Stef's Art of the Western World Review- The College Network

Menkaure

Formal expressive features, double portrait of Kafre's son, and a queen.

Blind Windows

Frames without openings.

Third of May, 1808

Francisco Goya y Lucientes, 1814. This work encapsulates the essence of Romanticism: the sensationalizing of a current event, loose brushwork, unbalanced composition, and the theatrical lighting. When asked why he pained this, he replied: "To warn men never to do this again."

Cenotaphs

Funuary momuments

Gold Leaf

Gold that has been hammered into thin sheets by gold beating and is often used for gilding.

Pont Du Gard

In Southern France

Plum Orchard, Kameido

Japanese Woodblock print by Utagawa Hiroshige in 1857.

Historiated Capitals

Lively narrative scenes within the geometric confines of capitals.

The Gospels of Otto III

Made in a German monastery near Reichenau about 1000, shows the Ottonian painting style. Inspired by Byzantine art with sharply outlined drawing and lavish fields of gold.

Megalithic Achitecture

Mega-large, Litho-stone; Massive tombs and ceremonial structures built from huge stones in the Neolithic period.

Cuneiform

Mesopotamian writing (meaning "wedge-shaped" in Latin)

Triforium

Mid-level passageway with an arcaded screen

Slip

Mixture of clay and water used to silhouette the shapes of figures against the unpainted clay of the background.

Ancient MesoAmerica

North of the Valley of Mexico, to present-day Belize, Honduras, and western Nicaragua in Central America.

Yakshi Bracket figure

On the Great Stupa of Sanchi

Connoisseurship

One method of scrutinizing individual art objects.

Action Painting

One part of Abstract Expressionalism which was characterized by active paint handling.

Maesta (Majesty)

Painted by Duccio, assembled from many wood panels bonded together before painting. The painting was dominated by the Virgin and Child in Majesty flanked by 20 angels and 10 saints.

Olympia

Painted by Edouard Manet in 1863, shortly after painting Le Dejeurner sur L' herbe. Based on a painting by Titian, "The Venus of Urbino."

The Horse Fair

Painted by French painter, Rosa Bonheur in 1853, was among the most popular painters of farm life. She read zoology books and made detailed studies of stockyards and slaughter houses. Bonheur became so famous that she rcvd France's highest award in 1865,k membership in the Legion of Honor, and became the first woman to be awarded its Grand Cross.

The Bacchus

Painted by Michelangelo Merisi, also known as Caravaggio. Was his early work, shows the farmer's tan, and dirt under his fingernails.

Still Life with Basket of Apples

Painted by Paul Cezanne in 1890. Many of the objects may seem to be incorrectly drawn at first, but this is Cezanne's willful rejection of the rules of traditional perspective.

The Nightmare

Painted by Swiss painter, John Henry Fuseli in 1781. He developed a reputation as a painter of the irrational and the erotic. This may have been autobiographical.

Moulin De La Galette

Painted by impressionist painter, Pierre-Aguste Renoir in 1876. He focused on figure painting of the upper-middle class at leisure.

Rust and Blue or Brown Blue, Brown on Blue

Painted by modernist painter who resisted the influence of Kooning, Mark Rothko in 1953. He produced images in the manner of European Surrealists. He began painting very large canvases with rectangular shapes arranged in a vertical format in which he allowed his colors to bleed into one another. These paintings are neither simple arrangements of flat geometric shapes nor atmostpheric landscapes. He thought of them as fundamental ideas in rectangular form.

A Goldsmith in his Shop

Painted by second-generation painter, Petrus Christus in Bruges inspired by Jan van Eyck and Rogier van der Weyden. Secular portrait of an actual goldsmith. 1449

Louis XIV

Painted in 1701 by French court painter, Hyacinthe Rigaud (1649-1743).

Couple Wearing Raccoon Coats with a Cadillac Taken on West 127th Street, Harlem, New York

Photograph taken by photographer, James VanDerZee in 1932. He focused on creating positive, non-stereotypical images of African-Americans that proclaimed the racial pride and social empowerment promoted by the New Negro movement.

Scribes

Professionals who wrote and maintained records.

Coffers

Recessed ceiling panels

Greek orders

Regulated decorative system

Capitals

Sculpted blocks at the top of the columns

David

Sculpted by Bernini (who was a sculptor in the beginning of his career), made for the nephew of Pope Paul V in 1623 introduced a new 3-dimensional composition. His David is more mature, and is all tension, action, and determination.

Di sotto in Su

Seen directly from below

Theodora in San Vitale

She may have never set foot in Ravenna, however, she has a large mosaic panel in the sanctuary. She is followed by her sisters and ladies of the court, and she carries a huge, golden, jewel-encrusted chalice for Eucharist wine.

Stucco

Slow-drying type of plaster that can easily be molded or modeled.

Commodus as Hercules

Son of Marcus Aurelius, without political skill, administrative competence, or intellectual distinction. He did sponsor some of the finest artists of the day.

Page of Matthew the Evangelist from Ebbo of Reims

Spontaneous calligraphic painting. Shows spiritual excitement.

Contraposto

Standing figures with opposing alternations of tension and relaxation. One leg relaxed.

Flying Buttresses

Strongly associated with the Gothic style, the purpose was to resist lateral forces pushing the wall out by redirecting the load to the ground.

Kivas

Subteranean circular rooms used as ceremonial centers arranged in a D shape.

Geisha as Daruma Crossing the Sea- Suzuki Harunobu

The first artist to create polychrome prints.

The Athenian Acropolis

The hill that formed the city's ceremonial center, visually expressed the city's values and it's civic pride.

Alain Locke

The intellectual leader of the Harlem Renaisssance, who was a critic and philosophy professor. He encouraged black artists and w3riters to seek their artistic roots in the traditional arts of Africa rather than using mainstream American or European art.

The Katholikon

The major church, of the monastery of Hosios Loukas (near Stiris, Greece) is an exellent example of Middle Byzantine Architecture. A complex, central plan structure. Single, double, and triple windows, curving surfaces covered with a rich program of mosaics, and flat walls are sheathed in intricate marble veneers.

Mastaba

The most common type of tomb structure in Egypt. A flat-topped, one-story structure with slanted walls erected above an underground burial chamber.

The Thirty-Six Immortal Poets

The most popular collection of Kana, known as waka, compiled in the 11th century, and is still appreciated by the Japanese today.

Impasto

Thickly applied pigment.

Clerestory

Top story

Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536) and Martin Luther (1483-1546)

Two of the most important early reformers, Catholic priests and trained theologians. They questioned the church teachings and the pope's supremacy. They emphasized individual faith and saw ultimate religious authority in the Bible. Failing to reform within the church, they broke away from Rome.

Hellenistic Sculptures

Two trends: 1.) Anti-classical: abandoned classical strictures and experimented with new forms and subjects. 2.) Emulated ealier classical models

Barrel vaults

Used in Romanesque architecture

Voussoirs

Wedged-shaped pieces formng an arch

Groin vault

When 2 barrel vaults intersect at right angles

Arapacis Augustae

"Altar of Agustan Peace" Begun in 13 bce, commemorates Augustus' triumphal return to Rome after taking over Gaul.

Citroen Sports Car

"Clothes and Customized Citroen designed by Sonia Delaunay-Terk in 1925. She became an important textileand clothing designer. Bold geometric patterns seem to express new modernity and car was specifically designed to appeal to the "new" woman.

Ukiyo

"Floating world" Edo's city district with commoners that lived life to its fullest with restaurants, theaters, bathhouses, and brothels. Heroes were actors and courtesans who were memorialized in woodblock prints known as Ukiyo-e or "pictures of the floating world."

Trompe l' oeil

"Fool the eye"

Megaron

"Great room" in Cyclopean archtecture

Haram al-Sharif

"Noble Sanctuary", a rocky outcrop that Muslims identify as the place from which Muhammed ascended to the presence of God on the "Night Journey" described in the Quran. The same rock is associated with the creation of Adam, the place where Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son, Isaac, and the site of the temple of Solomon. This made it important to Jews and Christians as well as Muslims.

The Hebrew Bible, the Christian Bible (which includes both the Hebrew bible and the Christian new testament), and the Muslim Quran or Koran revealed from God (Allah) through the angel Gabriel to the Prophet Mohammed.

"Religions of the book" The 3 books that the followers believe contains the will and words of God.

Salon des Refuses

"Salon of the Rejected." Rejection of paintings to be displayed in the salon by the juries reached its peak in 1863 when 3,000 paintings were rejected. A storm of protests by the frustrated painters, caused Napoleon to order an exhibition of the rejected work.

Islam

"Submission to God's will" originated in Arabia in the early 17th century. It spread to Iran, Egypt, Syria, and Palestine by caliph's (successors) of Mohammed. It is the fastest growing religion today.

The Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq

"The Night Watch" painted by Rembrandt in 1640, of a civic guard company. Rembrandt was known for painting dramatic group portraits.

Le Roi Soleil

"The Sun King" Louis XIV came to the throne as a youth in 1661. He had the longest autocratic reign in European history. He was sometimes glorified in art through identification with the sun god, Apollo.

fresco secco

"dry" where paint is applied to a dry plastered wall.

en plein air

"in open air" Claude Monet and Pierre-Aguste Renoir began to paint outdoors, in an e3ffort to record directly the fleeting effects of light and atmosphere. It was greatly facilitated by the invention in 1841 of tin tubes for oil paints.

buon fresco

"true" "fresh" where color is applied with water-based paints on wet plaster. It is more durable as the paint bonds with the plaster during drying, but must be painted quickly without mistakes.

Duccio Di Buoninsegna

(1278-1318) Siena's foremost painter, who synthesized the softened figure style of late Byzantine art and the linear grace and easy relationship between figures and their settings. His work characterizes French Gothic work.

Michelangelo Merisi

(1571-1610), Caravaggio, introduced a powerfully frank realism and dramatic theatrical lighting and gesture in Italian Baroque art. He painted the Bacchus, The Calling of St. Matthew, Matthew Writing his gospel, and The Martyrdom of St. Matthew. He had a violent temper, was frequently arrested for smaller crimes such as throwing a plate of artichokes at a waiter, carrying arms illegally, or street brawling, but he killed a man in 1606 over a disputed tennis match.

Church of San Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane

(St. Charles at the Four Fountains) First independent commission of Francesco Biorromini, the nephew of Carlo Maderno. Designed on an irregular plot of land, on an intersection of 2 avenues with fountains.

Necropolis

"City of the Dead"

Two basic types of Carpets:

1.) Flat-weave - Turkish kilims- typically woven with wool with bold, geometric patterns and sometimes with brocaded details. Kilim weaving is done in a tapestry technique called slit tapestry. 2.) Pile or knotted- Designs of Achaemenid Persian art. Both can be made on either vertical or horizontal looms. Commonly used for Muslim prayer for kneeling and touching the forehead to the floor.

Three broad periods of Mesoamerican civilizations

1.) Formative- Preclassic (1500BCE-250CE) 2.) Classic (250-900CE 3.) Postclassic (900-1521CE)

Two forms of Minoan writing

1.) Linear A- hieroglyphs and a script that still defies transelation. 2.) Linear B- gives insights into Minoan material culture

Treasury of Atreus

114 ft. long walled passageway leads to a conical structure, the beehive tomb. 43 ft. high, formed by a corbeled vault- a stone ceiling built up in regular courses of dressed stone in overlapping and ever decreasing rings.

Zhao Mengfu- Autumn Colors on the Qiao and Hua Mountains.

1254-1322, a descendent of the imperial line of the Song. He was a painter, calligrapher, and poet. Painted the Autumn Colors on the Qiao and Hua Mountains.

Salisbury Cathedral

13th Century example of English Gothic architecture. Has a park-like setting (typical of English style), attached cloister and chapter house for the cathedral clergy. Has a crossing tower with a spire of 400 feet. This spire required extra buttressing, so flying buttressing was used. Wide projecting transepts, a square east end, and a spacious sanctuary.

The Caliph Harun Al-Rashid's visit to a Turkish Bath

1494, illustration by Bihzad, was an illustration of Khamsa (5 poems, written by the 12th Century Persian poet Nizami), demonstrated his renowned ability to render human activity convincingly and set his scenes within stage-like architectural spaces adhering to Timurid conventions.

Jacobo Robusti

1518-1594, called Tintoretto (Little dyer) after his father's trade, carried Venetian Renaissance painting in another direction. His speed of drawing and painting was the subject of comment in his own time, and of legends thereafter. He created small-scale models like a miniature stage set, and populated them with wax figures. He then adjusted the figures until he was satisfied, used a grid of horizontal and vertical threads placed in front of this model.

Herat School

15th Century- a school of painting and calligraphy founded under the patronage of the Timurid dynasty in the Muslim world. Kamal al-DinBihzad, considered to be the greatest of Persian painters, was the leader of the school.

Double Portrait of a Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife

15th century Europe, painted by Jan Van Eyck. His best known painting.

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

3 religions that arose in the near East and flourished across the Mediterranean Roman world, and still dominate the spiritual life of the Western world. All three are monotheistic. Known as the religions of the book, because they have written records of what they believe are God's will and words.

Tomb of Reliefs

3rd century BCE, near Rome, caved to imitate a house, Etruscan design

Late Classical Period

400- 323 BCE;

High Classical Period

450-400BCE; considered a pinnacle of artistic refinement. Greece's "Golden Age"; Peloponnesian War

Riace Warriors

460-450 BCE; Found on a seabed in Italy; Constraposto pose; Early Classical standards of anatomy;

Early Classical period

480-450 BCE, The end of the Persian wars to about 450 BCE;

The Republican Period

509- 27 BCE, artists sought to create lifelike images, accurate, faithful descriptions.

Seated Scribe

5th Dynasty, Egyptian sculpture

The Neolithic Period

6500-3400/2300 BCE- Ending with metalworking and the bronze age.

The Temple of the feathered Serpent

7- tiered structure, that was enlarged several times with each layer enclosing the previous structure like layers of an onion. Uses a flat, angular, abstract style.

Heian Period

794-1185, when the Japanese fully absorbed and transformed their cultural borrowings from China and Korea. An effective method of writing the Japanese language was developed, and the rise of vernacular literature generated such prose as Lady Murasaki's Tale of Genji. Two major streams of Buddhism emerged:

Pyramid at Chichen Itza

9 level pyramid in the center of a large plaza with a stairway on each side leading to a square temple on the summit.

Geometric period

900-700 BCE,

Goryeo Dynasty

918-1392, sponsored a period of courtly refinement in Korea best known for exquisite celadon- a high-fire transparent pale-green glaze, typically applied over a light gray stoneware body. During this dynasty, Chinese potters developed distinctive forms, notably inlaid decoration, in which black and white slips were inlaid into lines incised or stamped in the clay body, creating underglaze designs in contrasting colors.

Rib Vaulting

A form of groin vault in which the diagonal ridges rest on are covered by curved, projected moldings, called ribs. Ribs developed over time into intricate masonry "skeletons" filled with increasingly lightweight masonry "skins."

Realism

A movement that carried social critique and often a political message. It was less of a style than a commitment to paint the modern world honestly, without turning away from the brutal truths of life for many ordinary people.

Mihrab

A niche which identifies the qubla wall in a mosque. A practice of using niches to identify a holy place.

Reliquary

A repository for secred relics

Pinnacles and finials

An architectural ornament originally forming the cap or crown of a buttress or small turret, used on parapets at the corner of towers.

Brackets

Architectural supports projecting from the wall

Expressionism

Art that exaggerates aspects of form to evoke subjective emotions rather than a reasoned response.

Cairn

Artificial Hill

Sky Cathedral

Assemblage, created by Louise Nevelson in 1958 who developed an Analytic Cubist-inspired version of assemblage. She collected discarded packing boxes, broken chair legs, broom handles, cabinet doors, spindles, and other wooden refuse. She then painted them matte black, and stacked them on top of each other.

The Goddess Coatlicue

Aztec Sculpture which was powerful, monumental, and often unsettling. Mother of Huitzilopochtli. Coatlicue ("she of the serpent skirt") Broad-shouldered figure with clawed feet wears a skirt of twisted snakes.

Death of Serpedon

By Euphronios- best-known red-figure artists. 515 BCE, Painted on a Krater- used as a punch bowl during a symposium.

Trinity

By Florentine painter, Tommaso di Ser Giovanni di Mone Cassai (1401-1428). Nicknamed, Masaccio, (Big Tom), had a brilliant career of < decade. Fresco for the church of Sta. Maria Novella in Florence. Meant to give illusion of a stone funerary monument and altar table set in a deep Aedicula (framed niche) in the wall.

Palestine

Canaan, located along the eastern edge of the Medterranean sea. According to the Torah (the first 5 books of the Hebrew bible), God promised that Canaan would be the Jew's homeland.

Modernism

Characterized by tremendous diversity and tendency towards abstraction and nonrepresentational art. It has a tendency to emphasize the physical process of artistic creation, by highlighting the visibility of brushstrokes or chisel marks.

Hurling Colors of 1956

Conceptual art produced by the Gutai group of artists, where they smashed bottles of paint on a canvas laid on the floor.

One and Three Chairs

Conceptualist piece by Joseph Kosuth in 1965, where there is an actual char, a picture of a chair, and the dictionary definition of a chair. The work leaves us to wonder, which is the "real" chair?

