believe that we should help others less fortunate than ourselves) to answer the next question(s). People should help less fortunate Male Female Total Strongly Agree 35.9%(123) 45.8%(175) 41.1%(298) Agree 50.7%(174) 43.2%(165) 46.8%(339) Neither Agree nor Disagree 10.5%(36) 9.7%(37) 10.1%(73) Disagree 1.7%(6) .8%(3) 1.2%(9) Strongly Disagree 1.2%(4) .5%(2) .8%(6) Total 47.3%(343) 52.7%(382) 100%(725) In the contingency table above for the variables SEX and OTHSHELP, the percentage of all respondents who agree that people should help less fortunate others (46.8%) is called a

row marginal percentage

For which pair of variables is it impossible to determine the direction of the relationship?

sex and religious preference

In statistical formulas, what does N stand for?

the number of scores in a distribution

A type _________ error occurs when you fail to reject the null hypothesis when in fact it is false.

type two error

For the following question(s): A school counselor tests the level of depression in fourth graders in a particular class of 20 students. The counselor wants to know whether the kind of students in this class differs from that of fourth graders in general at her school. On the test, a score of 10 indicates severe depression, while a score of 0 indicates no depression. From reports, she is able to find out about past testing. Fourth graders at her school usually score 5 on the scale, but the variation is not known. Her sample of 20 fifth graders has a mean depression score of 4.4.Suppose the counselor tested the null hypothesis that fourth graders in this class were less depressed than those at the school generally. She figures her t score to be 2.8 and an alpha level of .05. What decision should she make regarding the null hypothesis?

reject it

A ______ is a relationship in which both the independent and dependent variables are influenced by a causally prior control variable such that the original relationship is "explained away" by the control variable.

spuriousness

A relationship in which both the independent and dependent variables are influenced by a causally prior control variable such the original relationship is "explained away" by the control variable is referred to as:

spuriousness

A political polling firm randomly selects a sample of 50 potential voters form a list of registered voters in each county in a state to interview for an upcoming election. What type of sample is this?

stratified random sample

When examining the percentage differences in a bivariate table, the larger the percentage difference, the ______ the relationship between two variables.

stronger

An organized and elaborate conceptual scheme that serves to explain how social attributes and events are patterned or related is called a ______.

theory

Use the contingency table below for the recoded AGE variable and the TRUST variable in the GSS 2002. Can people be trusted 18-25 26-40 41-60 61-89 Total Cannot Trust 68.8% 63.8% 56.5% 47.9% 57.9% Depends 8.3% 11.8% 4.7% 9.4% 8.3% Can Trust 22.9% 24.3% 38.7% 42.7% 33.9% Total 9.4% 29.9% 37.6% 23.0% 100% In the contingency table above for the recoded AGE and TRUST variables, the direction of the association is

there is no direction of the association because one of the variables in the table is nominal

A(n) ______ is a property of people or objects that can take two or more values.

variable

Based on your answers in numbers 3-5 are the results statistically significant? Correct!

yes

Question A clever undergraduate, Grace N. Poise, hypothesizes that people under 30 are more humorous than people over 30. She tests this hypothesis by randomly selecting 4 people over 30 from the telephone book and 4 people under 30 from university registration lists. She gives each research participant the Humorous Speech Scale, which measures humor on a Likert-type scale from 1 to 10. The scores are listed below. People Under 30 People Over 30 6 5 7 6 10 2 9 3 which is the research hypothesis.

µ1>µ2

Fill in the empty cells in the following table: Please round percentages to whole numbers and proportions to the hundredth place (to two decimal places). Language Proficiency f cf P % 1 Language (F). 129 (CF 1.)___ (P 2.)___ (%). 50% 2 Langues ( F 3).__ (CF) 214. (P 4).__ (% 5)__% 3+ Languages (F 6)__. (CF) 258. (P 7)__. (% 8)__%

(1) 129 (2) 0.50 (3) 85 (4) 0.33 (5) 33% (6) 44 (7) 0.17 (8) 17%

For the following question(s): Professor Juarez thinks the students in her statistics class this term are more creative than most students at this university. A previous study found that students at this university had a mean score of 35 on a standard creativity test. Professor Juarez finds that her class scores an average of 40 on this scale, with an estimated standard error of the sampling distribution is 1.63.What is the t score?

(40-35)/1.63=3.07

SPSS Problem: Please install SPSS on your computer and then Open up the GSS 2018 file. Use the SPSS frequencies command to produce a frequency table for the variable Marital. Please answer the questions below, please do not round your answer and always use the valid percent. a. What percentage of the sample stated that they were married? (a)_____% b. What percentage is divorced? (b)_____% c. What percentage of the sample has ever been married? (c)____% d. What percentage of the sample is currently not married? (Include all relevant categories in your total percentage). (d)______%

(a) 42.7% (b) 17.1% (c) 71.5% (d)54%

What is the value of the slope, or b for the information in question 2?

-0.323

There is often thought to be a relationship between a person's educational attainment and the number of children he or she has. The hypothesis is that as one's educational level increases, he or she has fewer children. Investigate this conjecture with 25 cases drawn from the 2006 GSS file. The following table displays educational attainment in years, and the number of children for each respondent. Calculate the Pearson Correlation coefficient (r) for these two variables. Years of Education # of Children 16 0 12 1 12 3 6 6 14 2 14 2 16 2 12 2 17 2 12 3 14 4 13 0 12 1 12 2 12 3 11 1 12 2 11 2 12 0 12 2 12 3 12 4 12 1 14 0 12 3

-0.45

SPSS Problem The majority of variables that social scientists study are not normally distributed. This doesn't typically cause problems in analysis when the goal of a study is to calculate means and standard deviations as long as sample sizes are greater than about 50. However, when characterizing the distribution of scores in one sample, or in a complete population (if this information is available), a non-normal distribution can cause complications. We can illustrate this point by examining the distribution of age in the GSS 2018 data file. Calculate the mean and standard deviation for AGE in this sample, (click on Analyze, Descriptive statistics, frequency's put AGE in the empty box and then click on Statistics and then put a check in the mean and standard deviation boxes). Assuming the distribution of age is normal; calculate the number of people who should be 25 years of age or less using the Z score formula. The Z score for 25 years old is?

-1.31

SPSS problem: Use GSS 2018 file do determine if marital happiness varies be respondent's sex. Create a bivariate table for SEX and HAPMAR and ask for appropriate percentages and chi-square value by clicking on statistics and clicking the box chi-square. What is the value of Chi-square?

.933

A criminologist developed a test to measure recidivism, where low scores indicated a lower probability of repeating the undesirable behavior. The test is normed so that it has a mean of 140 and a standard deviation of 40.What proportion of respondents should score above 190?

0.1056

Calculate Gamma. Lower Class Working Class Middle Class Upper Class High School 76 382 268 19 Junior College 8 65 42 2 Bachelor 9 85 182 15

0.38

s there a relationship between the race of violent offenders and their victims? Data from the U.S. Department of Justice (2003) are presented in Table 12.6. Table 12.6 Data for the Race of Violent Offenders and the Race of Victims Characteristics of Victim Characteristics of Offender Victim. White Black Other White 3,000 483 58 Black 227 2,852 11 Other 51 28 109 Combine the answers in (1) and (2) to calculate the proportional reduction in error or lambda for this table based on the independent variable.

0.7383

Americans often think of themselves as quite diverse in their political opinions, within the continuum of liberal to conservative. Let's use data from the 2006 GSS to investigate the diversity of political views. The percentage distribution shown displays respondents' self-rating of their political position. Political Views Percentage Extremely liberal 3 Liberal 12 Slightly liberal 11 Moderate 38 Slightly conservative 17 Conservative 15 Extremely conservative 4 Total 100.0 What is the IQV for this variable?

0.9

Obesity in children is a major concern because it puts them at risk for several serious medical problems. Some researchers believe that a major issue related to this is that children these days spend too much time watching television and not enough time being active. Based on a sample of boys roughly the same age and height, data was collected regarding hours of television watched per day and weight. TV watching (hr) Weight (lb) 1.5 79 5.0 105 3.5 96 2.5 83 4.0 99 1.0 78 0.5 68 Compute Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r)

0.98

SPSS Problem Use the GSS 2018 file to study the relationship between the number of siblings a respondent has (SIBS) and his or her number of children (CHILDS).Describe the relationship between the number of siblings a respondent has (SIBS) and the number of his or her children (CHILDS). Have SPSS calculate the regression equation predicting CHILDS with SIBS. This procedure is located by clicking on Analyze, regression, and then Linear. The Linear regression dialog box provides boxes in which to enter the dependent variable CHILDS and the independent variable SIBS. After you place the variables in their appropriate places, click on OK to generate the output. Terminology: y = dependent variable (a regression model has exactly one dep. variable) x= independent variable (a regression model has 1 or more ind. variables) a = constant = "y-intercept" b = (unstandardized) coefficient = slope What is the y intercept (1)___? the slope? (2)__ What are the coefficient of determination (3)___ and the correlation coefficient? (4)__ What is the predicted number of children for someone with three siblings? (Hint use Regression Equation y = a + bx). (5)__ What is the predicted number of children for someone without any siblings? (6)__

1. 1.3 2. .16 3. .07 4. .3 5. 2 6. 1

Data from a 2006 GSS subsample show that the mean number of children per respondent was 1.87, with a standard deviation of 1.64. A total of 1,494 people answered this question. Estimate the population mean number of children per adult using a 90% confidence interval. We our 90% confident that the population mean number of children per adult is between (1)___ to (2)___ Please round to the nearest tenth For example, rounding 0.843 to the nearest tenth would give 0.8.

1. 1.8 2. 1.9

SPSS Problem According to your answer in number one, what is the percentage of people in the sample that are 25 years or less by taking your Z sore and finding the corresponding percentage in appendix B of your textbook. The percentage of people age 25 years or less is (1)___%. Please round to a whole number. Use the frequencies procedure to construct a tale of the percentage of cases at each value of AGE. What percentage of people in the sample are 25 years old or less? (2)___%. Please round to a whole number.

1. 10 2. 10.4

Fill in the empty cells in the following table: Please round percentages to whole numbers and proportions to the hundredth place (to two decimal places). Number of Marriages f. cf p % 0 1. 165. 165. 2. 0.66 3. 66% 1. 60. 4. 225 5. 0.24. 6. 24% 2+. 7. 25. 250 8. 0.10. 10%

1. 165 2. 0.66 3. 66% 4. 225 5. 0.24 6. 24% 7. 25 8. 0.10

A researcher is interested in studying the relationship between the socioeconomic status of a community and the crime rate in that community. Here is the data he is working with: Please find and put the expected frequencies for the table below in the spaces provided. Please round to a whole number. Community SES Crime Rich Moderate Poor Total High 10 15 28 (1)__ (2)__ (3)__ 53 Moderate 18. 26. 17 (4)__ (5)__ (6)__ 61 Low 24 10 8 (7)__ (8)__ (9)__ 42 Total. 52 51. 53. 156