Sainte Chapelle

Constructed in 1239-1248, to house King Luis IX's giant reliquary made of painted stone and glass instead of gold and gems.

Atrium

Courtyard

Personal Appearance # 3

Created by Miriam Schapiro in 1973, who established the Feminist Art Program with Judy Chicago. She created explicitly female versions of modernist style. This is an underlying hard-edged, rectangles.

Pen Box

Created by Shazi, a Persian artist. Exquisitely engraved, embossed, and inlaid for statesmen and scholar, Majd al-Mulk al-Muzaffar, the govenor of Khurasan.

The Migration Series

Created by younger Harlem artist, Jacob Lawrence in 1940. He devoted much of his earlier work to chronicling black history. This is his best-known cycle consisting of 60 panels narrating the great 20th century migration.

Torso of a Young Man

Created in 1924 by Romanian sculptor, Constantin Brancusi, who was an assistant to Rodin in Paris. He emphasized formal and conceptual simplicity. He distilled his subject into smooth and purified forms. He was inspired by the philosophy of Plato, who held that all natural forms are imperfect imitations of their perfect ideas, which exist only in the mind.

Earthworks

Created outdoors, using what materials they found.

Olmec

Creators of the first major Mesoamerican art that emerged in 1500 BCE during the Formative/Preclassic period.

Sgraffito

Decoration produced by scratching through a layer of darker plaster or glaze.

Baroque Art

Deliberately evokes intense emotional responses from viewers. Dramatically lit, theatrical compositions often combine several media within a single work as artists foreground their technical virtuosity.

Site-Specific Sculpture

Designed for a specific outdoor location.

Gattamelata (Honeyed Cat)

Donatello was called to Padua for an equestrian statue for Erasmo Da Narni. Inspired by Marcus Aurelius from his visit to Rome. The completed Gattamalata stood in front of St. Anthony of Padua. The first life-sized bronze equestrian statue.

Soldiers

Early Asian Art

Akhenaten and his Family

Egyptian limestone relief

Apotheosis

Elevation to divine status

Liberty Leading the People, July 28, 1830

Eugene Delacroix, 1830, succeeded Gericault as the inspirational leader of the Romantic movement. This was his most famous work. Summarized the destiny of France after the fall of Napoleon 1815.

Conical tower

Facinating structure, 30 ft. high, originally capped with3 courses of ornamental stonework. Resembling a large version of Shona granary. 12-1400 CE.

Palettes

Flat stones with a circular depression carved on one side.

Vincent van Gogh

Moved to Paris in 1886 where he first came under the influence of he impressionists. He shared Paul Gauguin's desire for a simple, pre-industrial life, and the two planned to move to the south of France and establish a commune of like-minded artists. Due to constant quarrels, this soon led to a violent confrontation and Gauguin's departure. Only a few close friends and hi brother, Theo stood by him until the end. After a series of psychological crisis that led to his hospitalization, he shot himself in July of 1890.

The Sun Dale Chihuly

Multi-part blown glass sculpture, created for installation in the Desert Botanical Garden in Phoenix, the work bursts forth in a multitude of twisting, wriggling, spiraling forms, brilliantly liquid, visually thrilling, and broadly accessible. His sculptures suggest a deep connection with nature, inviting contemplation, meditation, and an awareness of global environmentalism.

Kwakwaka Hamatsa Dancers

NW Coast peoples ancient rituals for gift giving and initiating new members in the prestigious Hamatsa society. Includes 3 masked bird dancers and ritual dances.

Poussinistas

Named in honor of Nicolas Poussin, whose works they considered to be the perfect embodiment of classical principles. They were conservatives that argued that drawing was superior because it appealed to the mind while color appealed to the senses.

Rubenistas

Named in honor of Peter Paul Rubens, was a younger group of artists that argued that vivid colors were more important than drawing because painting should deceive the eye, and since color deceives the eye more convincingly than drawing, then color should be valued over drawing. Roger de Piles published a series of pamphlets to support the Rubenistas grading all artists on a scale of 0-20.

Old St. Peter's Basilica

Named so because it was destroyed and replaced by a new building during the Renaissance. Became the pope's church and came to signify his authority over all Christendom. Contained architectural elements arranged in a way that all christian basilica churches were built ever since.

Chinese Handscrolls

Narrow, horizontal, rolled painting. How Finished works of Chinese art were displayed mounted on handscrolls. Used a horizontal format generally about 12 inches high and anywhere from a few feet to dozens of feet long. Typically, it would be a single, continuous painting, generally preceeded by a panel giving the work's title and often followed by a long panel bearing colophons or inscriptions, such as poems.

Two Gray Hills Tapestry Weaving

Navajo 2003, Handspun wool. designed in the two gray hills style that developed during the early 20th century in NW Mexico was created by Julia Jumbo in 2003. She restricted herself to natural colors and handspun wool.

Creation of Adam

Near the center of the Sistine Chapel, the most familiar scene in the Sistine Chapel. Shows Adam with a spark of life, and outstretched arm and God's emerging arm and looking at each other.

5 Outstanding rulers following the Flavians

Nerva 96-98 CE, Trajan 98-117 CE, Hadrian 117-138 CE, Antioninus Pius 138-161 CE, and Marcus Aurelius 161-180 CE.

Basilica Nova

New Basilica; now known as the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine. (Who modified and completed it) IT was the last important imperial government building erected in Rome itself.

Kana Script

New system of writing using simple, flowing symbols interspersed with more complex Chinese characters. It allowed Japanese writers to create a distinctive calligraphy quite unlike that of China. Used to write poetry, mostly a 31 syllable format known as a waka.

Katakana

Now generally used for writing foreign words, consists mostly of angular symbols.

Henry IV Receiving the Portrait of Marie De Medici

Oil on Canvas, painted by Peter Paul Rubens, 1 in 24 paintings created for Marie de Medici to chronicle the story of her life. He glorified her role in ruling France, and founding the Bourbon dynasty. The lives and political careers of Marie and Henry appear as one continuous triumph overseen by the ancient Roman gods.

City Night

Oil on canvas painted by Georgia O'Keefe in 1926, who was a pioneering American Modernist born in rural Wisconsin. Discovered by Stieglitz, whom she later married, she began painting sky scrapers seen as embodiments of American inventiveness and energy.

Portrait of a German Officer

Oil on canvas painted by Marsden Hartley in 1914. He was a regular exhibitor at Stieglitz's gallery and whose works were included in the Armory Show. During a stay in Europe, he discovered Cubism and to Kandinsky's expressionism in Berlin. He fell in love with a young Prussion Lieutenant, whos death devastated the artist. He memorialized his fallen lover in this portrait.

Jamb Statues

On each side of the doorway openings, are elongated statues carved into cylindrical shafts behind them. The prominence of kings and queens among these statues- presumably representing Christ's royal ancestry in the Hebrew Bible- has given the Royal Portal its name.

Artemisia Gentileschi

On of Caravaggio's most gifted Italian followers. First worked under her father, an earlier follower of Caravaggio. Uses Baroque naturalismand tenebrist effects. She was elected at age 23 to the3 Florentine Accademy of Design.

Christ in Majesty

On the Apse of San Climent in Taull, in Northern Spain. Byzantine features are: modeling of forms through the use of repeated colored lines of varying width and shades, and such iconographical features as the alpha and omega flanking Christ. Wide stripes of color for the background.

Bay

One arch and it's supports.

The Narrative Image

One major direction of Christian art which recounts an event drawn from St. Peter's life-striking the rock for water- which in turn evokes the establishment of the Church as well as the essential Christian rite of baptism.

Book Of Durrow

One of the earliest Hiberno-Saxon gospel books, dating to the 2nd half of the 7th century. Each gospel is introduced by a 3 part decorative sequence. 1.) A symbol of it's evangelist author 2.) pure ornament 3.) Elaborate decoration highlighting the initial words of the text.

The Unicorn is Found

One of the finest examples of Renaissance Russian tapestry from around 1500. Contains rich colors of fabrics and foliage, and subtle modeling of human faces and animal fur.

Metalworking

One of the glories of Anglo-Saxon art. Splendid jewelry and military equipment decorated with gold and silver fill, Anglo-Saxon literature, such as the poem Beowulf.

Shen Zhou- Poet on a Mountaintop

One of the major literari artists of the Ming period. 1427-1509. His painting, Poet on a Mountaintop represents the very essence of literati painting.

Byodo-in Temple Complex

One of the most beautiful expression of Pure Land Buddhism, located in the Uji mountains, and was built for a member of the powerful Fujiwara family.

Villa of the Mysteries

One of the most famous painted rooms in Roman art in Pompeii.

Church of San Vitale

One of the most important 6th century Byzantine churches built outside Constantinople in Ravenna. Commissioned by Ecclesius, a local bishop, when Italy was under Ostrogothic rule. Dedicated as a martyrium in 547 for the martyr, St. Vitalis. Dome covered octagon surrounded by 8 radiating exedrae.

Great Serpent Mound

One of the most impressive Mississipian-period earthworks. Nearly a quarter of a mile long, in present-day Ohio.

Target with Plaster Casts

One of the two major artist to be included in "The Art of Assemblage." Inspired by Marcel Duchamp, made this assemblage which is neither a painting nor a sculpture- but both.

Matthias Gothardt 1470-1528

One of two German artists that dominated 16th century painting. Mathhias Grunewald, medieval mysticism and emotional spirituality.

avant-garde

Originally a military term for an advance unit, it was used in 1825 by French socialist, the comte de Saint-Simon to refer to those artists whos visual expression would prepare people to accept the social changes he and his colleagues envisioned. Eventually the term came to stand for the forward-looking aspect f Modern art. Modernist artist are working ahead of the public's ability to comprehend developments within the art world.

Taj Mahal

Originally called the Illuminated Tomb, built between 1631 and 1648 by Shah Jahan as a mausoleum for his favorite wife, mumtaz Mahal, who died in childbirth. The inside of the building invokes the hasht behisht (8 paradises) which signifies the 8 small chambers that ring the interior.

Tile Mosaic Mihrab

Originally from a madrasa in Isfahan. More than 11 feet tall, dazzling surface pattern, regular organic and geometric forms that contrast with the sinuous irregularity of the inscriptions.

Palais de Versailles

Originally was a small hunting chateau at Versailles, built by Louis XIV's father. In 1668, Louis began to transform it to a spectacular court. The vast royal project consumed the energy of France's greatest painters, sculptors, designers, and architects for decades.

The Mughal Empire

Originated in Central Asia like the Turks, who took an interest in painting established by their ruler, Akbar.

Archivolts

Ornamental molding or band, following the curve on the underside of an arch. Composed of bands of ornamental moldings, surrounding an arched opening.

Sfumato

Overall smoky haze created by covering the painting in a thin, lightly tinted varnish.

The Hour of Cowdust

Painted 1790, subject is Krishna, living among cowherds, wearing a peacock crown, garland of feathers, jewerly, annd yellow garment.

The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters

Painted b Francisco Goya y Lucientes, a major figure of the Romantic movement in Spain. He was both a famous printmaker and painter. In 1799, he published Los Caprichos-a series of etchings he had done. This was a series of 80 etchings.

Self Portrait with two Pupils

Painted by Adelaide Labille-Guiard in 1785, who successfully petitioned to end the restriction on entry for women in the French Academy.

Flower Piece with Curtain

Painted by Adriaen van der Spelt and Frans van Mieris shows the Dutch love a nature and artfully arranged everyday objects or flowers.

Many Mansions

Painted by African-American painter, Kerry James Marshall. He painted a visual essay on the life in public housing projects, like those in Alabama and California where he grew up. Three well-dressed black men plant a garden in order to create a sense of community. He arrayed them in an offset triangle like Gericault's Raft of the Medusa.

Oh, Jeff....I Love You Too...But...

Painted by American Pop Artist, Roy Lichtenstein who based his art on imagery he found in cartoons and advertisements. He even painted he print medium's heavy outlines and the Benday dots used in offset printing.

American Gothic

Painted by American painter from Iowa on 1930, Grant Woods. He focused on farms, small town life in the American heartland. This picture is always mistaken for husband and wife, but is meant to portray aging farmer and his unmarried daughter. (Wood's dentist and sister were the models)

The Blue Boat

Painted by American painter, Winslow Homer who made his name recording images of the civil war. He was a reported for Harper's Weekly and produced works that are considered to be among the finest pictorial reporting of the Civil War. He became a master of the difficult medium of watercolor in the 1870s.

Thomas Mifflin and Sarah Morris

Painted by American, John Singleton Copley, who's experience was limited, but he was already getting attention at 15 years old. His clients included Sam Adams and Paul Revere. Copley became a history painter in London and was elected to the Royal Academy in 1779.

The Oxbow

Painted by American, Romantic, landscape painter, Thomas Cole in 1836. He emigrated from England to the U.S. at 17 yrs. old. He also launched what became known as the Hudson River School. He painted this for exhibition at the National Academy of Design in New York.

Cornelia Pointing to her Children as her Treasures

Painted by Angelica Kauffmann in 1785, oil on canvas. She was one of the only 2 women artists named among the founding fathers of the Royal Accademy in London. She painted a moral lesson by portraying the "good mother."

Ceiling of Gallery, Palazzo Farnese

Painted by Annibale Carracci in the Roman palace of the powerful Farnese family. Considered a major monument of early Baroque Classicism.

Charles I at the Hunt

Painted by Anthony van Dyke. Portrayed the king truthfully, but as an imposing figure. During this time the Puritans came into power and stifled all art expression.

Big Raven

Painted by Canadian founding member of the Vancouver, British Columbia Society of Art, Emily Carr in 1931. Inspired by a trip to Alaska, painted this dramatic, powerful, sculptural style painting full of dark and brooding energy.

The Great Wall of Los Angeles

Painted by Chicana artist, Judith Baca started in 1976. She had postmodern revivalist tendencies. She recalls he history of California. The wall extends almost 2500 feet, making it the world's longest mural. It was a collaborative effort, involving professional artists and hundreds of young people, all of whom shared its painted execution under the artist's direction.

Boulevard Des Capucines

Painted by Claude Monet in 1873. He developed his own technique of applying paint with strokes and touches of pure color, intended to describe flowers, leaves, waves, figures, and buildings, and to simply be marks of paint on the surface of the canvas. This painting is made up of flecks of color recording shifts of light on the surface of objects.

Improvisation 28 (second version)

Painted by Der Blaue Reiter member, Vasily Kandinsky in 1912. He was trained as a lawyer, but took private art lessons and gave up the legal profession. Studying Whistler, he was convinced of the strong connection between the painted arts and music. He began listening to Austrian composer Arnold Schoenberg. He wondered if music can do without a tonal center, then can art do without a subject matter? He would have us look at his painting as if we were listening to a symphony and being energized and enriched by the vibrant patches of sensual color.

Street, Berlin

Painted by Die Brucke Ernst Ludwig Kirchner in 1913 he uses artificialized and dehumanized the prostitutes in the picture by making their faces mask-like or like mannequins.

Las Meninas

Painted by Diego Velazquez, "the Maids of Honor" painted in 1656, the king and queen are in the mirrors reflection. He also paints himself into the picture, and his technique captures the appearance of light reflecting from surfaces.

The Starry Night

Painted by Dutch painter, Vincent van Gogh in 1889. He adapted the divisionist technique, however, he would apply his paint freely in multidirectional dashes if impasto giving his paintings a sense of physical energy and a palpable surface texture. This painting was completed near the asylum of Saint-Remy where the artist spent his last years. He painted more of what he felt rather than what he saw.

Portuguese Synagogue, Amsterdam

Painted by Emanuel de Witte in 1680, shows the synagogue as a rectangular hall with women's galleries on both sides, roofed by three wooden barrel vaults and lit by large glass windows. It is a work of art, but also a record of the 17th century synagogue architecture. It reflect Dutch religious tolerance in an age when Jews were often persecuted.

The White Horse

Painted by English artist, John Constable in 1819. He specialized in carefully observed scenes of rural transquility. He claimed that the landscape of his youth in Southern England made him a painter before he ever picked up a brush. He decided to follow the footsteps of 17th century Dutch artists. He insisted that art should be an objective record of what has actually been seen. His goal was to capture the time of day, the humidity in the air, and the smell of wet earth.

Travelers among mountains and streams

Painted by Fan Kuan, one of the great masters of Song landscape, and is considered one of the greatest achievements in the history of Chinese art. The goal of Chinese painting is to avoid such controlling limitations and instead show a panoramic totality that trancends any one single viewpoint to reveal nature through distant, all-seeing, and mobile viewpoints.

Le Bonheur de Vivre (The Joy of Life)

Painted by Fauvist Henri Matisse in 1905, which was one of the fauvist's leading painters. He transforms hedonistic persuits with pastoral landscape into a vibrant arrangement of luscious colors.

Three Women

Painted by Fernand Leger in 1921 who was similarly fascinated with technology and developed his own version of cubism based on machine forms. His expression was affected by his wartime experience. Almost being killed allowed him to see more beauty in everyday objects. This is a machine-age version of the French academic subject.

Issac Massa and Beatrix Van der Laen

Painted by Frans Hals, probably for their marriage in 1622. Ivy clinging to the tree trunk was a symbol of faithfulness in love.