1. 18 2. 17 3. 18 4. 20 5. 20 6. 21 7. 14 8. 14 9. 14

Fill in the empty cells in the following table: Please round percentages to whole numbers and proportions to the hundredth place (to two decimal places). Social Capital f cf p % Low. 1.__ 188 2.__ 3.__% Medium. 4.__ 234 5.__ 6.__% Hi. 7.__ 298 8.__ 9.__%

1. 188 2. 0.63 3. 63% 4. 46 5. 0.15 6. 15% 7. 64 8. 0.21 9. 21%

We discovered that 650 GSS respondents in 2006 watched television for an average of 2.98 hrs/day, with a standard deviation of 2.4 hours. Answer the following questions, assuming the distribution of the number of television hours is normal. What is the Z score for a person who watches more than 8 hrs/day. (1)___ What proportion of people watch 5 hrs/day or more television? (2)___ How many does this correspond to in the sample? (3)___ What number of television hours per day corresponds to a Z +1. (4)___ What is the percentage of people who watch between 1 and 6 hours of television per day? Please round to a whole number. (5)___

1. 2.09 2. 0.2005 3.130 4. 5.38 5. 69%

Use GSS 2018 file for this SPSS Problem. Calculate the 90% confidence interval for the following variables, comparing lower, working, middle, and upper classes (CLASS) in the GSS sample. Use the Explore procedure using class as your factor variable (Analyze, Descriptive Statistic, Explore) and put CHILDS in the dependent list box. Click on Statistics button and change the confidence interval for mean to 90%. Click on continue and then okay. CHILDS (number of children in the household). I can be 90% confident that the lower bound of the interval for the mean number of children in the household for lower class is (1)___ and the upper bound for lower class is (2)___ For upper class the lower bound is (3)___and the upper bound is (4)___

1. 2.17 2. 2.73 3. 1.73 4. 2.48

According to a 2008 survey by the Pew Research Center, two out of three Americans aged between 18 and 29 years use social networking web sites such as MySpace and Facebook. Interestingly, 27% of the two hundred and twenty-five 18-29 years olds surveyed say that they have received information about the 2008 presidential political candidates from social networking Web sites. The 95% confidence interval for the percentage of Americans aged between 18 and 29 years that use social networking Web sites to obtain information about political candidates is between the lower limit of the interval of (1)___% and the upper limit of the interval of (2)___%. Please round to the nearest whole

1. 21 2. 33

A political scientist surveyed 20 active members of a small political action group about how many hours they spent on the group's activities each week. The results were as follows: 24, 41, 1, 41, 14, 2, 40, 58, 2, 1, 41, 2, 41, 30, 0, 41, 3, 3, 41, 49. Make a grouped frequency and percentage table by filling in the number on the table using intervals from 0-9, 10-19, etc. # of Hours Spent on group activities. F. % 0-9. 8 __% 10-19. 1 __% 20-29. __ __% 30-39. __ __% 40-49. __ __% 50-59. __ __% Total. 20 100%

1. 40% 2. 5% 3. 1 4. 5% 5. 1 6. 5% 7. 8 8. 40% 9. 1 10. 5%

In 2016, the Pew Research Center conducted a survey of 1,004 Canadians and 1,003 Americans to assess their option on climate change. The data show that 51% of Canadians and 45% of Americans believe climate change is a very serous problem. Estimate the percentage of all Canadians who believe climate change is a very serious problem at the 95% confidence interval. Upper-bound (1)____% Lower-bound (2)___% Please round to a whole number.

1. 54% 2. 48%

A subsample of the 2006 MTF survey suggests that adolescents are generally concerned with social issues. In fact, 70% of the 1,482 respondents who answered the question reported that they either sometimes or often think about social issues. Estimate 95% and 99% confidence intervals the percentage of all adolescents who sometimes or often think about social issues. Please round to a whole number. 95% confidence interval for those who sometime or often think about social issues is between the lower limit of the interval of (1)___% and upper limit of the interval of (2)___%. 99% confidence interval for those who sometime or often think about social issues is between the lower limit of the interval of (3)___% and upper limit of the interval of (4)___%.

1. 68 2. 72 3. 67 4.73

SPSS Problem: Based on the information from the last question. What is the median for men? (1)__ What is the median for women? (2)__

1. Not wrong at all 2. Not wrong at all

SPSS Problem Use GSS 2018 Analyze the relationship between self-reported health condition and general happiness. Use SPSS to construct a table showing the relationship between health condition (HEALTH) and reported general happiness (HAPPY) (Hint: Use HEALTH as the dependent variable). Click on Analyze, Descriptive Statistics, and Crosstabs. Remember you need to put your independent variable in the columns and your dependent variable in the rows. Next click on cells and then under percentages click on the column box so we can see percentages across the independent variable then click on continue and then okay. Is there a relationship between happiness and health yes or no? (1)____ Who is the healthiest very happy, pretty happy, or not too happy? (2)___ Next, use SPSS to construct tables showing the same relationship controlling for sex. Open your crosstabs again, click on Analyze, Descriptive Statistics, and Crosstabs and add sex to the layer 1 or 1 box and click okay. Which is the largest category for condition of health for women who are very happy? (3)___ Which is the largest category for condition of health for men who are very happy? (4)___

1. yes 2. very happy 3. good 4. excellent

A criminologist developed a test to measure recidivism, where low scores indicated a lower probability of repeating the undesirable behavior. The test is normed so that it has a mean of 140 and a standard deviation of 40. What is the Z score for a test score of 200?