The Oath of the Horath

Painted by French Neoclassical painter, Jacques Louis David in 1784. He dominated the French art for over 20 years during the French Revolution and the following reign of Napoleon. He won the Prix de Rome, a competitive scholarship for study in Italy. He studied Raphael, Michelangelo, and the Baroque classicism of Poussin and the Carracci, and Roman sculpture and frescos. This was a royal commission and became the emblem of the French Revolution of 1789. He became court painter for Napoleon.

Le Dejeuner Sur L' Herbe (The Luncheon on the Grass)

Painted by French Parisian painter, Edouard Manet in 1863. He became an unofficial leader of a group of progressive artists and writers who gathered in the café Guerbois in the Montmartre district of Paris. This painting was rejected for exhibition in the salon by the juries. It was featured in Napoleon's Salon des Refuses or "Salon of the rejected." This painting scandalized viewers and helped to establish Manet as a radical artist by provoking a critical avalanche that mixed shock with bewilderment.

Jane Avril

Painted by French artist, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec in 1893. Lithograph. He sought to communicate the psychological impact of the modern world by capturing the emotive energy that surrounded him. This is a portrayal of a café dancer. He designed lithographic posters used as advertisements for popular night spots and entertainers.

The Pilgrimage to Cythera

Painted by French artist, Jean-Antoine Watteau using the Ricoco style in 1717. Oil on canvas. There was no category for this painting, so a new category was created: fete galante- elegant outdoor entertainment.

The Gleaners

Painted by French artist, Jean-Francois Millet in 1857. He was also accused of political radicalism for this painting. He grew up on a farm and never felt comfortable with urban life. He painted peasant life and moved to a village in Barbizon where he could observe it closer.

A Burial at Ornans

Painted by French painter, Gustave Courbet in 1849, who was inspired by the Revolution in 1848 turned his attention to portraying poor and ordinary people. Self-taught artist. This painting commemorates the funeral of Courbet's grandfather Oudot. Conservative critics hated the work for its focus on common people, and its disrespect for tranditional standards of order and beauty. They also decried the absence of any suggestion of an afterlife.

Landscape with St. John on Patmos

Painted by French painter, Nicolas Poussin 1594-1665. He re-organized nature, buildings, and figures into carefully ordered compositions such as this one from 1640.

Mont Sainte-Victoire

Painted by French painter, Paul Cezanne, who had the most impact on the next generation of Modern painters. He began his career painting dark, unsettling Romantic scenes of dramatic conflict and sexual violence. He was consistently rejected by the salon. HIs style changed under the influence of Impressionism. He adopted a bright palette and loose brushwork. He dedicated himself to objective transcriptions of what he called his "sensations" of nature.

The Snake Charmer

Painted by French, academic painter, Jean-Leon Gerome in 1870. Example of Orientalism in art. It is complete fiction, mixing Egyptian, Turkish, and Indian cultures. Orientalizing art is described as the colonial gaze in which the colonizer gazes upon the colonized Orient as something to possess. (The Middle East-rather than Asia). Or as a primitive or exotic playground for the civilized European visitor in which native men are savage and despotic and native women, and here boys are sensuously described and sexually alluring.

Violin and Palette

Painted by Georges Braque in 1909 in a move toward abstraction and simplification. Braque worked with Picasso. This is an Analytical Cubist piece. Named so by the way the artist broke objects into parts as if to analyze them.

Markische Heide

Painted by German, Neo-Expressionist, Anselm Kiefer in 1974. His paintings revisit his country's past and the events of the war. This one portrays the burned and barren landscape, and evokes the ravages of war.

Monk by the Sea

Painted by German, Romantic landscape painter, Caspar David Friedrick in 1809, who considered landscape as a vehicle through which to achieve spiritual revelation.

Porinari Altarpiece 1474-1476

Painted by Hugo van der Goes, dean of the painter's guild in Ghent 1468-1475. Commissioned by Tommaso Portinari for the family chapel in Florence.

The Rehersal of the Ballet on Stage

Painted by Impressionist Edgar Degas in 1874. He was especially drawn to ballet. He introduced two new things in this painting: 1.) the angular viewpoint from above which he derived from Japanese prints and 2.) The seemingly arbitrary cropping of figures, which shows the influence of photography which he also practiced.

Napoleon Crossing the Saint-Bernard

Painted by Jacques-Louis David in 1800, one of his many paintings that turned Napoleon into an iconic, larger-than-life figure. Idealized vision of the leader leading his troops across the Alps to Italy. He actually made the crossing on a donkey. Strongly Neoclassical with firm drawing and crisp delineation of individual forms, sweeping diagonals and flowing draperies. David went into exile when Napoleon fell from power since he was so closely linked with him as his court painter.

Nocturne in Black and Gold, The Falling Rocket

Painted by James Abbott McNeill Whistler in 1875 exhibited in London, and inspired a vitriolic review from England's leading art critic calling it disturbing, unfinished, and devoid of moral purpose. Whistler sued for libel, and won the suit, but was awarded on a quarter of a penny. He went bankrupt after legal expenses, however, his theories that art has no higher purpose than creating visual delight, and that it needed no recognizable subject matter to do this.

Large Odalisque

Painted by Jean-Auguste-Dominique- a young, French, artist trained by Jacques-Louis David, and painted in neoclassical interpretation. Ingres won the Prix de Rome and also studied in Italy. His most famous paintings were sultry aristocratic women and exotic, Orientalizing fantasies featuring nude odalisques (female slaves or concubines living in a Turkish sultan's harem).

Snowstorm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps

Painted by Joseph Mallord William Turner, in 1812. He was Constable's contemporary, and won public acclaim at an early age. At 27, he was elected to full membership at the Royal Academy, eventually becoming a professor. In his mature paintings, the phenomena of colored light and misty atmosphere became his true subject. This painting epitomized the Romanticism's view of the awesomeness of nature.

An Experiment on a Bird in the Air-Pump.

Painted by Joseph Wright in 1768, oil on canvas. Comes from Enlightenment fascination with the drama and romance of science. Wright belonged to the Lunar society, a group of industrialists, merchants, traders, and progressive aristocrats who met monthly to exchange ideas about science and technology. He painted a series of scientific experiments.

Monk Sewing

Painted by Kao Ninga, an abbot who was a pioneer in a kind of rough an simple painting in black ink that directly expresses the Zen spirit.

Suprematist Painting (Eight Red Rectangles)

Painted by Kazimir Malevich in 1915 who was a colleague of Goncharova and Larionov, and emerged as the leading figure of the Moscow avant-garde. He called this art, suprematism-short for the supremacy of pure feeling in creative art"

Vitruvian Man

Painted by Leonardo da Vinci in 1490, created the High Renaissance. Based on Vitruvius, Roman engineer and architect, who equated the human body with both a circle and a square. Leonardo added his own observations when he created his own diagram for the ideal male figure- The Vitruvian Man.

Portrait of Marie Antoinette with her Children

Painted by Marie-Louise-Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun, a French portraitist in 1787. It was in reaction against Ricoco during the 1760s. It is a flagrant piece of royal propaganda. The hope was that the painting depicting her as a "good mother" would counter her public image as immoral, extravagant, and conniving.

Man, Controller of the Universe

Painted by Mexican artist, Diego Rivera in 1934. He has lived in Paris and painted in the synthetic cubist style, and studied frescoes in Italy as well. He was commissioned to create a mural for the Rockefeller building in New York. He was a communist, and included a portrait of Lenin in the mural. The Rockefellers canceled the commission, paid him, and destroyed the unfinished mural. He called this an act of cultural vandalism, and re-create a mural in Mexico City under this new name.

The Two Fridas

Painted by Mexican artist, Frida Kahlo in 1939. Andre Breton claimed that she was a natural surrealist, however, she claimed that she never painted dreams, I paint my own reality. This reality included her own Mexican German ancestry.

Woman I

Painted by Netherland painter, Willem de Kooning in 1950-1952. He initially painted nonrepresentational forms. It took almost two years to paint, and according to his wife, he painted it, scraped it, and repainted it roughly 200 times. His subject was the conventional pretty women seen in American advertising, however, the emerging woman in the painting is a powerful adversary instead. During the 1950s, Kooning dominated the avant-garde in New York.

Les Demoiselles D'Avignon

Painted by Pablo Picasso in 1907, and was one of the most radical and complex paintings of the 20th century. Demoisells (meaning young lady) was a euphemism for prostitutes and Avignon refers to the red-light district. Picasso was accused of making a joke of modern art by Matisse,

Guernica

Painted by Pablo Picasso in 1937. This was the first intentional mass bombing of civilians which happened during the Spanish civil war in 1937 under the leadership of General Francisco Franco who targeted the city of Guernica. More than 1600 people were killed, and the world was shocked. Picasso's picture is a hallucinatory nightmare that became a powerful symbol of the brutality of war.

Self Portrait with an Amber Necklace

Painted by Paula Modersohn-Becker in 1906, who was also trained at the Berlin School of Art for Women. Her work was mostly influenced by Gauguin.

The Raising of the Cross

Painted by Peter Paul Rubens, Triptych, oil on canvas painted for the church of St. Walpurga, Antwerp, Belgium. Rubens extended the action and landscape of the central scene across all three panels. He uses heroic nude figures, dramatic lighting effects, dynamic diagonal composition, intense emotions, rich colors and the careful description of surface textures reflect his native Flemish tradition.

The Three Crosses

Painted by Rembrandt in 1653, was part of a series of prints. In this one, he sought to capture the moment when Jesus cried out "Father, into your hands I commend my spirit."

Deposition

Painted by Rogier van der Weyden (1399-1464), maintained a large workshop in Brussels, where he was the official city painter. Not an existing work of art bears his name. This painting is in the stylistic character of the work of Weyden.

The Persistence of Memory

Painted by Spanish painter and printmaker Salvador Dali. Dali contributed the paranoid-critical method to Surrealist practice. In this approach, sane artists cultivate the ability of the paranoid to misread ordinary appearances in order to free themselves from the shackles of conventional thought. In this piece, he placed time pieces in a very realistic view of the Bay of Rosas near his birthplace in Catalunya.

The Gross Clinic

Painted by Thomas Eakins in 1875, oil on canvas. He was the most uncompromising American Realist from Philadelphia. He had training at the Academy of Fine arts in Pennsylvania, anatomical study at Jefferson medical collage, and spent time at the cole des Beaux-ARts in Paris. He spent 6 mo. in Spain where he encountered the works of Diego Valazquez. He specialized in frank portraits, often everyday settings. He was a charismatic teacher and soon appointed director of the Pennsylvania Academy. This is one of his most controversial pieces, it was rejected for exhibition because the jury did not consider surgery a fit subject for art.

Robert Andrews and Frances Carter

Painted by Thomas Gainsborough in 1748, English portraitist who catered to the tastes of the rich and famous. Wealthy patrons commissioned paintings to showcase their wealth and proclaim their virtue and high status.

St. Serapion

Painted by Velazquez's contemporary, Francisco de Zurbaran. This is a painting of the martyred member of the 13th century Mercedarians-a Spanish order founded to rescue Christian prisoners of the Moors. He sacrificed himself in exchange for the release of Christian captives.

Woman Holding a Balance

Painted by Vermeer in 1664, contains perfect compositional equilibrium and creates a moment of supreme stillness.

Japonaiserie: Flowering Plum Tree

Painted by Vincent van Gogh in 1887, and largely copied from the Plum Orchard, Kameido. Van Gogh flattened the scene more extremely than Hiroshige. The gras becomes a uniform blanket of green, the middle ground gray trees are flat and undifferentiated. he also flanks his painting with bold, rather crudely painted orange frame filled with Japanese characters.

The Meeting Fragonard

Painted by Watteau follower- Jean-Honore Fragonard in 1773. He created 14 visions of lovers for the chateau of Madame du Barry, Louis XV's mistress. The painting seems to explode in color and luxurious vegetation. Distinguished by rapid brush strokes. Madame du Barry rejected the paintings and commissioned another set in Neoclassical style. This signaled the end of the Ricoco period.

The Marriage Contract

Painted by William Hogarth in 1743, oil on canvas. Part of a series inspired by Joseph Addison's 1712 essay promoting the concept of marriage based on love. This painting was valued by patrons who were looking for a moral lesson rather than a playfully risqué painting.

12 views from a Thatched Hut

Painted by Xia Gui, a member of the newly established accademy of painters. This painting presents an intimate, lyrical view of nature. Seems to suggest the intuitive approach.

Aspects of Negro Life: From Slavery through Reconstruction

Painted by a Topeka, Kansas native in 1934, Aaron Douglas. He moved to New York City and answered Locke's call to develop abstract African art. He limited his palette to a few subtle hues. Here he painted the Harlem branch of the New York Public Library.

La Pia De Tolomei

Painted by a leading member of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in 1868. It illustrates a story from Dante's Purgatory and is saturated with symbolism.

The Seasons

Painted by a student of Hoffman, Lee Krasner in 1957, She had begun painting non-representation work several years before Pollock. Pollock married Krasner in 1945. Pollock was killed in an automobile accident in 1956, she took over his studio.

Ma Jolie

Painted by a towering presence in Parisian art and a great cubist artist, Pablo Picasso in 1911. Also the title of a popular song, "My Pretty One." His cubist painting combines horizontal brushwork and right angles and establishes a grid that effectively counteracts the surface flux. What appears to be a chaotic composition of lines and muted colors turns out to be a carefully organized design.

Mountains and Sea

Painted by action painter, Helen Franenthaler in 1952, after a visit to Pollack's studio. She worked on the floor, pouring thinned oil paints so that they soaked into the raw canvas. The effect resembled watercolor.

The Banjo Lesson

Painted by an African-American student of Eakin's: Henry Ossawa Tanner in 1893. He absorbed Eakin's lessons on truthful representation and his focus on real-life subjects. He painted strongly-felt humanizing images like this one. Women and Africans were groups usually excluded from art schools. The poverty seems to fade in this painting due to the seriousness and concentration of the man and boy during the lesson. Tanner also began painting religious subjects after a trip to Palestine in 1897.

Mother and Child

Painted by an American who studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, and moved to Paris. Mary Cassatt in 1890. She focused her paintings on domestic and social life of the bourgeois women. She is known for extraordinarily sensitive paintings of women and children.

A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte

Painted by avant-garde artist Georges Seurat in 1884. He found impressionism to intellectually shallow and too improvisational. He belonged to a group who were studying theories on vision, light, and color. He applied these theories by juxtaposing small strokes of pure, unblended color in an almost abstract arrangement. A technique known as divisionism or pointillism. This work became the centerpiece of this style and made his reputation. This was made with only 11 colors.

Summer's Day

Painted by impressionist Berthe Morisot in 1879, who married Manet's brother, Eugene. Unlike most married women painters who gave up their art to devote themselves to domestic duties, Morisot continued painting even after the birth of their daughter, in 1879. She sought an equality for women that she felt men refused to cede. She was quoted later in life saying "I don't think there has ever been a man who treated a woman as an equal, and that's all I would have asked, for I know I'm worth as much as they."

Impression Sunrise

Painted by impressionist Claude Monet in 1872. This was exhibited in Paris and was criticized for its fast, open brushstrokes and unfinished look. Monet and his colleagues liked the name it was dubbed "impressionist" because they felt it accurately described their aim to render in paint an instantaneous impression of a fleeting moment.

Elizabeth murray

Painted by late Modernist painter, Elizabeth Murray in 1986. She began to work on irregularly shaped canvases. She had a bold and colorful style that combined cubist-style fragmentation, fauvist color, surrealist biomorphism, and the gestural brushstrokes of the Abstract Expressionism.

Marilyn Diptych

Painted by pop art artistic giant, Andy Warhol in 1962. He uses a famous publicity photograph transferred directly onto silkscreen. He made multiple prints from this screen.

Mahana no atua

Painted by post-impressionist, Paul Gauguin in 1894. His desire to escape modern life in Paris was his true goal. He fled to Brittainy and then to Panama. at 37 yrs, he gave up his conventional life as a Paris stockbroker, and abandoned his wife and 5 children to pursue full time painting. He rejected impressionalism, because it neglected subjective feelings. He called his own style "synthetism" because it synthesized observation of the subject in nature with the artist's feelings about that subject. "don't paint from nature too much, Art is abstraction. Derive this abstraction from nature while dreaming before it, and think more of the creation that will result."

Autumn Rhythm (Number 30)

Painted by the leading, Jung-inspired abstract expressionist-action painter, Jackson Pollock. He underwent Jungian analysis from 1939-1941, and was an alchoholic and self-destructive artist that made little progress in his problems, but the psychoanalysis sessions greatly affected his work. It gave him a belief in art as therapeutic role in society. He would drip his paints in a variety of fluid movements onto a large canvas spread out on the floor. Clement Greenberg described Pollock as the "most powerful painter in North America."

Virgin and Child Enthroned (Giotto)

Painted in 1310, for the church of Ognissanti in Florence. Cimabue trained Giotto as a talented shepherd boy, who eventually outshined him. He made good drawings from live natural models.

View of Haarlem From the Dunes at Overeen

Painted in 1670 by Jacob van Ruisdael and celebrates the flatlands outside of Haarlem that had been reclaimed from the sea as part of a massive landfill project that the Dutch compared with God's restoration of the earth after Noah's flood.

Braided sling, broken pottery, broken gourd, filed teeth.

Painted patterns used on pottery, walls of homes, baskets, and for scarification of the skin. When people decorate themselves, their homes, and their possessions with the same patterns, art serves to enhance cultural identity.

Grisaille

Paintings executed on in shades of grey

Still Lifes

Paintings of inanimate objects such as food, fruit, or flowers, and religious scenes enacted by ordinary people in ordinary settings.

Cartoons

Paintings to serve as models for works in another medium. Raphael was hired Julius II to create themes from the Acts of the Apostles to be woven into the Brussels tapestry for the walls of the Sistine Chapel below the frescoes in the chapel.

Veronese

Paolo Caliari 1528-1588, called Veronese after his hometown of Verona. He is nearly synonymous with the picture of Venetian splendor and pageantry.

Fusuma

Paper-covered sliding doors- particular features of the Momoyama design, as were folded screens with gold-leaf backgrounds.

The Church of Hagia Sophia

Part of the little remains of the Golden Age of Justinian. Designed by 2 scholar-theoreticians, Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. Anthemius was a specialist in geometry and optics and Isidorus specialized in physics and vault construction.

La Bouteille de Suze (Bottle of Suze)

Pasted paper, gouache, and charcoal by Pablo Picasso in 1912. It is a collage. A work composed of separate elements pasted together. Assembled newsprint and construction paper suggest a tray or round table supporting a glass and a bottle of liquor.

The Hall of the Abencerrajes

Paviliion used for dining and musical perfomances opens off the Court of Lions. Covered by a spectacularly intricate ceiling of exquisitely carved stucco. The star-shaped dome is formed of a honeycomb of clustered muqarnas and supported by corner squinches and wall projections filled with more muqarnas.

The Edo period- 1603-1868

Peace and Prosperity came to Japan with rigid government and a new capital - Edo (Modern Tokyo) Zen Buddhism was replaced by a form of Neo-Confucianism, the philosophy formulated in the Song dynasty China that emphasized loyalty to state. The government discouraged foreign ideas and contracts forbidding Japanese from travelling and barring outsiders from coming inside.

Pure Land Buddhism

People turned increasingly to the promise of salvation after death through simple faith in the existence of a Buddhist realm known as the Western Paradise of the Pure Land. They chanted a mantra, the phrase Namu Amida Butsu (Hail to Amida Buddha) believing that this would allow them to be reborn into Amida's paradise.

Bar tracery

Perfected in Reims, made possible even more expansive walls of glass. Thin stone bars, called mullions, form a lacy framework for the glass, replacing plate tracery.

Reciting the Sound Poem Karawane

Performed by Hugo Ball reflects the spirit of the cabaret. He encased his legs and body in blue cardboard tubes and wore on his head a white and blue witch doctor's hat. He recited the poem which consisted entirely of nonsense sounds. He avoided language which he believed had been spoiled by the lies and excesses of journalism and advertising.

Art patron

Person or group who commissions or finances a work of art.

Untitled Film Still

Photograph taken by Cindy Sherman in 1978 which is part of a series of black-and-white photographs of herself in various assumed roles. Sherman is both the photographed and the photographer.

Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California

Photograph taken by Dorothea Lange in 1936. She played a large role in the formation of the FSA (Farm Securities Administration) who began to hire photographers to document the problems of farmers and migrant workers. She focused her work on documenting for the poor and unemployed, and helped to persuade state officials to build migrant labor camps. She was hired as one of the units first photographers.

The Home of the Rebel Sharpshooter

Photograph taken by Timothy O'Sullivan in 1863 during the battle of Gettysburg in July 1863. In the field, technical difficulties were considerable. The glass plates had to be kept wet, and if dust contaminated the plate, the image would be ruined. Long exposure times made action photographs impossible, so early war photographs were taken in camp or after the battle.

Rebellious Silence

Photographs from Iranian artist, Shirin Neshat in 1994. She explores how Iranian women are stereotyped in the West, and she asserts that Islamic women's identies are more varied and complex than is frequently perceived. This one from her 1994 series, Women of Allah, the woman wears a traditional Chador, her face is visible, written over with calligraphy, and bisected by a rifle barrel. The text and weapon seem to protect her from the viewer. The woman looks defiantly out at us. She challenges us acknowledge her presence as an individual, but we have to look through and beyond the stereotype of an Iranian woman masked by a chador, Farsi text, and an instrument of war.

Ulugal'I Samoa: Samoan Couple

Photographs taken by Shigeyuki Kihara, a multimedia and performance artist of Samoan and Japanese descent. In this depiction of a Samoan couple, Kihara herself poses as the native woman, and she has superimposed her face with a wig and mustache onto the male body as well. This is on in a series called, Fa'a Fafine: In a Manner of a Woman. This signifies the biological male who lives as a woman which Kihara is herself.

Cut with the Dada Knife Through the Last Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany.

Photomontage (photographic collage) created by Hannah Hoch, a major figure in Berlin Dada in 1919. She designed decorative patterns and wrote articles on crafts for a woman's magazine. She disapproved of contemporary mass-media representation of women and had to fight for her place in the Dada group who described her contributions as merely conjuring up beer and sandwiches. Here she collages, popular images and words from the press, political posters, and photographs. She creates a complex and angry critique of the Weimar Republic in 1919.

Still lifes

Pictures of inanimate objects and fruits or flowers taken out of their natural contexts.

Tour-de-force of trompe l'oeil

Pictures that attemp to fool viewers into thinking what they are seeing is real instead of a painting.

Composition with Yellow, Red, and Blue

Piet Mondrian oil on canvas painted in 1927. This was a de Stijl, using 3 primary colors (red, yellow, blue) and three neutrals (black, gray, and white) and horizontal and vertical lines. The two linear directions are meant to symbolize the harmony of a series opposites, including male versus female, individual versus society, and spiritual versus material.

Return of the Hunters

Pieter Bruegel the Elder 1525-1569 Began his career by imitating Bosch. Renaissance artist, that was fascinated by landscape, particularly jagged rocks and sweeping panoramic views of the Alpine valleys. One f a cycle of 6 panels, each representing a pair of months. November and December are portrayed.

Delivery of the Keys to St. Peter

Pietro Vannucci (Perugino), active in Florence, part of a group of young artists commissioned to decorate the walls of the Sistine Chapel. The event in the picture came to signify the supremacy of papal authority: Christ is shown giving the keys to the kingdom of heaven to the apostle Peter, who, as the first bishop of Rome, was also considered the first pope.

Watercolor

Pigment suspended in water are laid down with rapid, sure brushstrokes on absorbent white paper, creating an image that cannot be corrected or reworked. Colors are almost translucent, with whites, including highlights, produced by leaving the paper bare. It had become popular for painting rapid sketching outdoors, but Homer used it to produce finished works of art that capture fleeting impression of sparkling sunlight, wind-blown foliage, and water.

Pile

Plush, thickly tufted surface- made by tying colored strands of yarn, usually wool, but occasionally silk for delux carpets.

divisionism

Pointillism, juxtaposing small strokes of pure, unblended color in an almost abstract arrangement.

Cabochons

Polished, not faceted stones.

Art Nouveau

Popular style literally meaning "New Art" came from Whistler promoting art as a means to pure visual delight.

roger shimomura

Postmodern artist who turned his paintings into political statements and did a series from his grandmother's diaries from the US interment of the Japanese citizens during WWII. He combines the Japanese color woodblock with the American pop art style to create his own. This expresses his own dual heritage.

Hermes and the Infant Dionysos

Praxileles; S-curve pose, Dionysos-infant god of wine.

black-figure technique

Principle mode of ceramic painting of the 6th century BCE

Pyramid of the Moon

Principle monument of Teotihuacan

Pyramid of the Sun

Principle monument of Teotihuacan

Ciudadela

Principle monument of Teotihuacan, it's name is Spanish for fortified city center. It is a vast sunken plaza surrounded by temple platforms. This was the city's principle religious and political center and could accommodate >60k. It's focal point was the pyramidal temple of the feathered serpent.

Books of Hours

Private prayer books which became popular among wealthy patrons. They contained special prayers to be recited at the eight canonical devotional hours between morning and night. They included everything a lay person needed for pious practice-psalms, offices of the Virgin and other saints, a calendar of feast days, and prayers for the dead.

Seven-Headed Dragon and Woman clothes with the Sun

Probably produced at the monastery of San Salvator at Tabara, by Maius. Based on Revelations. Illustrated manuscripts are among the glories of early medieval art in Spain.

Babylon

Processional Way-a broad avenue and route taken by religious processions honoring the city's patron god. Ishtar Gate: a main entrance to the city faced with coloful glazed bricks.

Proun

Pronounced "Pro-oon" is an acronym for "Project for the Affirmation of the New." Most Prouns were paintings or prints, but a few were early examples of installation art.

Red Diacritical Marks

Pronounciation guides in Kufic accent the black writing.

The World Trade Center Transportation Hub

Public memorials that engage intellect and remind us of historical events, designed by Spanish architect, Santiago Caiatrava as part of the World Trade Center site.

The Nuremberg Chronicle

Published by Anton Koberger in 1493. 2500 artists, 1809 illustrations, after the use of woodcuts to print books on paper began to replace copying books by hand.

Manifesto of Surrealism

Published in 1924 by Andre Breton outlining his view of the theory of Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud, that the human psyche is a battleground where rational forces of the conscious mind struggle against the irrational, instinctual urges of the unconscious.

Minibar

Pulpit of a mosque that stands by the mihrab as a raised platform for the prayer leader and a symbol of his authority.

Repousse Technique

Pushing or hammering up from the gback of a metal panel to produce raised forms on the front.

Baby Carrier

Quillwork, like basketry, is a woman's art form. This is a Sioux work richly decorated with quillwork symbols of protection and well-being, including bands of antelopes in profile and thunderbirds flying their heads turned and tails outspread.

Podium

Raised platform used by the Romans on which a temple was placed.

The Dry Landscape Garden at the temple of Ryoan-ji-in Kyoto.

Raked gravel, surrounds 15 stones of different sizes in islands of moss. The stones are set in asymmetrical groups of two, three, and five.

The Small Cowper Madonna

Raphael (Raffaello Santi or Sanzio) arrived in Florence around 1505, painted this painting when Leonardo was working on the Mona Lisa. This painting brought him fame and attracted patrons. In the distance on a hilltop, he painted a scene from his childhood, the domed church of San Bernardino.

School of Athens

Raphael's greatest achievement, painted during 1510-1511. The classical Greek philosphers, Plato, Aristotle, Minerva, Apollo, mathematicians, naturalists, astronomers, geographers, and other philosophers. Uses foreshortening and contrapposto poses. High Renaissance Art.

The Parthenon

Rebuilt in 447 BCE; completed in 438 BCE; dedicated to Athena Parthenos (Virgin Athena); designed and built by architects: Kallikrates and Iktinos. Cella/Peristyle plan;

Kazimir Malevich

Recognized as the first Modern artist to produce a truly nonrepresentational work of art. In his "effort to free art from the burden of the object, I took refuge in the square form and exhibited a picture which consisted of nothing more than a black square on a white field.

Red-figure technique

Red figures stand out against a black backgroung. Pot is covered with slip except where the figures are meant to be which will remain red as the pot clay when fired.

Renaissance Humanists

Regarded the period that preceded theirs as the "dark age" of ignorance, decline, and barbarism. Scholars now acknowledge the Middle Ages as a period of great richness, complexity, creativity, and innovation.

Protestant Reformation

Religious reformers within the Catholic church began to challenge specific practices and beliefs such as the sale of indulgences (Guarantees of relief from the punishment required after death for forgiven sins) From their protests, the name "Protestant." From their insistence on the church to reform came the term "Reformation" thus came the Protestant Reformation.

Self Portrait Rembrandt

Rembrandt, 1658, he painted many self portraits and as he aged, these portraits became more searching and expressed internal scrutiny and psychological honesty. His face seems weary and introspective. He had declared bankruptcy in this same year. Furrowed brow, sagging flesh, and aging face.

Phidias

Renowned Greek sculpter who designed the sculptural decorations of the Parthenon and supervised the entire Acropolis project.

Analytic Cubism

Replicates the actual process of perception, during which we examine objects from various angles and then reassemble our glances into a whole object in our brain.

Phonograms

Representations of syllable sounds.

Etruscan Temples

Resembeled Greek temples: used post and lintel, gable roofs, bases, column shafts, capitals, and some entablature have frieze.

Hindu Religion

Rich in symbolism and ritual function. Originated in India. Many gods, varied sects, with temple architecture. Favorite dieties: Shiva, Vishnu, Devi.

Nike adjusting her sandal on the Athena Nike

Robe appears delicate and light. One of the most discreetly erotic images of ancient art.

Constantine

Roman Emperor, permitted christians the freedom to worship with the Edict of Milan in 313 CE. By the end of the 4th century, Christianity had become the official religion of the mppire and it was non-christians who became targets of persecution.

Middle-Aged Flavian Woman

Roman Sculpture; naturalistic, realistic

Dura-Europos

Roman city, in modern Syria, where excavators found a Jewish house/synagogue, or a synagogue built within a private home. It consisted of an assembly hall, a separate alcove for women, and a courtyard.

Young Flavian Woman

Roman sculpture, idealized, used drillwork for curls

Stanza della Segnatura

Room of the Signature, designed to by the personal study of Julius II. Raphael painted frescos. School of Athens: Plato, Aristotle, Justice, Poetry and the Arts, Apollo and the Muses, Sappho, and Raphael himself. Poetry (Parnassus)- Over the window.

Neoclassicism

Rooted in stylistic sources from ancient Greek or Roman art. It is defined by heroic nudity in sculpture and sometimes painting, by classical orders in architecture, by dominance of drawing over the painterly effects in visual arts, and by a general emphasis on perceived noble expression highlighting incorruptibility, patriotism, and courage. In painting, brushstrokes are tightly controlled compositions are ordered and balanced, figures are idealized beyond blemish, emotions, and are kept at a minimum.

The Aztecs

Rose to power at the end of the 15th Century, who settled in Tenochtitlan (the prickly pear cactus on a stone) which was situated on a collection of islands linked by human-made canals.

Yidoor

Rows in a cultivated field that women used to decorate the walls with horizontal ridges. Ghana. Long eye represented long life to express good wishes for the family.

Colonnades

Rows of columns

Gummersmark brooch

Scandinavian art, used pure animal style, made during the 6th century in Denmark.

The Great Wave

Scene from a set of woodblock prints of famous sites in Japan.

Middle Byzantine Art (843-1204)

Schism of 1054, effectively divided Christianity into two parts: The Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe and the Eastern Orthodox Church of the Byzantine world centered in Constantinople.

Forever Free

Sculpted by American, Edmonia Lewis (half Chippewa) in 1867, born in New York. She attended Oberlin College, the first college to grant degrees to women. Her busts and medallions financed her move to Rome in 1867, and she was welcomed into the circle of Harriet Hosmer. This sculpture commemorates the Emancipation Proclamation.

Cupid and Psyche

Sculpted by Antonio Canova, and recalls ancient classical sculpture. The effect is ordered, decorous, and calming, if still titillating.

The Waltz

Sculpted by Camille Claudel in 1892 in bronze. She was Rodin's pupil and became his mistress after starting work in his studio. They had a 15 year stormy relationship. She enjoyed independent success, but also suffered from psychological problems that eventually overtook her and she spent the last 30 years of her life in a mental asylum.

Annunciation, Nativity, and Adoration of the Shepherds

Sculpted by Nicola Pisano, the virgin Mary reclines in the middle o the composition after having given birth to Jesus, who below receives his first bath from midwives.

Burghers of Calais

Sculpted by post-expressionist sculptor, Auguste Rodin in 1884. He was Europe's most successful and influential sculptor. He failed on 3 occasions to get into the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. He began to model figures in unconventional poses which was scorned by critics. This sculture won the competition from the city of Calais to commemorate the event from the Hundred Years War. King Edward had offered to spare the city if 6 leading citizens surrendered themselves for execution. Rodin's removal of the high pedestal to a low base would lead to the elimination of the pedestal itself and to the presentation of sculpture in the "real" space of the viewer.

Unique Forms of Continuity in Space

Sculptor Umberto Boccioni created in 1913, inspired by cubist figure studies. This work personifies the new Italian man envisioned by the futurists. A strong figure rushing headlong into a brave new world. Boccioni celebrated Italy's entry into World War I by enlisting and was killed in combat.

High Relief Sculpture

Sculpture extends well foward from the background.

Temple of Athena Nike (Victory)

Second Ionic temple on the Acropolis;

The iconic image

Second major direction of Christian art which is Christ's face flanked by alpha and omega-offers a tangible expression of an intangible concept. The letters signify the beginning and end of time, and represent the idea of the everlasing dominion of Christ.

Impost Block

Section of entablature, resting on a slender Corinthian column.

Gionata

Section of fresh plaster that could be prepared and painted in one day.

tympanum

Semicircular area above the door lintel

Hemicycles

Semicircular space surrounding the altar.

Lunette

Semicircular wall section under the vault

Julio-Claudian Dynasty 14-68 bce

Sequence of Roman rulers after Augustus, including Tiberius to Nero. Then after Nero, Vespian, Titus, Domitian.

Cycles

Series of paintings on a single allegorical subject such as thetime of day, the seasons, or the five senses. These became popular decorations in Flemish upper-class homes.