1.5

The questions below refer to the following situation: A researcher is interested to know if there is a difference in levels of religiosity between different income groups. The researcher administers a religiosity scale to a total of 15 people: 5 "low income" individuals, 5 "middle income" individuals, and 5 "high income" individuals. The means for each group are as follows: Group A Low income N=5 Group B Middle Income N=5 Group C High Income N=5 ∑X 37 22 43 Mean 7.4 4.4 8.6 ∑X2 285 102 381 Calculate the F-ratio. Please round to one decimal place.

10

Below is the sex ratio of 15 countries (the number of men per 100 women). Number of men per 100 women by Country: 2019 Country Sex Ratio Australia 99 Germany 98 Canada 98 France 94 Ireland 98 Italy 95 Japan 95 Netherlands 99 New Zealand 97 Mexico 96 Portugal 90 Spain 97 Sweden 100 United Kingdom 98 United States 98 What is the median?

100

A group of friends really love to go bowling together. Here are a set of final scores from a recent bowling trip: 147, 160, 80, 110, 121, 164, 62, 90, 76, 83, 110 What is the mean?

109.36

In a study of crime, the FBI found that 13.2% of all Americans had been victims of crime during a 1-year period. This result was based on a sample of 1,105. Estimate the lower limit of the confidence interval of the percentage of victims at the 99% confidence level. Please round to the nearest whole number.

11

SAT scores are normed so that, in any year, the mean of the verbal or math test score should be 500 and the standard deviation 100. Assuming this is true, answer the following question. What percentage of students score above 625 on the math SAT in any given year? Please round to a whole number and do not put the % sign again. ___%

11

A group of friends really love to go bowling together. Here are a set of final scores from a recent bowling trip: 147, 160, 80, 110, 121, 164, 62, 90, 76, 83, 110 What is the median?

110

A group of friends really love to go bowling together. Here are a set of final scores from a recent bowling trip: 147, 160, 80, 110, 121, 164, 62, 90, 76, 83, 110 What is the mode?

110

A Z score is -3 and the sample's Mean is =30 and the Standard Deviation is =6. The raw score is __________.

12

In a study of crime, the FBI found that 13.2% of all Americans had been victims of crime during a 1-year period. This result was based on a sample of 1,105. Estimate the percentage of U.S. adults who were victims at the 90% confidence level. What is the lower bound of the confidence interval? Please round to the nearest whole number.

12

Question The questions below refer to the following situation: A researcher is interested to know if there is a difference in levels of religiosity between different income groups. The researcher administers a religiosity scale to a total of 15 people: 5 "low income" individuals, 5 "middle income" individuals, and 5 "high income" individuals. The means for each group are as follows: Group A Low income N=5 Group B Middle Income N=5 Group C High Income N=5 ∑X 37 22 43 Mean 7.4 4.4 8.6 ∑X2 285 102 381 Calculate the degrees of freedom within.

12

Calculate the same ordered pairs, (Ns). Lower Class Working Class Middle Class Upper Class High School 76 382 268 19 Junior College 8 65 42 2 Bachelor 9 85 182 15

142,025

a study of crime, the FBI found that 13.2% of all Americans had been victims of crime during a 1-year period. This result was based on a sample of 1,105. Estimate the percentage of U.S. adults who were victims at the 90% confidence level. What is the upper bound of the percentage? Please round to the nearest whole number.

15

A criminologist developed a test to measure recidivism, where low scores indicated a lower probability of repeating the undesirable behavior. The test is normed so that it has a mean of 140 and a standard deviation of 40.Suppose an individual is in the 67th percentile in this exam.What is his or her corresponding recidivism score?

157.6

In a study of crime, the FBI found that 13.2% of all Americans had been victims of crime during a 1-year period. This result was based on a sample of 1,105. Estimate the upper limit of the confidence interval of the percentage of U.S. adults who were victims at the 99% confidence level. Please round to the nearest whole number.

16

SPSS Problem Use the 2018 GSS file to investigate whether or not Americans have at least one child per person. Use the one-sample T Test procedure to do this test with the variable CHILDS. Do the test at the .01 significance level. What is your T Score? The T test is found under Analyze, Compare means, one-sample T test. Place CHILDS in the test variable box and put 1 in the test value box, then click on okay. T= ____

19.731

Question The questions below refer to the following situation: A researcher is interested to know if there is a difference in levels of religiosity between different income groups. The researcher administers a religiosity scale to a total of 15 people: 5 "low income" individuals, 5 "middle income" individuals, and 5 "high income" individuals. The means for each group are as follows: Group A Low income N=5 Group B Middle Income N=5 Group C High Income N=5 ∑X 37 22 43 Mean 7.4 4.4 8.6 ∑X2 285 102 381

2

The administration at a university is interested in understanding student satisfaction at the school. The school randomly surveys 20 students and asked them to rate how satisfied they were on a scale of 1-10, where 10 is extremely satisfied and 1 is extremely dissatisfied. Here is the data they collected: 9, 7, 4, 2, 8, 7, 6, 7, 8, 3, 4, 7, 8, 7, 5, 6, 7, 3, 7, 9 Calculate the standard deviation Please round to a whole number

2

The questions below refer to the following situation: A researcher is interested to know if there is a difference in levels of religiosity between different income groups. The researcher administers a religiosity scale to a total of 15 people: 5 "low income" individuals, 5 "middle income" individuals, and 5 "high income" individuals. The means for each group are as follows: Group A Low income N=5 Group B Middle Income N=5 Group C High Income N=5 ∑X 37 22 43 Mean 7.4 4.4 8.6 ∑X2 285 102 381 Calculate the mean square within groups (MSwithin) Please round to one decimal place.