Arcades

Series of regularly-spaced arches

Old St. Peter's

Served a variety of functions: as a burial place, as a pilgrimage shrine containing the relics of St. Peter, and as a congregational church that could hold at leaast 14,000 worhipers. It remained the largest church in Christiandom until the 11th century.

The Development of the Skyscraper

Several things allowed for the skyscraper: 1.) Metal beams and girders for structural support. 2.) Separation of the support structure from the enclosing wall layer, 3.) Fireproofing materials and measures, 4.) Elevators, 5.) Plumping, central heating, artificial lighting, and ventilation systems.

Molding

Shallow bands of painted stone dividing the vault into 9 compartments framing successive scenes from Genesis.

The Shiva Nataraja (Lord of the Dance)

Shiva dancing within a ring of fire. The left hand holds a spray of flames, which represents the destruction of the universe as well as are ego-centeredness. Right hand holds a drum, whose ceaseless beat represents the unstoppable rhythms of creation and destruction, birth and death. Right hand gives the "have no fear" gesture. The Left hand points to the foot which signifies liberation.

Jambs

Side posts of the door.

Pictographs

Simple pictures drawn on wet clay with a pointed tool, each representing a thing or a concept.

Virgin and Child wooden sculpture

Since the wealthiest churches only could afford jewels and metals, wooden sculpture was used for devotional images. Late 12th century.

Nankani Compound

Sirigu, Ghana 1972, living areas created by men building the structures and women decorating the surfaces. Round dwellings are women's houses in an interior courtyard, men occupied the rectangular flat-roofed houses.

Colonnettes

Small, slender columns commonly used in architecture to flank or subdivide windows or doors.

Nok Culture

Some of the earliest evidence of iron technology in sub-Saharan Africa which arose in Western Sudan or present-day Nigeria. The Nok people were farmers and smelters to refine ore. They created the earliest known sculpture in sub-Sahara Africa. Terracotta figures of human and animal subjects between 100 BCE and 200CE. Nok head slightly larger than life, D-shaped eyes.

Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velazquez

Spanish painter influenced by Caravaggio, who painted still lifes of taverns, markets, and kitchen scenes of ordinary people amid foods and utensils.

Portrait of a married couple from Pompeii

Spatial world, conventional poses, attention to physiognomic detail.

Nkisi Nkonde

Spirit figures made by the Kongo and Songye peoples of the democratic Republic of the Congo. They are thought to alleviate illness, protect vulnerable individuals, provide success, and serve a divinatory function in seeking out wrongdoers to punish them for their misdeeds. A specific type bristling with nails, pins, blades. and other sharp objects.

Tetrarch porphyry

Startlingly alert, with searing eyes, embodies a shift to the antithesis of the suave classicism. Position is more important than identity.

St. Peter

Strikes a rock and water flows from it in a catacomb painting. Peter became the Rock (Petros-Greek) on which Jesus founded the church. He was the first bishop of Rome, considered the predecessor of today's pope.

Studiolo of Federico Da Montefeltro

Studiolo (a study), where he kept his fine books, art objects, and hold private conversations. Thought to be the work of woodworker, Giuliano da Maiano. Walls are decorated with intarsia (wood inlay) to achieve trompe l' oeil (fool the eye) effects giving the illusion of pilasters, cupboards, latticed doors, niches with statues, benches and tables, and even the duke's armor.

Marcus Aurelius

Succeeded Hadrian, known for his intelectual and miliatary acheivements.

Cynlinder Seals

Sumerian seals to secure and identify documents and signify property ownership. Usually < 2 inches high, made of hard, sometimes semiprecious stones with designs incised into the surface. Rolled across a damp, clay surface.

Ziggurats

Sumerians most imposing buildings: stepped pyramids structures with a temple or shrine on top.

Thomas Carlyle

Taken by one of the most creative early photographers, Julia Margaret Cameron in 1867. She rcvd her first camera from her daughters at age 49. Her prints were slightly out of focus on purpose. By blurring details, Cameron sought to call attention to the light that suffused her subjects.

Neo-confucianism

Teaches that the universe consists of two interacting forces known as "li" (principle or idea) and "qi" (matter). All the "li" of the universe, including humans, are but aspects of an eternal first principle known as the Great Ultimate. The task of the human is to purify their "qi" through edication and self-cultivation so that their "li" may acheive union with the Great Ultimate. Neo-confucian ideas were visualized in landscape paintings which became the most highly esteemed subject for painters.

Post-Impressionism

Term coined by critic Roger Fry in 1910 for the which describes the younger generation of painters who experimented with visual languages. They rejected impressionist's emphasis on spontaneous recording of light and color and instead sought to create art with a greater degree of formal order and structure. This allowed more abstract and expressive styles that would prove highly influential for the development of Modernist painting.

Femmage

Termed created by combining the words female and collage, coined by Miriam Schapiro to describe how she dovetails her feminism with decoration.

Royal Portal

The 3 main doors of the Cathedral of Notre Dame containing high-relief figures, three tympanums.

The Son of Heaven

The Forbidden City reflects ancient Chinese beliefs about the harmony of the universe and emphasizes the emperor's role as the Son of Heaven, whose duty was to maintain the cosmic order from his throne in the middle of the world.

Japonisme

The French obsession with Japan and its arts which reached great proportions in 1872.

Gate of Supreme Harmony

The Gate to the Forbidden City on the North side of the courtyard,

Die Brucke

The German Counterpart to Fauvism. A group of radical German artists came together in Dresden to form a brotherhood in 1905. They shared an appreciation for Friederich Nietzche and perceived possibilities for rebirth in primitive states such as childhood or in animal instincts. They associated large, urban centers with fresh creativity and new beginnings.

The Bauhaus Building

The German counterpart to the total, rational planning envisioned by the de Stijl and Le Corbusier was carried out at this school. It was designed by Walter Gropius in 1925, another founder of Modern Architecture. He believed that art should serve a socially useful function, the Bauhaus implemented a new emphasis on industrial design in 1922. In 1933, the school was forced closed by Adolf Hitler as he opposed modern art on two grounds: 1.) It was cosmopolitan rather than nationalistic 2.) he believed it to be overly influenced by Jews.

Palazzo Medici-Riccardi

The Medici palace in Florence. Brunelleschi had a role in this, however his model for the palazzo was rejected as too grand. Private homes were supposed to be limited to a dozen rooms. A home not only symbolized the family, it established it's proper place in the Florentine social hierarchy.

The Tale of Genji

The World's First known novel, written in the beginning of the 11th century, by Lady Murasaki. She transposed the lifestyle of Heian aristocrats into fiction for her fellow court ladies. Underlying the stories of the love affairs of Prince Genji and his companions is the Japanese conception of fleeting pleasures and ultimate sadness in life.

Calligraphy

The art of fine hand lettering which became on the glories of Islamic Art.

Trumeau

The central supporting post

Kufic

The earliest formal Script, is blocky and angular and may have evolved from inscriptions on stone monuments. Horizontal strokes are elongated and fat-bodied letters are emphasized. Popular decorations on ceramics made from the 9th to the 12th centuries.

Battle Scene Hide Painting

The earliest known painted buffalo hide robe illustrates a battle fought in 1797 by the Mandan (of South Dakota) and their allies against the Sioux. 5 nations took part. 22 separate episodes.

Cast iron, Wrought iron, and steel

The engineers pioneered the use of the most important new building materials. They sought to create skeletal structures.

The "Degenerate Art" Exhibition

The final move against the avant-garde, organized in 1937 was a notorious exhibition of banned works. It was intended to erase Modernism once and for all from the artistic life of the nation. By WWII, the German authorities had confiscated countless "subversive" works from all over the country. Most were publicly burned, and much as sold at a public auction.

The Dome of the Rock

The first Great moment of Islamic Art, decorated on the interior with a mosaic frieze containing the earliest written text of the Quran. Constructed over the rock where Mohammed ascended to God. Centralized, octagon plan-from Byzantine and early Christian martyria. The first architectural manifestation of Islam's view of itself as completing and superseding the prophesies of Judaism and Christianity. (Seen this way because the dome took a site that was holy to Jews and Christians and crowned it with an Islamic monument.

The Founding of Tenochtitlan

The first page of the Codex Mendoza, prepared for the Spanish Viceroy portrays an idealized representation of the city.

Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre

The first person to "fix" a photographic image in France, who discovered that exposure to light for 20 to 30 minutes would produce a latent image on a silver-coated metal plate treated with iodine fumes, which could then be made visible when subsequently exposed to mercury vapor. By 1837, he had developed a method of fixing the image by bathing the plate in a strong solution of common salt after exposure.

Aphrodite of Knidos

The goddess of love; Roman copies survive only;

Talud-tablero construction

The hallmark of Teotihuacan architectural style. The base is the Talud, while the vertical entablature is the tablets.

Surrealism

The intellectual successor to Dada, a movement founded by French writer Andre Breton who sought to free human behavior from the constrictions of reason and the bourgeois morality.

Verism

The interest in the faithful reproduction of the immediate visual and tactile appearance of subjects.

Imba Huru

The largest building complex at Great Zimbabwe located in the broad valley below the hilltop enclosures. It was probably a royal residence as well as a religious center.

Marcel Duchamp

The leading figure of Dada in New York who was a French artist. He maintained that art should appeal to the mind rather than to the senses. He created "readymades"

Nebuchadnezzar

The most famous Neo-Babylonian ruler, notorious for his suppression of the Jews from the books of Daniel in the bible.

Song Ceramics

The most prized is Guan ware, made mainly for imperial use. The shape of this graceful vase flows without interruption from base to lip, but the potter intentionally allowed a pattern of irregular, spontaneous cracks to develop in the lustrous off-white glaze.

Machu Picchu

The most spectacular surviving example of Inca stonework at 9k ft. above sea level and straddles a ridge between 2 high peaks in the Andes. It was the rulers summer home.

Mosques

The muslim congregation gathers on Fridays for regular public worship in mosques, not shrines. Mosque in Arabic is Masjid- meaning "a place of prostration." They vary in detail but are usually entered through a courtyard, and large covered space is to accomodate a crowd. All are oriented in the direction of Mecca (qibla), and worshippers arrange themselves in rows, facing mecca.

Zalanga

The name for the braided sling that holds a woman's gourds and most treasured possession.

Constantinople

The new capital of the Roman empire at the port city of Byzantium and renamed it after himself. Modern Instanbul, Turkey.

The mihrab

The niche indicating the direction of Mecca on the wall of a mosque. Shares the same wall as the minibar or pulpit.

Altneuschul (Old-New Synagogue)

The oldest functioning synagogue in Europe. Like a hall church, the vaults are all the same height. However, unlike the basilican church with nave and side aisles, this had two aisles each with three bays of four-part rib vaulting, supported by the walls and two Octagonal piers.

The Phoenix Hall

The principle building of the Byodo-in, has a pair of phoenix images on the roof, and the shape of the building suggests a mythical bird.

Gilding

The process of applying gold leaf or powder to solid surfaces such as stone, wood, or metal to give the item a thin coating of gold. The gilded object is described as gilt.

Artistic Pluralism

The simultaneous variety of artistic trends and styles.

Vanitas

The theme of the transience of earthly life, inspiring spiritual reflection on the fleeting nature of beauty, youth, and riches.

Jerusalem

The third most holy site in Islam to Mecca and Medina which are directly associated with the life of Muhammed.

Postmodernism

The variety of approaches to art that emerged has been characterized by the umbrella term.

Sumerian Inventions

The wagon wheel, the plow, copper and bronze casting, and the greatest invention: around 3100 BCE- a form of writing on clay tablets.

The Raft of the Medusa

Theodore Gericault, 1818, painted about the scandalous and sensational shipwreck of the Medusa. The monarchy refused to buy it because it was a political commentary.

Conceptual Art

They often elimination the art object itself. The ultimate root of Conceptual art is in Marcel Duchamp and his assertion that making art should be a mental, not a physical activity. Many conceptual artists used their own bodies as a medium. The most prominent, American conceptual artist was Joseph Kosuth.

Millefiori

Thin pieces of colored glass, names from the Italian word for "a thousand flowers."

Buttresses

This masses of masonry that reinforced walls at critical points and made taller buildings possible.

Monticello

Thomas Jefferson's country house in Virginia was inspired by the Villa Rotonda. The Villa Rotonda started a daring innovation that initated a long tradition of domed country houses particularly in England and the US.

Last Supper

Tintoretto, viewer is seeing the scene from the corner, rather than head on. Includes everyday details, but has a plunging, off-center perspective. It is sweeping motion, and twisting, gesturing figures.

Pesaro Madonna

Titian became the official painter to the Republic of Venice. He was commissioned by the Pesaro family to paint an altarpiece for the Franciscan church of Sta. Maria Gloriosa dei Frari in Venice-A Madonna and Child surrounded by the members of the Pesaro family. He used built up layers of pure colors, chiefly red, white, yellow, and black.

Venus of Urbino

Titian, argued to be more about marriage than mythology. It has multiple matrimonial references: the pair of cassoni (marriage or trousseau storage chests), myrtle and roses she holds, and the Spaniel snoozing at her feet which is a symbol of fidelity and domesticity.

Pop Art

Took its style and subject matterfrom popular culture. Its sources were comic books, advertisements, movies, and television. It originated in London, and one of its most prominent figures was Richard Hamilton.

Keystone

Top, center piece in an arch.

Minaret

Tower from which criers call the faithful to prayer.

Pendatives

Triangular curving wall sections that connect the base of the dome with the huge supporting piers or large masonry supports at the four corners of the square area beneath it.

Pendatives and Squinches

Two methods of supporting a round dome or its drum over a square space. Pendatives (preferred by Byzantine builders) are spherical triangles between arches that rise upward and inward to form a circular opening on which the dome sits. Squinches (preferred by Islamic builders) are diagonal lintels supported on bracket-like constructions placed across the wall's upper corners. Squinches create an octagon which is close to the shape of a dome, and therefore provides a solid base around the perimeter of the dome.

Catacombs

Underground cemeteries, consisting of narrow passageways and small burial chanbers lined with rectangular burial niches. These niches were filled with stone sarcophagi or sealed with tiles or stone slabs.

Woman from Willendorf

Upper Paleolithic period, found in Austria

Woman from Willendorf

Upper Paleolithic period- found in Austria

Hiragana

Used for Japanese words, has graceful, cursive symbols.

Abbot Sugar (1122-1151)

Used ideas from Dionysius (The Greek form of Denis), who considered light a physical manifestation of God. He used walls composed largely of stained glass windows, and inscriptions on the bronze doors: "Bright is the noble work; but being mobly bright, the work should lighten the minds, so that they may travel through the true lights, to the True Light where Christ is the true door."

Block Printing

Uses a carved material covered in ink to transfer an image to paper or fabric. Images are typically much bolder than ones made with other print forms. Also known as "relief printing" because the ink leaves a raised texture on the paper.

Joined Block

Uses several blocks of wood to create a statue or object which allows for larger, but lighter statues. It reflects the growing importance of wood as a medium of choice for Buddhist sculpture.

Atmospheric Perspective

Variations in color and clarity convey the feeling of distance when objects and landscapes are portrayed less clearly, colors become grayer in the background, imitating the natural effects of a loss of clarity and color when viewing things in the distance through an atmospheric haze.

Iwan- Persian

Vaulted open room and they perfected a mosque/madrasa plan in which four iwans are arranged around an internal courtyard.

Qibla- Iwan

Vaulted with muqarnas (niche-like cells) in the 14th century. Tall slender minarets and brilliant blue tiles were added in the 17th century.

Feast in the House of Levi

Veronese-one of his most famous works. Created for the Dominican monastery of SS Giovanni e Paolo.

Warp

Vertical elements of a yarn grid

Narthex

Vestibule

Chichester-constable Chasuble

Vestment worn by priests celebrating the Mass with images formed by subtle gradations of colored silt. As the priest moved, the vestment would have glinted in the candlelight. So heavy did such gold and bejeweled garments become that their wearers often needed help to move.

Villa Rotonda

Villas (Country houses and implies "working farm"). This one just outside of Vecenza, completed in 1569. This was designed as a retreat for relaxation. He placed elevated porches on each side of the building. Inspired by the Roman Pantheon, it was renamed Villa Capra after the family that purchased it in 1591. The plan shows geometrical clarity: a circle in a square, inside a larger square with symmetrical rectangular rooms and identical rectangular porticoes and staircases projecting from each of its faces.

Monticello

Virginia residence of Thomas Jefferson designed in the neoclassical style, of ancient Roman architecture and British Palladian Villas. 1769

The Meridian Gate

Visitor's entrance to the South of the Forbidden City was a U shaped, monumental complex.

Spandrels

Wall areas adjacent to the arch

Hera I

Well-preserved, Archaic temple, built around 550 BCE, stands at Poseidonia (Roman Paestum) south of Naples, Italy. Dedicated to Hera, the queen of the gods. Doric order, fluted columns, no bases,

Constructivism

Were committed to the notion hat artists should leave the studio and "go into the factory, where the real body of life is made." They envisioned politically engaged artists devoted to rating useful objects and promoting the aims of collective society.

Porch of Maidens

West side of the Erechtheion; 6 female figures (caryatids) acting as columns.

Twin Figures Ere Ibeji

When one or both twins die, the diviner may order a twin carving to serve as a dwelling place for the deceased twin's spirit. The mother will bring the carver gifts, and then dance home with the carving holding it as if it were a child. She feeds the statue, dresses it, and anoints it with oil. Female twins, From Nigeria, Yoruba culture, 20th century,

Iconoclasm

When religious art was destroyed and church interiors were whitewashed due to Protestant reformers considering religious art idolatrous. This caused many artist to turn to portraiture and other secular subjects to earn their commission.

Crossing

Where the nave and transept intersected, and often was emphasized by towers.

Groin Vaults

Where two barrel vaults cross.

Les Fauves

Wild Beasts: a name given to the young artists who launched the "Salon d' Automne" in opposition to the official Salon in the spring due to the conservative viewpoints of the official salon. These painters used a sense of forceful color and impulsive brushwork which conveyed a new intensity and visual experience.

The Open Door by William Talbot

William Henry Fox Talbot, picture produced by the Calotype process in 1843. These are usually rural scenes and still lifes.

Transepts

Wings that intersected with the name and aisles at a right angle, met the need for more space near the tomb of the saint, where a large number of clergy and pilgrims gathered for elaborate rituals.

Intarsia

Wood Inlay

Torons

Wooden beams projecting from the walls to provide permanent supports for the scaffolding erected each year so the exterior of the mosque can be replastered. These are West African mosques.

Imperial atelier

Workshop of painters placed under the direction of two Persian artists. The Mughals idealized Persian lyricism with robust Indian naturalism.

Kente Cloth

Woven textiles signal status among the Ashanti in Ghana that have become popular globally as an expression of African cultural heritage. Originally associated with royalty, made on small, light, horizontal looms, that produced long, narrow strips of fabric that are sewn together to form large rectangles of finished cloth.

Stylus

Writing instrument with a triangular wedge at one end and point at another.

Communist Manifesto

Written in 1848 by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, and predicted the violent overthrow of the property-holding bourgeoisie or middle class by the Proletariat or working class and the creation of the classless society.

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

Wrote influential writings and was a leader of the Reformation in Germany. This led to the establishment of Protestant churches in Northern Europe.

3 Bronze-age dynasties of China

Xia, Shang, and the Zhou. Sculpture: Fang Ding

Column chevrons

Zigzag, spiral fluting, or diamond patterns carved patterns in columns, some having scalloped, cushion-shaped capitals.

Ambulatory

a curiving aisle passageway located inside the Chapel of Charlemagne.

Lacquer

a hard, glossy surface varnish

Foreshortening

a technique that shows things as if they were receding or projecting forward within space.

Lacquer

a type of hard, glossy varnish.

Tenebrism

an exaggeratedand theatrical type of chiaroscuro where selected forms emerge strongly highlighted from a pervasively dark background.

Medallions

circles

The Peplos Kore

clothes, rounded body forms, possibly was Athena or Artemis.

Cistae

cylindrical containers used by wealthy women as cases for toiletry articles such as mirrors, cosmetics, and perfume. Ficoroni Cista.

Lion Capital

dated about 250 BCE, promotion of Buddhism.

Shaft Graves

deep, vertical pits used for burial, typically found in wealthy, stratified Mycenaean communities.

Expressionism

deliberate attempt to elicit a specific emotional respnse in the viewer- a characteristic of Hellenistic art.

Formalism

demanded a close analysis of the work of art and critical judgements based on visual perception alone.

Aphrodite of Melos

dreamy gaze; twisting stance, strong projection of the knee; rich, 3 dimensional quality of the drapery, soft flesh vs. crisper drapery, and erotic tension.

Pediment sculpture of the Temple of Aphaia

dying warrior-W pediment; dying warrior-E pediment

The Inca Empire

early 16th century, was one of the largest states in he world. The capital was Cuzco, " the navel of the world" located high in the Andes mountains. They build more than 23k miles of roads with storehouses along the way every 1 day's journey.

Barrel vault

enlongated round arch

Portrait of Matthew from the Coronation Gospels

idealized, lifelike representation consistent with the Greco-Roman classical tradition.

Amphora

large, all-purpose storage jar

Scientific Perspective

mandates that the eye of the artist (and hence the viewer) occupy a fixed point relative to the scene being observed. Cezanne presents his objects from a variety of different positions. The composition as a whole is assembled from multiple sightings, and is more complex and dynamic.

Modeling

mimicking the play of light on three-dimensional sufaces by highlighting protruding areas and shading receding areas.

Crenellated

notched towers found on the Ishtar gates of Babylon

Mannurist sculpture

often small and made from precious metals, stylizes body forms, and foregrounds. Displays of technical skill. Architects designed buildings that defy uniformity and balance and used classical orders in unconventional ways.

Water Carrier of Seville

painted by Diego Velazquez about 1619, painted contrasting textures such as pottery, glass, and fabrics. He uses dramatic splashes of natural light, and tenebrism.

Collage

pasted, colored papers

Etruscan Homes

rectangular mud-brick structure built around a central courtyard or an atrium- a room with a shallow, indoor pool for drinking, cooking, and bathing fed by rainwater through a large opening in the roof.

Sculpture in the round

self-contained, three-dimensional statues that are carved free of any background or block.

Hemicycles

semicircular projections.

Conches

semidomes in the Hagia Sophia that form a longitudinal nave.

Virgin and Child St. Denis

silver-gilt image of a standing virgin and mary, and is a rare survivor that verifies the acclaim thqt was accorded Parisian goldsmiths.

Dado

the lower part of the wall

Cubism

the most influencial of the "isms" It was the joint invention of Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque.

Capstone

topmost stone that joins the sides and completes a structure.

The Middle Ages "The medieval Period"

1,000 years of European history between the dissolution of the Western Roman Empire during the 5th century and the Florentine Renaissance in the 15th Century.

5 Pillars of Islam

1.) Statement of faith: "There is no god but God and Muhammad is his messenger." 2.) Prayer 5 times a day facing Mecca 3.) Charity to the poor (Zakah) 4.) Dawn-to-dusk fast during the month of Ramadan (Sawm) 5.) A pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)

Two common tying techniques

1.) Symmetrical knot- used extensively in Iran, Egypt, and Central Asia. Formerly known as Sehna knot. 2.) Assymetrical knot-used extensively in Turkey, and formerly called the Gordes knot. The greater number of knots, the shorter the pile. The finest carpets have up to 2400 knots per square inch, each one tied seperately by hand. Most knotted rugs have triditionally been made in tents and homes. Woven by men or women, large carpets may have multiple weavers, and an older weaver usually works with a younger weaver to learn the art of weaving so it passes to the next generation.

Two Major Streams of Buddhism emerged during the Heian Period.

1.) The Esoteric sects 2.) Those espousing salvation in the Pure Land Western Paradise of the Buddha Amida.

Two Hindu movements that affected Hindu practice and art.

1.) The Tantric or Esoteric movement-primarily in the north. 2.) The bhakti, or devotional movement, primarily in the South.

The Gero-Crucifix

10th-11th centuries, Ottonian artists in Norther Europe, began an new tradition of large sculpture in wood and bronze that would a significant influence on later medieval art.

Hummingbird geoglyph

120 ft. long beak, geoglyph. Some of the lines extend for 12 miles. The purpose of the geoglyphs remains a mystery, but the lines of stones are wide enough to be used a ceremonial pathways.

Joseon Dynasty

1392-1910, bridge the cultural change in Korea from domination by china to entry into the modern world. 17th and 18th centuries were a time of intellectual revival. Buddhism gave way to Confucianism.

Battista Sforza and Federico da Montelfeltro

1474, painted by Peiro della Francesca of Federico da Montefeltro and his wife Battista Sforza. Strict profile, emphasized the geometry of the forms. Used atmospheric perspective, Diptych- a pair of panels.

Michelangelo Buonarroti

1475-1564, born in Caprese, but grew up in Florence. Joined the Medici household, came into contact with neoplatonic philosophers.

The Church of the Holy Cross

14th century, designed by Heinrich Parler in Schwabisch Gmund, Swabia in 1317.

Adam and Eve

1504 engraving by Durer. These figures represent his first documented use of an ideal of human proportions based on classical sculpture, probably known to him through contemporary prints or drawings. Behind his idealized figures, the flora and fauna was typical Northern descriptive detail. Embedded in the landscape are symbols of the four humors supporting the belief that after Adam and Eve disobeyed God, they became vulnerable to imbalances in the body fluids. Durer's pride in his engraving can be seen in the prominent signature, a placard bearing his full name and date seen hanging on a branch next to Adam.

Lavinia Fontana

1552-1614, learned to paint from her father, who was a follower of Raphael. In 1570, her husband, the painter Gian Paolo Zappi, gave up his own career to care for their large family and help his wife by building frames for her paintings. In 1603, she moved to Rome to become the official painter of the papal court, the Habsburgs became major patrons of her work.

Jan Brueghel

1568-1625, son of Pieter Bruegel the Elder, was Ruben's neighbor in Antwerp, and also as assistant in his workshop. He worked with Rubens on a series of allegorical paintings on the theme of senses including Allegory of Sight.

Frans Hals

1581-1666, the leading painter in Haarlem, was a Netherlandish painter. Group portraiture that documented the corporate organizations became a Dutch specialty.

Anthony van Dyke

1599-1641, was also an assistant in Ruben's workshop. He had an illustrious independent career as a portraitist. He later became court painter to Charles I of England.

Merode Altarpiece

15th century, Flanders (modern-day Belgium), painted by Robert Campin 1406-1444, responsible for this triptych.

Rembrandt van Rijn

1606-1669, the most important painter working in the Netherlands in the 17th century. He studied painting in Amsterdam and Leiden, and established a busy studio in Amsterdam producing both paintins and etchings of mythological subjects, religious scenes, and landscapes. His primary source of income was from portraiture.

Self Portrait-Judith Leyster

1609-1660, Dutch painter that painted more boisterous genre scenes categorized in that time by descriptive titles such as "merry company" or "garden party"

Johannes Vermeer of Delft

1632-1675, Was perhaps the most evocative Dutch painter and produced a few works, mostly concentrating on enigmatic scenes of women in their homes.

Rachel Ruysch

1663-1750, was one of the most sought-after and highest paid flower painters in Amsterdam. During her 70 year career, her works were highly prized for their sensitive, free-form floral arrangements and their unusual and beautiful color harmonies. She married and had 10 children, but never stopped painting. Her paintings often brought higher prices than works by Rembrandt.

Hammurabi's Code

1792-1750 BCE- Used a written legal code that recorded laws in his realm and the penalties for breaking them. Written in cuneiform script on a stele,

Alexander the Great confronts Darius at hte Battle of Issos

1st century floor mosaic from Pompeii. Dramatic scene, violent action, foreshortening, modeling.

A bench along the walls; a Niche for the Torah

2 architectural features that distuinguished the assembly hall of the synagogue at Dura-Europos.

Hinged Clasp- Sutton Hoo

2 sides are identical, created by thin pieces of garnet and blue-checkered glass known as Millefiori, from the Italian word for "a thousand flowers". These were cut into precisely stepped geometric shapes or to follow the snuous contours of stylized animal forms.

Diocletian- Roman Emperor

284-305- Ended the Roman anarchy, and initiated a dictatorial government, eventually dividing the empire among 4 rulers known as Tetrarchs.

Oculus

29 foot wide central circular opening in the Pantheon

The Erechtheion

2nd important temple on the Acropolis erected under Perikles building program; Ionic Order,

Synthetic Cubism

2nd phase of cubism which has the artist creating motifs by combining simpler elements, as in a chemical synthesis.

Teotihuacan

30 miles NE of Mexico city. It was Mesoamerica's first urban settlement in 200CE, a significant center of commerce and manufacturing. Covering nearly 9 square miles, with a population of 125,000, making it the largest city in the America's and one of the largest cities in the world at that time. It controlled the market on high-quality obsidian.

Anavysos Kouros

530 BCE exemplifies archaic Greek sculpture. Shown frontally, arms at sides, fists clenched, one leg in front of the other.

Early Byzantine Art (476-726)

5th and 6th centuries: The Italian peninsula was invaded by the Visigoths, vandals, and Ostrogoths-Germanic peoples from the North. Rome was sacked twice in 410 and 455. When Italy fell to the Ostrogoths in 476, the Western Roman Empire collapsed. The Eastern or Byzantine Roman Empire flourished with its capital Constantinople.

The Archaic Period

600- 480BCE; Means antiquated or old fashioned, primitive. Sappho wrote inspired poetry on the island of Lesbos, Aesop crafted his animal fables. Earliest standing Greek temples date from this period. The art of modeling and hollow-casting bronze was developed by the end of this period.

Two Menorah's flank the Ark of the Covenant

7-branched lamps that flank the Ark- found in the catacombs near Rome.

Temple of the Inscriptions

9 level pyramid, 75 ft. high, topped with a crest known as a roof comb. The façade still retains much of its stucco sculpture. It was the tomb of Pakal the Great, and a Mexican archeologist began the findings of his tomb in 1948. It took 4 years to uncover.

Funerary vessel- Geometric Style

900 - 700 BCE; Athenian ceramic vessel decorated with complex, linear, stylized markings of the Geometric style.

Paper

A Chinese invention, was made in the Islamic world by the mid-8th century, but did not fully replace parchment until after the year 1000.

Electric Light Natalia goncharova

A Cubo-Futurism piece with brilliant electric light bulbs . It is a study of contrasting enhanced colors and a potent symbol of technological advance. It was painted by Natalia Goncharova, a Russian artist who adopted French styles.

Clara Peeters

A Dutch painter that painted stunning still-lifes that contained not only arranged flowers, but fruits, nuts, precious objects, and many of them the luxury imports of prized possessions of the wealthy.

Palace

A Mayan administrative center in the city of Palenque. The Major buildings are grouped on high ground.

Saljuqs

A Turkish people from central Asia who converted to Islam in the 10th century. First conquered Persia in 1037-1040, establishing the Great Saljuq dynasty. Went on to conquer Bagdad and modern Turkey. Proved themselves to be enlightened patrons of the arts. They built on grand-scale mosques, madrases, palaces, urban hostels, and remote caravanserais (inns) for traveling merchants to encourage long-distance trade.

Piero della Francesca (1415-1492)

A Tuscan artist profoundly influenced by Masaccio who worked in Florence in the 1430s. He practiced current art theory and practice and used Brunelleschi's system of spatial illusion and linear perspective. He was also an accomplished mathematician. He wrote his own theories about art and emphasized geometry and the volumetric construction of forms and spaces.

The Rule for Monasteries

A book written by St. Benedict of Nursia which was a practical set of guidelines for secluded communal life that outlined monastic vocation as a combination of work and prayer.

Mausoleum

A building used as a tomb

Bimah

A central, raised reading platform straddling the two central bays in the Altneuschul.

Henge

A circle of stones or posts, often surrounded by a ditch with built-up embankments.

Gallery

A continuous upper-story platform overlooking the main space of the Chapel of Charlemagne.

Cameo= Such as Gemma Augustea

A gemstone carved in low relief

Der Blaue Reiter

A group of 9 expressionist painters, sharing an interest in the power of color and formed in Munich around the Russian artist Vasily Kandinsky. The name means "The Blue Rider or The Blue Knight" Kandinsky considered the color blue symbolic of spirituality and the male principle.

Red Raku ware

A hand-built, low-fired ceramic of gritty, red clay, developed especially for use in the tea ceremony.

Cherubim

A high-ranking angels closely associated with God.

#55

A highly individual and powerful elegant abstract forms.Created by Hiroyuki Hamada. His medium is more complicated, of fastidiously textured surfaces. Over a substructure of wood and foam, he applies a layer of plaster which he refines and finishes and finishes over several years. In this piece he uses drill bits to give the upperhalf of the form patterns then covers it in a resin and tar to give it contrasting color. His forms seem so strange yet hauntingly familiar. It leaves the question of the meaning open. He felt that a title would tell people how to interpret the work.

Homage to New York

A kinetic sculpture created by Swiss-born artist and anarchist Jean Tinguely who wanted to free the machine and let it play. "Art hasn't been fun in a long time" It was assembled from yards of metal tubing, bicycle and baby carriage wheels, a washing machine drum, an upright piano, radio, electric fans, addressograph machines, bassinets, small motors, etc. the machine was designed to destroy itself when activated.

Basilica

A large, rectangular building with an expansive interior space, adaptable for a variety of administrative functions. they could serve as imperial audience chambers, army drill halls, courts of law, or schools.

Lipstick Ascending on Caterpillar Tracks

A large-scale public project created by Claes Oldenburg in 1969. He took a more humorous approach toward consumer culture. The 1960s were marked by student demonstrations against the Vietnam War. By combining a tank with lipstick, Oldenberg urged his audience to "make love, not war."

The Constantinian Basilica of St. Peter

A monumental basilica ordered by Constantine constructed at the place where Christians believed St. Peter was buried. St. Peter was the city's first bishop (spiritual and administrative church leader), and later recognized as the precursor of the popes.

Lithography

A more popular print medium invented by Aloys Senefelder in Bavaria, Germany in 1796. It is a planographic process- printing is done from a flat surface. It was a whole, new process introduced in the 15th century. Based on the neutral antagonism between oil and water. Artist drawn on fine grain stones with a greasy crayon. The stone's surface is flooded with water. An oil- based ink is rolled over. The ink adheres to the greasy areas, but not the damp ones. Then a piece of paper is placed faced-down on an inked stone. Then passed through a flatbed press.