2

Americans often think of themselves as quite diverse in their political opinions, within the continuum of liberal to conservative. Let's use data from the 2006 GSS to investigate the diversity of political views. The percentage distribution shown displays respondents' self-rating of their political position. Political Views Percentage Extremely liberal 3 Liberal 12 Slightly liberal 11 Moderate 38 Slightly conservative 17 Conservative 15 Extremely conservative 4 Total Calculate the sum of the squared percentages, or Σ.

2,248

In a single-sample t test, suppose the mean of your sample 1 is 90, the mean of Population 2 is 75, and the standard deviation of the distribution of differences between means is 6. What is the t score?

2.5

Suppose you are interested in testing whether the mean earning of men in California differs significantly from the mean earning of men in New York. If the number of men from California in the sample is 123 and the number of men from New York in the sample is 88, how many degrees of freedom are there?

209

Calculate the percentage for people with graduate degrees that have been divorced in the table below. Ever Been Divorced. Highest Degree <High School. HS. Junior College. Bachelor's Graduate Yes 107 362 55 89 52 No 285 867 149 374 195

21

Religious Affiliation -Protestant Catholic Position on Abortion. Attendance of Religious Servi. Attend. of Religious Servi. More Than Once per Year (%) Less Than Once per Year (%) More Than Once per Year (%) Less Than Once per Year (%) Support 30.5 43.7. 30.1. 59.7 Oppose. 69.5. 56.3. 69.9. 40.3 Total. 100.0(308) 100.0(142). 100.0(143). 100.0 (72)

214

he questions below refer to the following situation: A researcher is interested to know if there is a difference in levels of religiosity between different income groups. The researcher administers a religiosity scale to a total of 15 people: 5 "low income" individuals, 5 "middle income" individuals, and 5 "high income" individuals. The means for each group are as follows: Group A Low income N=5 Group B Middle Income N=5 Group C High Income N=5 ∑X 37 22 43 Mean 7.4 4.4 8.6 ∑X2 285 102 381 Calculate the mean square between groups (MSbetween). Please round to one decimal place.

23

You are asked to do a study of shelters for abused and battered women to determine the necessary capacity in your city to provide housing for most of these women. After recording data for a whole year, you find that the mean number of women in shelters each night is 250, with a standard deviation of 75. Fortunately, the distribution of the number of women in the shelters each night is normal, so you can answer the following question posed by the city council.If there are not enough beds 95% of the time, what number of shelter openings (how many more beds) will be needed? Please round to a whole number.

24

The questions below refer to the following situation: A researcher is interested to know if there is a difference in levels of religiosity between different income groups. The researcher administers a religiosity scale to a total of 15 people: 5 "low income" individuals, 5 "middle income" individuals, and 5 "high income" individuals. The means for each group are as follows: Group A Low income N=5 Group B Middle Income N=5 Group C High Income N=5 ∑X 37 22 43 Mean 7.4 4.4 8.6 ∑X2 285 102 381 Calculate the within-group sum of squares or SSW. Please round to one decimal place.

28

The variance of a group of scores is 9. What is the standard deviation?

3

A sociologist surveyed 16 single senior citizens living in private apartments. Each participant completed a questionnaire on the number of telephone conversations he or she had had in the last day. Their answers were as follows: 5, 0, 2, 1, 1, 9, 0, 1, 0, 3, 1, 1, 4, 3, 4, 7. Construct a frequency table by completing the table. Number of Telephone Conversations in the last day F 0. 3 1. 5 2. 1 3. 2 4. 2 5. 1 7. 1 9. 1 Total

3 5 1 2 2 1 1 1

Is there a relationship between the race of violent offenders and their victims? Data from the U.S. Department of Justice (2003) are presented in Table 12.6. Table 12.6 Data for the Race of Violent Offenders and the Race of Victims Characteristics of Victim Characteristics of Offender Victim. White Black Other White 3,000 483 58 Black 227 2,852 11 Other 51 28 109

3,278

A clever undergraduate, Grace N. Poise, hypothesizes that people under 30 are more humorous than people over 30. She tests this hypothesis by randomly selecting 4 people over 30 from the telephone book and 4 people under 30 from university registration lists. She gives each research participant the Humorous Speech Scale, which measures humor on a Likert-type scale from 1 to 10. The scores are listed below. People Under 30 People Over 30 6 5 7 6 10 2 9 3 What is the t-value?

3.1

The questions below refer to the following data: Dr. Chung, a renowned nutritionist, has consistently proclaimed the benefits of a balanced breakfast. To substantiate her claim, she asks her participants to go without breakfast for one week. The following week he asks the same participants to make sure they eat a complete breakfast. Following each week, Dr. Chung asks the supervisors of each participant to rate their productivity for that week. Participant Performance with Breakfast Performance Without Breakfast #1 8 6 #2 6 6 #3 8 5 #4 8 5 Using α = .05, do a one-tailed test of the doctor's hypothesis. What is your T=

3.47

Use the contingency table below for the variables SEX and OTHSHELP (attitude toward helping others less fortunate than ourselves) drawn from the responses of GSS 2002 respondents between the ages of 18 and 25 to answer the next question(s). OTHSHELP people should help less fortunate others* SEX respondents' sex crosstabullation Sex Respondents' Sex 1 Male. 2 Female OTHSHELP. 1 strongly agree 14 23 2 agree 19 13 3 neither agree nor 7 6 4 disagree 2 0 5 strongly 1 0 Total. 43. 42 Use the contingency table above for GSS 2002 respondents ages 18 through 25 with the variables SEX and OTHSHELP. Compute the cell column percentage for males who strongly agree that people should help less fortunate others.

33%

You are asked to do a study of shelters for abused and battered women to determine the necessary capacity in your city to provide housing for most of these women. After recording data for a whole year, you find that the mean number of women in shelters each night is 250, with a standard deviation of 75. Fortunately, the distribution of the number of women in the shelters each night is normal, so you can answer the following question posed by the city.How many beds will they have 95% of the time. Please round to a whole number.

374

Use the contingency table below for the variables SEX and OTHSHELP (attitude toward helping others less fortunate than ourselves) drawn from the responses of GSS 2002 respondents between the ages of 18 and 25 to answer the next question(s). OTHSHELP people should help less fortunate others* SEX respondents' sex crosstabullation Sex Respondents' Sex 1 Male. 2 Female OTHSHELP. 1 strongly agree 14 23 2 agree 19 13 3 neither agree nor 7 6 4 disagree 2 0 5 strongly 1 0 Total. 43. 42 Use the contingency table above for GSS 2002 respondents ages 18 through 25 with the variables SEX and OTHSHELP. Compute the row marginal percentage for those who agree that people should help less fortunate others.

38%

Community SES Crime Rich Moderate Poor Total High 10 15 28 53 Moderate 18 26 17 61 Low 24 10 8 42 Total 52 51 53 156 Calculate the degrees of freedom?

4

The administration at a university is interested in understanding student satisfaction at the school. The school randomly surveys 20 students and asked them to rate how satisfied they were on a scale of 1-10, where 10 is extremely satisfied and 1 is extremely dissatisfied. Here is the data they collected: 9, 7, 4, 2, 8, 7, 6, 7, 8, 3, 4, 7, 8, 7, 5, 6, 7, 3, 7, 9 Calculate the variance Please round to a whole number

4

SAT scores are normed so that, in any tear, the mean of the verbal or math test score should be 500 and the standard deviation 100. Assuming this is true, answer the following question. A college decides to liberalize its admission policy. As a first step, the admissions committee decides to exclude only those applicants scoring below the 20th percentile on the verbal SAT. Translate this percentile into a Z score. Then calculate the equivalent SAT verbal test score.

416

The questions below refer to the following situation: A researcher is interested to know if there is a difference in levels of religiosity between different income groups. The researcher administers a religiosity scale to a total of 15 people: 5 "low income" individuals, 5 "middle income" individuals, and 5 "high income" individuals. The means for each group are as follows: Group A Low income N=5 Group B Middle Income N=5 Group C High Income N=5 ∑X 37 22 43 Mean 7.4 4.4 8.6 ∑X2 285 102 381 Calculate the between-group sum of squares or (SSB). Please round to one decimal place.

46.8

An assistant to the mayor, who claims to understand statistics, complains about your confidence interval calculation. She asserts that the dollar losses from burglaries are not normally distributed, which in turn makes the confidence interval calculations meaningless. Assume that she is correct about the distribution of money loss. Why are the calculations of a confidence interval still appropriate? According to the central limit theorem any distribution is considered normal if n is greater than ____. This sample is 500 so the distribution of the sample means will be normal, no matter what the shape of the actual distribution of dollar losses.

50

A criminologist developed a test to measure recidivism, where low scores indicated a lower probability of repeating the undesirable behavior. The test is normed so that it has a mean of 140 and a standard deviation of 40.What percentages of scores fall between 100 and 160? Please round to a whole number and do not put the % sign again. ____%

53

For the following question(s): A sociologist interested in cultural differences compared women of two ethnic groups on a Role Approval Index (high scores mean high degrees of approval of one's social role). The results were as follows:Ethnic Group A: N=25 M=55 S2=6.5Ethnic Group B: N=32 M=51 S2=4.5If you conduct a t test for independent means, how many degrees of freedom are in the t distribution?

55

A clever undergraduate, Grace N. Poise, hypothesizes that people under 30 are more humorous than people over 30. She tests this hypothesis by randomly selecting 4 people over 30 from the telephone book and 4 people under 30 from university registration lists. She gives each research participant the Humorous Speech Scale, which measures humor on a Likert-type scale from 1 to 10. The scores are listed below. People Under 30 People Over 30 What are the degrees of freedom? 6 5 7 6 10 2 9 3

6

The questions below refer to the following raw scores: 7 5 6 7 9 10 6 3 7 2 1 5 5 8 9 6 4 6 10 8 What is the median?

6.0

The questions below refer to the following raw scores: 7 5 6 7 9 10 6 3 7 2 1 5 5 8 9 6 4 6 10 8 What is the mode?

6.0

Using the information in question 2 what is the value of the y intercept or a?

6.1

The questions below refer to the following raw scores: 7 5 6 7 9 10 6 3 7 2 1 5 5 8 9 6 4 6 10 8 What is the mean?

6.2

The police department in your city was asked by the mayor's office to estimate the cost of crime. The police began their study with burglary records, taking a random sample of 500 files since there were too many crime records to calculate statistics for all of the crimes committed. If the average dollar loss in a burglary, for this sample size 500 is $678, with a standard deviation of $560, construct the 95% confidence interval for the true average dollar loss in burglaries rounded to the nearest dollar amount. We can be 95% confident that the lower limit of our interval of dollar loss in crimes committed is $_______.