Mannerism

A new style that developed in Florence and Rom in the 1520s. It is associated with the death of Raphael and it's name means Italian maniera meaning "style." It was an anti-classical movement in which artificiality, grace, and elegance took priority over the ordered balance and lifelike references of High Renaissance art. Included contrived compositions, irrational spatial environments, and figures with elongated proportions, complicated artificial poses, enigmatic gestures, and dreamy expressions.

Carolingian minuscule

A new, clear script based on ancient Roman forms but with a uniform lower-case alphabet that increased legibility and streamlined production. This was used by priests and nuns in monasteries to produce books.

Anastasis

A painting of the resurrection of Christ, fills the apse in the new funeral chapel at the Chora church.

The Flatiron Building

A photograph taken in 1903 by photographer, Alfred Steiglitz, who photographed New York in poetic images of romanticized urban scenes.

Historicism

A practice where major works of public architecture in the 19th century we decorated inside and out, with motifs drawn from historic models. This was taught at the architect school of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts or the School of fine arts in Paris.

Palace of the Lions

A private retreat in the Alhambra built by Mohammad V. At it's heart is the rectangular Court of the Lions, named for the fountain whose basin is supported by 12 stone lions.

Putti

A putto is a little boy, often shown naked and winged.

Cantilever

A series of broad concrete terraces out from the house, echoing the great slabs of natural rock. He designed the water to flow around and under the house. The rocks the family had once sunbathed on became their fireplace.

A bronze foundry- Kylix

A shallow two-handleded drinking cup

Neoplatonism

A sharp opposition of the spiritual ( the ideal or idea) and the physical (carnal matter that can be overcome by severe discipline and adverson to the world of the senses)

Aron of the Altneuschul

A shrine for theTorah scrolls, located on the East wall, toward Jerusalem, in the Altneuschul synagogue.

Galla Placidia

A small, cross-shaped oratory. One of the earliest surviving Christian structures. A chapel designed for prayer, attached around 425-426 to the church of the imperial palace. Named after the daughter of Roman emperor, theodosius I, wife of Visigothic king Athaulf, sister of emperors Honorius and Arcadius, and mother of Emperor Valentinian. She ruled the Western empire as regent for her son after 425. Chapel contains mosaics, panels of veined marble cover the walls, floral and geometric patterns on the arches, figure of standing apostles.

Paris Opera House

A spectacular example of historicizing architecture designed by Charles Garnier. It contains Neo-Baroque decoration

Medici Palace Courtyard

A square with rooms arranged symmetrically, with rounded arches on slender columns forming a continuous arcade under the enclosed 2nd story.

Aqueduct

A structure with water conduits.

Cubo-Futurism

A style developed by Natalia Goncharova and her lifelong partner, Mikhail Larionov. They were torn between the desire to develop a native, characteristically Russian art and their wish to keep up with the developments of Western Modernism. They combined the simplified Cubist shapes and a dynamic Futurist composition with bright lights and symbols of technological advance.

Syllabary

A system in which each symbol stands for a syllable.

Teabowl, called Yugure (Twilight)

A teabowl would be judged by such factors such as how well it fit into the hands, how subtly its shape and texture appealed to the eye, and who had previously used and admired it. This bowl was given a name by a tea master, making it especially treasured. Made by Chojiro, the founder of the Raku family of potters. Named by Sen no Sotan.

Romanesque Architecture

A term used by Art historians for art from the mid 11th century to the 12th century. This was a period of great building in Europe. Architecture has solid masonry walls, rounded arches, and vaulting characteristics of ancient Roman building. But not quite up to classical standards. Many consider this to be the first truly trans-European movement in the history of art.

Dolmen

A tomb chamber was formed of huge upright stone supporting one or more table-like rocks, or capstones, in a post-and-lintel system.

Architectural Interior Painting

A type of genre painting that achieved great popularity in the Netherlands. Buildings seem to have been painted for their own special beauty, just like landscapes, cities, and harbors.

The Flight into Egypt

A window from the abbey at St. Dennis. Shows the virgin reaching out to pick a date from a palm tree that has bent down at the infant Jesus' command to accommodate her hungry grasp. This is based on an apocryphal gospel that was not included in the canonical Christian scripture, but was a popular source for 12th century artists.

Tholos tombs- Treasury of Atreus

Above ground burial places.

Butressing

Additional external support for a barrel vault

Allegory with Venus and Cupid

Agnolo di Cosimo, Pontormo's assistance, nicknamed: Bronzino, established his own workshop, and became a court painter to the Medici's. This painting is one of the strangest paintings of the 16th century. It contains all formal, iconographical, and psychological characteristics of Mannerist art, Sever figures, two masks, and a dove interweave in an intricate, claustrophobic formal composition pressed into a foreground plane. Exaggerated poses, graceful forms, polished surfaces, and delicate colors.

Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Americans who held the country' s first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, NY. They asked for: 1.) equality of women and men before the law 2.) Property rights for married women, 3.) Acceptance of women into institutions of higher education 4.) Admission of women to all trades and professions 5.) Equal pay for equal work 6.) women's suffrage (achieved only in 1920.

February Tres Riches Heures of Jean, Duc de berry

Among the finest painters in Northern Europe in the 15th century, were three brothers, Pol, Herman, and Jean Limbourg. About 1404, they entered the service of Duke Jean of Berry for whom they produced their most famous, surviving work. A Book of Hours including a calendar of Holy days,

Casa Batillo

An Art Nouveau building designed by Catalan architect, Antoni Gaudi in 1904. He was designing Art Nouveau buildings almost 10 years before Horta's decorative design. Draws on indigenous Islamic, Gothic, and Baroque traditions as well as Art Nouveau aesthetic principles in a dynamic design, free of right angles.

Chiaroscuro

An Italian word combining Chiaro (light) and Scuro (dark). Used to describe the gradual transition from highlight to shadow, creating the illusion of three dimensional form. Over time, the painting deteriorated due to his experimental medium of oil paint on plaster. However, it was restored in the 1990s.

Tlaloc

An ancient rain god tracing back to Teotihuacan.

Corbel Vault

An arched structure that spans an interior space.

Sutton Hoo

An early 7th century burial mound in the English region of East Anglia. (Hoo means "hill") This concealed a hoard of treasures representing the broad cultural heritage that characterized the British Isles at this time. This was a grave of an unidentified occupant who was buried in a 90 foot ship. The vessel held weaponry, armor, and an exquisite clasp of pure gold that once secured his armor.

Literati Painting

An educated, elite taste for antique styles. Typical of the tradition are the unassuming brushwork, the subtle colors sparingly used, and even the choice of audience. The Literati Painting was not for the public display, but for each other. They favored hand scrolls, hanging scrolls, or album leaves, which could easily be transported to show to friends or small gatherings.

"Am I Not a Man and a Brother?"

An emblem commissioned by Josiah Wedgwood- a man famous for fine tableware ceramics, and also an activist in the effort to abolish slavery. He commissioned William Hackwood to design the emblem in 1787 from black and white jasperware. Wedgwood sent copies of the medallion to Benjamin Franklin and others in the abolition movement.

The Bayeux Tapestry

An embroidery, where the colored threads form patterns or pictures are woven in during the process of making the fabric itself. Embroidery consists of stitches applied on top of an already woven fabric ground. A narrative strip, 230 feet long, with more than 600 human figures and 700 animals chronicles the events leading to Duke William of Normany's conquest of England in 1066.

Cloister

An enclosed courtyard inside a monastery from which open all of the buildings that are most central to the life of a monk.

Maqsura

An enclosure in front fo the mihrab for the ruler and other dignitaries, which became a feature of the principle congregational mosque after an assassination attempt on an Umayyad ruler.

Four humors

An excess of black bile from the liver produced melancholy, despair, and greed. Yellow bile caused anger, pride, and impatience. Phlegm in the lungs resulted in lethargy, disinterest, and lack of emotion. Excess of blood resulted unusual optimism, but also compulsive interest in the pleasures of the flesh. These four temperaments are symbolized here by the melancholy elk, the choleric cat, the phlegmatic ox, and the sensual rabbit. The scurrying mouse is an emblem of Satan, the parrot may symbolize false wisdom, since it can only repeat mindlessly what it hears.

Pueblo Bonito in Chaco Canyon

Ancestrial Puebloans (formerly called Anasazi) emerged around Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico. They adopted the irrigation technology of the Hohokam. This is the largest known great house in New Mexico. D-shaped structure, covered more than 3 acres.

The Chair of St. Peter

Ancient wooden throne thought to have belonged to St. Peter as the first bishop of Rome. Symbolizes the direct descent of Christian authority from this apostle to the reigning pope.

Andrea Palladio

Andrea di Peitro 1508-1580, the most famous architect of this period in Venice. He wrote the books: I Quattro libiri dell' architettura (Four Books of Architecture) provided ideal plans for country estates, using proportions derived from ancient Roman structures. This became a standard work in the libraries of the educated.

Color Field Painting

Another part of Abstract Expressionalism. Distinguished by broad sweeping expanses of color.

Self-Portrait- Catarina van Hemessen

Antwerp painter, who learned to paint from her father and became a renowned portrait painter. She used even, dark-colored backgrounds, she identified the sitter by name and age, signing and dating each work.

Synagogue

Any large room where the Torah scrolls are kept and read. Sites of communal social gatherings, and could be located either in private homes or in buildings originally constructed as homes.

Mohammed

Arab merchant whom God revlealed his revelations to. He was born in Mecca and lived in Medina.

Donato Bramante

Architect appointed by the pope to design and build the new St. Peters. A native of Urbino. He envisioned a central-plan church, a Greek cross with four arms of equal length, crowned with an enormous dome over the central square crossing.

Woolworth Building

Architecture after 1900 in New York assumed the lead over Chicago in the development of the skyscraper. Created by architect Cass Gilbert in 1911-1913. 792 feet, 55 floors, and it was the world's tallest building until the Empire State Building was completed.

Horseman

Armed with a quiver of arrows and a daggar. Man and horse are formed as rolls of clay. Found at a site near Jenne-Jeno or Old Jenne. 13-15th century, Terracotta.

Installation Art

Artworks created for a specific site, arranged to create a total environment.

Canyon

Assemblage, created by Robert Rauschenberg. He called these combines-which he referred to as combinations of painting, collage, and sculpture using non-traditional materials. In this assemblage, he uses old family photographs, public imagery, fragments of political posters, various items from the trash, and a 3-dimentional form of a stuffed eagle (donated by a friend), perched on a box and a dirty pillow tied with a cord suspended from a piece of wood. The rich disorder, enhanced by the seemingly sloppy application of paint, challenges viewers to make sense of what they see.

The Chapel of Charlemagne's Palace

At Aachen, has clear Italian roots. Functioned as the emperor's private chapel, the church of his imperial court, a place for precious relics, and Charlemagne's imperial mausoleum after his death. Central Octagonal plan (like the church of San Vitale in Ravenna) Except with a Westwork: monumental entrance block that forms an imposing façade.

Temple of Aphaia, W pediment sculpture

Athena center with warriors from in the battle against Troy

Kwakwaka Bird Mask

Attributed to Willie Seaweed, from Alert Bay, Vancouver Island, Canada. Cedar wood, bark feathers and fiber.

Pastoral Concert

Attributed to both Giorgione and his new assistant Tiziano Vecellio (better known as Titian). Titian showcases his renowned talent for painting sensuous female nudes.

Axis Mundi

Axis of the world; The mast of the Great Stupa at Sanchi

Jar from Mali

Bamana people of Mande culture, 20th century. From the West African cultures, fired ceramics are made exclusively by women. Potters are Numumusaw, and make a wide selection of vessels, whose shapes reflect their intended use. Wide bowls, cooking pots, narrow-necked water bottles, small eating dishes, and huge storage jars.

"Leaning Tower of Pisa"

Baptistery by master builder, Bonanno Pisano, Free-standing, cylindrical bell tower, built on inadequate foundations, and began to lean almost immediately.

The Bhakti Movement

Based on ideas expressed in anceint texts, especially the Bhagavad-Gita, and seeks an ideal relationship between humans and deities, rooted in an intimate, personal, and loving connection with god, involving complete devotion and surrender.

Feathered bowl Pomo 1877

Basketry that involves weaving grass, reeds, or other materials to form containers. There are three techniques. This is a coiled basket made by Pomo women in California. These baskets were treasured possessions and often cremated with their owners at their death. 1877, willow, bulrush, fern, feathers, shells, glass beads.

Albredcht Durer 1471-1528

Became the foremost artist of the German Renaissance. One of two Germans who dominated 16th century painting, and used intense observation of the world to render lifelike representations of nature, linear perspective to create convincing illusions of space, and a reasoned new canon of proportions. Represents himself as idealized, even Christlike,

Cubicula

Bedrooms

Late Byzantine Art (1261-1453)

Began after the crusaders were expelled from the city of Constantinople in 1261. Byzantine culture blossomed in the 14th and 15th century until the capital was captured by Muslim Ottoman Turks in 1453, and Constantinople became Istanbul.

The Colosseum

Began in 72 CE, became known as the Colosseum due to a giant statue of Nero known as "the Colossus"stood next to it. Holds 50,000 people, and the design was never improved on.

The Kamakura Era- 1185-1392

Began when the Samurai, Minamoto Yoritomo, defeated his rival to assume power in Japan as shogun or general-in-chief. He established a military capital at Kamakura. Zen Buddhism was introduced during this period to Japan from China.

Christianity

Began with the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. Early christians believed that Jesus was the Son of God. Despite sporadic persecution, christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire.

The Dada movement

Began with the opening of the Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich, Switzerland on Feb. 5th 1916. Witnessing how thoughtlessly life was discarded in the trenches of World War I, Dada mocks the senselessness of rational thought and even the foundations of modern society. The cabaret's founders: German actor and artist: Hugo Ball and his companion: Emmy Hennings-a nightclub singer. They attracted a circle of avant-garde writers and artists who shared their disgust of the political culture.

Monotheistic

Belief that the same God of Abraham created and rules the universe.

Mandorla

Body Halo

Cuirass

Body armor

Frederick Scott Archer

British Sculptor and photographer, who found that silver nitrate would adhere to glass if it was mixed with collodion-a combination of guncotton, ether, and alcohol used in medicinal bandages. When wet, this collodion-silver nitrate mixture needed only a few seconds exposure to light to create an image. The result was a glass negative, from which countless proofs with great tonal subtleties could be made.

Helladic (From Hellas, the Greek name for Greece)

Bronze Age period on mainland Greece; 3000-1000BCE, Greek-speaking people brought advanced metalworking, ceramic, and architectural techniques and displaced the Neolithic cultures.

Equestrian Portrait of Charles the Bald

Bronze equestrian statue, no thought to be his grandson. An image such as Marcus Aurelius. This statue has him sporting a mustache, a Frankish sign of nobility.

6 great, active religions birthed in South Asia and East Asia

Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism in India; Confucianism and Daoism in China; and Shinto in Japan

The Colusseum

Build of Travertine, tufa blocks, and concreate faced with stone. 80 barrel vaults, many groin vaults. 3 arcade levels on outer wall: engaging columns, ground order: Tuscan, 2nd level: Ionic order, third level: Corinthian order.

Borgund Church

Built around 1125-1150 is one of the finest stave churches. Has a rounded apse, and steeply pitched roofs. Dragon heads on the gables are to protect the church and it's congregation from trolls and demons.

Pantheon

Built between 118-128CE. One of the marvels of world Architecture. Includes a rotunda or circular room.

Saint Pierre in Moissac

Built by Abbot Roger (1115-1131), included an imposing portal and projecting porch encrusted with sculpture. A powerful image of Christ in Majesty dominates the huge tympanum.

The Alhambra

Built by the Nasrids, a Spanish Muslim dynasty, in the 14th century. Located in Granada, and is a fortified hilltop palace.

Stave Churches

Built in the 12th century in Norway, named for 4 huge timbers (staves) that form the structural core.

The Great Mosque of Kairouan, Tunisia

Built in the 9th century, with a large, rectangular plan, with a large courtyard and a hypostyle prayer hall with a flat roof. The system of repeated bays and aisles can be extended as the congregation grows.

Rue Transnonain, Le 15 Avril

By Honore Daumier in 1834. He published his first lithograph in a weekly satirical magazine. He also worked for a Pro-republican magazine. This is a lithographic print of the atrocities on Rue Transnonain.

Composition of 1933

By Joan Miro, a Surrealist that never officially joined the group. He places silhouettes so sharply against a hazy background that the picture takes on the feel of a collage. He uses biomorphic, curving contours that evoke organic forms. Many rooted in figures that recall human form.

Man Scraping Himself

By Lisippos; different cannon of proportions; swaying with a pronounced curve; uses a scraping tool called a Strigil.

Nymph of the Spring

By Lucas Cranach the Elder, Martin Luther's favorite painter 1472-1553. He was a court painter for Frederick the Wise of Saxony and made woodcuts, painted altarpieces, and portraits. His style and conception of figure can be seen, inspired by an inscription on a fountain beside the Danube.

Scream

By Norwegian painted, Edvard Munch in 1910. Tempura and oil on unprimed canvas. Radiates expressionistic intensity of feeling. This painting reflects the influence of Gauguin, whose work Munch had encountered shortly before painting Scream. It represents the dread of death, and also the fear of open spaces.

The Muromachi Period- 1392-1573

By the beginning of this period, Zen dominated many aspects of Japanese culture.