629

Calculate the inverse ordered pairs, (Nd). Lower Class Working Class Middle Class Upper Class High School 76 382 268 19 Junior College 8 65 42 2 Bachelor 9 85 182 15

63,764

Obesity in children is a major concern because it puts them at risk for several serious medical problems. Some researchers believe that a major issue related to this is that children these days spend too much time watching television and not enough time being active. Based on a sample of boys roughly the same age and height, data was collected regarding hours of television watched per day and weight. TV watching (hr) Weight (lb) 1.5 79 5.0. 105 3.5. 96 2.5. 83 4.0. 99 1.0. 78 0.5 68 Compute the y intercept (a)

66.46

SAT scores are normed so that, in any year, the mean of the verbal or math test score should be 500 and the standard deviation 100. Assuming this is true, answer the following question. What percentage of students score between 400 and 600 on the verbal SAT? Please round to a whole number.

68%

A researcher observes the level of aggression of six 5-year-old boys over the course of a school day. The number of incidents for the group of boys was 2, 4, 6, 12, 8, 10. What is the mean number of aggressive acts for this group of children?

7

Americans often think of themselves as quite diverse in their political opinions, within the continuum of liberal to conservative. Let's use data from the 2006 GSS to investigate the diversity of political views. The percentage distribution shown displays respondents' self-rating of their political position. Political Views Percentage Extremely liberal 3 Liberal 12 Slightly liberal 11 Moderate 38 Slightly conservative 17 Conservative 15 Extremely conservative 4 Total 100.0 How many categories (K) are we working with?

7

The administration at a university is interested in understanding student satisfaction at the school. The school randomly surveys 20 students and asked them to rate how satisfied they were on a scale of 1-10, where 10 is extremely satisfied and 1 is extremely dissatisfied. Here is the data they collected: 9, 7, 4, 2, 8, 7, 6, 7, 8, 3, 4, 7, 8, 7, 5, 6, 7, 3, 7, 9 Calculate the range

7

Obesity in children is a major concern because it puts them at risk for several serious medical problems. Some researchers believe that a major issue related to this is that children these days spend too much time watching television and not enough time being active. Based on a sample of boys roughly the same age and height, data was collected regarding hours of television watched per day and weight. TV watching (hr) Weight (lb) 1.5 79 5.0. 105 3.5. 96 2.5. 83 4.0. 99 1.0. 78 0.5 68 Compute the slope (b)

7.872

The police department in your city was asked by the mayor's office to estimate the cost of crime. The police began their study with burglary records, taking a random sample of 500 files since there were too many crime records to calculate statistics for all of the crimes committed. If the average dollar loss in a burglary, for this sample size 500 is $678, with a standard deviation of $560, construct the 95% confidence interval for the true average dollar loss in burglaries rounded to the nearest dollar amount. We can be 95% confident that the upper limit of our interval of dollar loss in crimes committed is $________.

727

If a particular sample has 36 participants and the other sample has 40 participants, the total degrees of freedom for the study is __________.

74

A criminologist developed a test to measure recidivism, where low scores indicated a lower probability of repeating the undesirable behavior. The test is normed so that it has a mean of 140 and a standard deviation of 40.What is the percentile rank of a score of 172, please round to a whole number?____th percentile

78.81

Use the contingency table below for the variables SEX and OTHSHELP (attitude toward helping others less fortunate than ourselves) drawn from the responses of GSS 2002 respondents between the ages of 18 and 25 to answer the next question(s). OTHSHELP people should help less fortunate others* SEX respondents' sex crosstabullation Sex Respondents' Sex 1 Male. 2 Female OTHSHELP. 1 strongly agree 14 23 2 agree 19 13 3 neither agree nor 7 6 4 disagree 2 0 5 strongly 1 0 Total. 43. 42 Use the contingency table above for GSS 2002 respondents ages 18 through 25 with the variables SEX and OTHSHELP. Compute N for the contingency table.

85

Is there a relationship between the race of violent offenders and their victims? Data from the U.S. Department of Justice (2003) are presented in Table 12.6. Table 12.6 Data for the Race of Violent Offenders and the Race of Victims Characteristics of Victim Characteristics of Offender Victim. White Black Other White 3,000 483 58 Black 227 2,852 11 Other 51 28 109 If we now take into account the independent variable, how many errors of prediction will we make for those offenders who are white? Black offenders? Other Offenders? (Hint: E2= errors of prediction made when the prediction is based on the independent variable).

858

Obesity in children is a major concern because it puts them at risk for several serious medical problems. Some researchers believe that a major issue related to this is that children these days spend too much time watching television and not enough time being active. Based on a sample of boys roughly the same age and height, data was collected regarding hours of television watched per day and weight. TV watching (hr) Weight (lb) 1.5 79 5.0. 105 3.5. 96 2.5. 83 4.0. 99 1.0. 78 0.5 68 Use the regression (the perdition equation) to predict the weight of a child who watches 3.0 hours of TV a day.

90.06

Below is the sex ratio of 15 countries (the number of men per 100 women). Number of men per 100 women by Country: 2019 Country Sex Ratio Australia 99 Germany 98 Canada 98 France 94 Ireland 98 Italy 95 Japan 95 Netherlands 99 New Zealand 97 Mexico 96 Portugal 90 Spain 97 Sweden 100 United Kingdom 98 United States 98 What is the mean?

97.4

Which of the following graphic devices is most appropriate for displaying interval-ratio level data?

A histogram

Which graphic device is best suited for comparing how an interval-ratio variable is distributed across two or more groups or time periods?

A time-series chart

Consider the following hypothetical data on each respondent's region of U.S. residence and whether or not they have health insurance of some kind. Construct a bivariate table containing the appropriate percentages for each cell in the table. Person Region. Health Insurance 1 South Yes 2 South Yes 3 North No 4 North No 5 North Yes 6 North Yes 7 North Yes 8 South No 9 South No 10 South No 11 North Yes 12 North Yes 13 North No 14 North No 15 South No

Health Insurance Region Yes No Total South 13.33 26.67 40 North. 33.33 26.67 60 Total. 46.66 53.54 100

Consider the following hypothetical data on each respondent's region of U.S. residence and whether or not they have health insurance of some kind. Use these data to construct a bivariate table, with cells containing the appropriate frequencies. Person Region Health Insurance 1 South Yes 2 South Yes 3 North No 4 North No 5 North Yes 6 North Yes 7 North Yes 8 South No 9 South No 10 South No 11 North Yes 12 North Yes 13 North No 14 North No 15 South No

Health Insurance Region Yes No Total South 2 4 6 North. 5 4. 9 Total. 7. 8. 15

Why is the interquartile range a more stable measure of variation than the range?

It is based on intermediate rather than extreme scores.

When decreasing the level of confidence from 99% to 95%, we:

Lose certainty that our answer is accurate but gain precession

Fill in the empty cells in the following table: Please round percentages to whole numbers and proportions to the hundredth place (to two decimal places). Education lvl. F. P. % Completed 187 (1)_____ (2)_____ High School Completed 119. (3)_____ (4)_____ College Completed. 62. (5)_____ (6)_____ Graduate School

P. % (1) 0.508 (2) 51% (3) 0.323. (4) 32% (5) 0.168. (6) 16.8%

SPSS Problems GSS 2016 Use the Frequencies procedure to investigate the variability of the respondent's current age (AGE) and age when the respondent's first child was born (AGKDBRN). Click on Analyze, Descriptive Statistics, Frequencies, and then Statistics. Select the appropriate measures of variability. Which variable has more variability age or age when first child was born?

age

A researcher is interested in testing the impact of a violent film on men's ability to solve disputes peacefully. Group 1 consists of twenty-six men who are shown a violent film before being paired with another person from the same group and given a problem to solve. A second group of twenty-six men are paired up and given problems to solve without seeing the violent movie beforehand. The experimenter measures the differences between the two groups in how the men went about solving the problems they were given by recording the number of times an individual used violent or threatening words, as well as the number of violent incidents, if in fact any violent incidents had occurred. The number of threats or other violent actions are measures of the:

dependent variable

The most common distortions in graphical representations occur when the ______.

distance along one of the axes is altered

Identify the level of measurement for age at first marriage.

interval-ratio

Please identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, or interval-ratio) for the following variable: The U.S. unemployment rate

interval-ratio

Please identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, or interval-ratio) for the following variable: The percentage of university students who attended public high school

interval-ratio

SPSS Problem: Create a frequency distribution, including any appropriate measures of central tendency, for PRMARSX. Which measure of central tendency, mean, mode, or median is most appropriate to summarize the distribution of PRMARSX?

median

Which measure of central tendency is the score that divides the distribution into two equal parts so that half of the cases are above and half are below it?

median

A ______ is the only measure of central tendency that can be used with nominal-level variables.

mode

The category or score with the highest frequency in a distribution is referred to as the ______.

mode

A clever undergraduate, Grace N. Poise, hypothesizes that people under 30 are more humorous than people over 30. She tests this hypothesis by randomly selecting 4 people over 30 from the telephone book and 4 people under 30 from university registration lists. She gives each research participant the Humorous Speech Scale, which measures humor on a Likert-type scale from 1 to 10. The scores are listed below. Based on the T score obtained in number 14 we would reject the null hypothesis at the p=.005.

no

Many tessellations news shows conduct "instant" polls by providing an 800 number and asking an interesting question of the day for viewers to call and answer. Is this type of poll a probability sample?

no

SPSS Problem: Suppose we are interested in whether males and females have the same attitudes about premarital sex? Create a frequency distribution, including any appropriate measures of central tendency for PRMARSX, this time separating results for men and women. (Use data-split File command by clicking on Data, Split File, Organize Output by Groups, insert the variable SEX into the box labeled "Groups Based ON : and click OK. Are there any differences in their measures of central tendency? Yes or No

no

SPSS problem: Based on your chi-square your got in the previous question are the results statistically significant at a .05 alpha?

no

You are asked to do a study of shelters for abused and battered women to determine the necessary capacity in your city to provide housing for most of these women. After recording data for a whole year, you find that the mean number of women in shelters each night is 250, with a standard deviation of 75. Fortunately, the distribution of the number of women in the shelters each night is normal, so you can answer the following question posed by the city council.If the city shelters have a capacity of 350, will that be enough places for abused women on 95% of all nights?

no

Please identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, or interval-ratio) for the following variable: Place of residence, classified as urban, suburban, or rural

nominal

Please identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, or interval-ratio) for the following variable: The presidential candidate you voted for in 2008

nominal

Religion is a ______ and ______ variable.

nominal; qualitative

The more degrees of freedom, the closer a t distribution is to the __________.

normal distribution

In hypothesis testing, a statement that there is no difference between populations (or a difference opposite to that predicted) is called the __________.

null hypothesis

Please identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, or interval-ratio) for the following variable: The highest educational degree earned

ordinal