Four Apostles

By, Durer, who admired Luther's writings, may have been painted in order to demonstrate that Protestant imagery was possible. He painted these in 1526 and presented tem to the city of Nuremberg.

Umayyad Dynasty

Caliphs of this dynasty ruled from Damascus in Syria. Enthusiastic builders of shrines, mosques, and palaces throughout their empire.

Porcelain Flask

Came from the imperial kilns in Jingdezhen, in Jiangxi Province, the most renowned center for porcelain in Ming China. The blue decoration made from cobalt oxide, finely ground and mixed with water painted with a technique known as underglaze painting.

Baldachin

Canopy over the main altar of St. Peter's. Designed by Maffeo Barberini. Completed in 1633, stands about 100 feet high, exemplifies the Baroque taste for dramatic, multimedia extravaganzas. Twisting gigantic bronze columns, winding grapevines as a symbol of the wine of the eucharist. Combines symbolism from Judaism and Christianity. Crowning the structure is an orb and a cross representing the universal domination of Christ. Marks the high altar and the sacred site of the tomb of St. Peter.

Angkor Vat

Capital city in Cambodia from the 9th to the 13th Century. Built by Suryavarman II and dedicated to Vishnu. It is a temple and a symbolic mountain home to the deity and axis of the world.

The Flight into Egypt Capital

Capital from the choir cathedral of Saint-Lazare, Autun.

The Calling of St. Matthew

Caravaggio, Contarelli Chapel, in the church of San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome. Oil on Canvas.

panel from an ivory box

Carved Ivory panel indicative of decorative arts of India. Many pieces have no date or records of manufacture and ownership. Nayak dynasty, late 17th-18th century.

The Byodo-in's central image of Amida

Carved by master sculptor: Jocho, embodies the serenity and compassion of this Buddha. The image displays gold leaf and lacquer (A hard, glossy surface varnish). Created from several individually carved blocks using the Joined-block method of construction. Allows sculptors to create larger, but lighter statues.

Rose Window

Catherine window is a generic term applied to a circular window. It is especially used for those found in churches of the Gothic architectural style and being divided into segments by stone mullions and tracery.

quillwork

Central US art focused on personal adornment, tattoos, body paint, elaborate dress and fragile arts such as quillwork. This involved dying porcupine quills with a variety of natural dyes, soaking the quills to soften them, and then working them into rectiliniear, ornamental surface patterns on deerskin cothing and on birchbark items like baskets and boxes.

Roman forums and basilicas

Central administrative and commercial centers, racetracks, theaters, public baths and water systems, apartment buildings, and even entire new cities.

Five Masks in Performance

Central components to African ritual performances that mark seasonal changes or major transition in life. Used by the Bwa people of central Burkina Faso to mark the male/female end of puberty/start of adulthood. Most Bwa masks depict spirits that take animal or human form.

Martyria

Central-plan churches over martyrs tombs.

Blackware

Ceramic style notable for its elegant forms and subtle textures. Made by Maria Montoya Martinez (1887-1980) and her husband Julian Martinez.

Archaic Smile

Characteristic closed expression, Greeks used to enliven the face.

White against turquoise and cobalt blue with accents of dark yellow and green-

Characteristic of Persian tile work.

Seated Guanyin Bodhisattva

Chinese representation of a bodhisattvas (beings who though close to enlightenment themselves, voluntarily remain on earth to help others achieve it). Guanyin is the Bodhisattva that represents Infinite Compassion, who appears in many guises. Here as the water and moon Guanyin, he sits on rocks by the sea in a posture known as "royal ease." Carved between the 10th and 12th centuries.

Mozarabic

Christian and Islamic worlds met in Spain. Muslims allowed Christians and Jews to follow their own practices. Christians incorporated some features of Islamic art into a colorful new style.

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus

Christians adopted Roman forms, especially monumental marble sarcophagi. Junius died on Aug. 25, 359 at age 42, newly baptized.

Contarelli Chapel

Church of San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome.

Sumer

Cities and city-states that developed along the rivers of Southern Mesopotamia between 3500-2340 BCE.

Forums

Civic centers, consisting of large, open, square or oblong space generally surrounded by colonnades leading to a temple.

Denarius

Coin with Julius Ceasar's face on it.

Tuscan Order

Coined by Vitruvius to describe the order using an unfluted shaft with a simplified base, capital, and entablature.

The Red Mean: Self-Portrait

Collage created by Jaune Quick-to-See Smith in 1992. Postmodern artist who explored her racial and ethnic identities in her art. Her central figure quotes Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man, but instead of using geometric form to emphasize its perfection, Smith uses the red x that signifies radiation. She is alluding to the uranium mines found on Indian reservation. She is also lamenting the fact that many reservations have become temporary repositories for nuclear waste.

Electronic SuperHighway: Continental U.S.

Collage created by Korean-born Nam June Paik in 1995, who was the pioneer of this medium of video or projecting imagery on walls, screens, or other surfaces. He proclaimed "just as collage replaced oil paint, the cathode ray tube will replace the canvas." This was a site-specific sculpture created for the Holly Soloman Gallery in New York. Made from modified television sets with life, recorded, and computer-generated images displayed on video monitors of varying sizes. The video feeds was of the gallery visitors which placed them in the artwork and transformed them from passive spectators into active participants.

Just What is it that makes Today's Homes so different, so Appealing?

Collage created by Richard Hamilton in 1956, the most prominent figure of pop art. He satirizes modern life and especially American materialism. It consisted of American advertisements, products of American mass media and commercial culture.

Lamassus

Colossal guardian figures, that flanked the major portals and panels of buildings from Assyria.

piers

Columns

Ottoman Tugras

Combined the rulers name and title within the motto, "Eternally Victorious" into a monogram. They symbolized the authority of the sultan, and appeared on seals, coins, buildings, and official documents. Drawn in balck or blue ink with 3 long, vertical strokes to the right of 2 concentric horizontal teardrops.

Assemblage

Combining desparate elements to construct a work of art.

Triumphal Arch

Commemorates the capture of Jerusalem in 70CE, The Arch of Titus.

Illuminated Manuscripts

Commissioned by Christians for religious services and clerical instruction, for personal study and meditation, or as expressions of prestige by wealthy leaders of church and state. These were decorated or illustrated. Made in professional workshops, and also in monasteries and covents.

Nonrepresentational art

Communicates exclusively through such formal means as line, shape, color, and texture, avoiding any reference tot he natural world or to narrative subject matter.

Harvey Littleton

Comparable to the Clay Revolution, artists also began using glass as a "high art" medium. Initiated by Harvey Littleton, who in 1963 established America's first studio program in glass at the University of Wisconsin. Other glass programs soon sprang up around the country.

Basilica Ulpia

Component of the forum of Trajan. Housed the column of Trajan- great column that became Trajan's tomb.

Sen no Rikyu

Conceived of chanoyu as an intimate gathering in which a few people entered a small, rustic room, drank tea carefully prepared in front of them by their host and they quietly discussed tea utensils or a Zen scroll on the wall.

Anthropometries of the Blue Period in 1960.

Conceptual art created by Yves Klein in Paris, who worked only in blue, which he considered the most spiritual color. He covered 3 nude females in blue paint, and then had them press against large sheets of paper on the floor.

Church of Sta. Sabina

Constructed by Peter of Illyria between 422 and 432. Contains a nave lit by clerestory windows, rounded apse and flanked by side aisles. Wealth of marble veneer and 24 fluted marble columns with Corinthian capitals reused from a second-century pagan building. Arches that create the nave arcade (series of arches). The spandrels are inlaid with marble images of the challice (wine cup) and paten (bread plate), the essential items for the Eurcharist (Mass or Holy Communion).

St. Cyriakus in Gernrode

Convent in 961built by governor Gero, and he made his daughter-in-law its first abbess. Designed as a basilica. Ramanesque architecture.

Iconography

Conventional subjects and symbols and the study of them.

Three Angels Visiting Abraham (Old Testament Trinity)

Created between 1410 and 1425 by Russian artist-monk, Andrey Rublyov. The trinity theme was also difficult to depict. He relied on mathmatical conventions to create ideal figures. The circle, most apparent in the halo, forms the basic underlying structure for the composition. He used Byzantine conventions such as: salient contours, elongation of the body, and a focus on a limited number of figures.

Tar Beach

Created by African-American artist, Faith Ringgold who began to pain on soft fabrics rather than canvases. She decided to tell her story on quilts. The Tar Beach in the title is the roof of the apartment building they lived in when she was a child.

Fallingwater

Created by American architect, Frank Lloyd Wright in 1937 when there was a call for spiritual nourishment to those starved by the severity of the International Style. Wright proposed an organic approach. This is the best known expression of Wright's conviction that buildings ought to be not only on the landscape, but in it. This home is in Pennsylvania. Commissioned by Edgar Kaufmann, and Wright used cantilever's to achieve this design.

Lobster Trap and Fish Tail

Created by American sculptor and engineer, Alexander Calder in 1939. He had made contact with members of the Dada and Surrealist groups during visits to Paris. His visit to Mondrian's studio with rectangles on the wall inspired him to think about what if the shapes were moving freely and interacting in 3 dimensions.

Recumbent Figure

Created by British sculptor, Henry Moore in 1938. He engaged his own pursuit of an ideal of "truth to material." He developed a series of massive, simplified reclining female figures inspired by the chacmools of Toltec and Mayan art. He wrote "A hole can itself have as much shape-meaning as a solid mass."

Man's Love Story

Created by Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri in 1980. This was a sand painting he worked with his canvas on the floor. His work seems non-representation, but it actually involves two mythical ancestors. One came to Papunya in search of honey ants (the white U-shape on the L seated in front of an ant nest), the straight line represents his travel line from the W. 2nd ancestor (brown and white u-shape), he came from the N and began to spin a string of human hair on a spindle. He was distracted by the woman he loved and the brown spots below him is where he dropped this spindle and let his hair string blow away. The four brown spotted u-shapes are four women who came at night to guard the lovers.

Proun Space, Created for the Great Berlin Art Exhibition

Created by Ed Lissitzky in 1923, who was an engineer and member of the Constructivist movement. He felt that painting was too personal and imprecise, and he preferred to construct Prouns using the exacting instruments of mechanical drawing and industrial technology.

No Title

Created by German Jewish artist, Eva Hesse in 1969 who believed that personal history was the central influence in artistic creation. She began with darkly abstract Expressionism, then turned to abstract sculpture and Minimalism. This work takes on a different shape and size each time it is installed. It is several sections of rope, dipped in latex, knotted and tangles, and hung from wires. Its supposed to resemble the 3-dimensional version of a dripped action painting by Jackson Pollack.

Untitled- Selections from Truism, inflammatory essays, the living series, the survival series, under a rock, laments, and mother and child text.

Created by Jenny Holzer in 1989 suing electronic signage to reach out to people who do not usually go into galleries and museums. Using a spectacolor board then in New York's times square, she flashed a series of short, provocative messages-one liners suited to the reading habits of Americans raised on advertising soundbites. She wrapped her signboards in a continuous loop around the multilevel spiraling interior of Frank Lloyd Wright's Guggenheim Museum. The installation also included granite benches with her messages inscripted into the benches.

The Dinner Party

Created by Judy Chicago in 1974. It is a complex, mixed-media installation that fills an entire room with powerful proclamations of the accomplishments of women throughout history. 5 years in creation. A large triangular table, 2300 triangular porcelain tiles. The porcelain "heritage Floor" has 999 names of notable women from myth, legend, and history. 39 women are honored with 13 settings on each of the three sides.

Fountain

Created by Marcel Duchamp, and was a porcelain urinal turned through 90 degrees and signed with the Pseudonym R Mutt a play on the name of the manufacturer. He entered this anonymously in 1917. Most society directors declared that The Fountain was not a work of art. He stated "The only works of art America has given are her plumbing and bridges."

Readymades

Created by Marcel Duchamp, which were ordinary manufactured objects transformed into artworks simply through their selection by the artist.

Tea and Coffee Service

Created by Marianne Brandt in 1924 from silver and ebony with a plexiglass cover for the sugar bowl. These were a prototype for mass production in a cheaper metal such as nickel silver. Several of Brandt's designs went into mass production earning much needed revenue for the school.

Object (Le Dejeuner en Fourrure)

Created by Swiss artist, Meret Oppnheim in 1936, one of the few women invited to participate in the Surrealist movement, and produced disquieting assemblages such as this. It consists of a cup, saucer, and spoon covered with the fur of a Chinese gazelle. She transforms implements usually used for drinking tea into a hairy ensemble that simultaneously attracts and repels the viewer. This design was inspired by a café conversation with Picasso about her designs for jewelry made of fur-lined metal tubing. When Picasso replied that one could coat almost anything with fur, she replied "Even this cup and saucer."

United Nations: Babel of the Millennium

Created by Wenda Gu from Shanghai who dedicated his art to bringing people together. He began the series of the United Nations in 1993, consisting of installations made of human hair pressed or woven into bricks, carpets, and curtains. Many incorporate invented scripts that by Frustrating the viewer's ability to read them, "evoke the limitations of human knowledge" and help prepare them for entry into an "unknown world.

Lookout Studio

Created by architecture, Mary Colter in 1914. She spent most of her time designing for the Fred Harvey Company, a firm that catered to tourist trade. She was an avid student of the Native American arts, she designed several visitor facilities at the Grand Canyon National Park.

Self Portrait as a Fountain

Created by conceptualist, American artist, Bruce Nauman made a series of 11 color photographs based on word play and visual puns. Here he designates himself as a work of art named "Fountain", which is the title of Duchamp's famous urinal. Nauman leaves us with the question, like Kosuth, "Which is the "real" fountain?"

Plenty's Boast

Created by contemporary sculptor, whos medium happens to be wood. He worked as a local carpenter as a Peace Corps volunteer in Sierra Leone and with cabinet makers in Sweden- Martin Puryearl. The most obvious reference is to the horn of plenty, however the boast is empty which signify an empty harvest.

Peter Voulkos

Created by major innovator in clay, Montan-born, Peter Voulkos. He was influenced by de Kooning and other gestural painters. He began the "Clay Revolution in 1950s. He returned to traditional pottery forms later, but rendered them nonfunctional by tearing, gouging, and piercing them in the gestural fashion derived from Abstract Expressionalism.

Relief Sculpture

Created by modeling or shaping damp clay.

Running Fence, Sonoma and Marin Counties, California

Created by the most visible, sight-specific sculptors Christo Javacheff and Jeanne-Claude de Guillebon in 1972. One of their best-known works, consisting of a 24.5 mile-long, 18 ft. high nylon curtain that crossed two counties in Northern California. Their work broke down barriers that frequently separate social groups as a diverse and devoted community of supporters and workers to put this up.

The Crossing

Created in 1966 by California video artist, Bill Viola. It is a double projection of two brilliantly colored videos on opposite sides of a 13-foot 1/2 inch screen. On one side of the screen, a man walking towards the screen begins with 1 drop of water on his head, which turns into a deluge of water until he is washed away. On the other side, the man begins with tiny flames licking at his feet and continues until he is engulfed in flames. One soundtrack is used for both videos, and the view simply perceives it differently according to which image we are watching. His video is not only sensory, but is also meditative.

Weft

Crosswise threads which are shot horizontally, usually twice, after each row of knots is tied. These threads are to hold the knots in place and to form the horizontal element common to all woven structures.

Dressed stone

Cut and highly finished masonry

Daguerreotype

Daguerre's first picture of this type, a still life of plaster casts and a framed drawing. Created a single, positive image.

Earliest Jewish Art

Date from the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Catacombs (underground cemeteries) just outside of the city of Rome, display wall paintings with Jewish themes.

Scarification Patterns

Decorations made by scarring done by the Yoruba people of SW Nigeria. They have a sculptural tradition of casting lifelike human heads, using a lost wax process which began around 1050 and flourished over 4 centuries.

Kandariya Mahadeva Temple

Dedicated to Shiva, one of the more than 80 temples at Khajuraho in central India. Dominated by a superstructure called a shikhara- rises as a solid mass above the flat stone ceiling of a windowless santuary housing an image of the temple's deity. Crowning the shikhara is a circular, cushion-like element, known as an amalaka. The temples become a conduit between the celestial realms and the earth.

Mobile

Derived from French word meaning both moving body and motive or driving force. The term was coined for Calder's creations by Marcel Duchamp who relished the idea of the double meaning.

The Collonade

Designed and supervised by Bernini to enclose the huge double piazza in front of St. Peter's. The space was irregular and already contained the Egyptian obelisk and a fountain made by Maderno. He framed the oval open space with two enormous, curved covered walkways using giant Tuscan columns. These connect with two straight but diverging porticoes. "Motherly arms of the church" reaching out to the world.

Anteroom, Syon House

Designed by British neoclassical Scottish architect- Robert Adam in 1760 for the country estate of the duke of Northumberland near London. Classical statues, spirals, garlands, rosettes, and gilded moldings, all with strong geometric order. He had a preference for bright pastel colors and small-scale decorative elements.

The Guggenheim Museum

Designed by California-based architect, Frank Gehry. One of the best-known proponents of Deconstructivist architecture. It is a powerfully organic sculptural form located in the Basque city of Bilbao, Spain. It was a need for a museum and civic monument. He covered the building's steel skeleton with a thin skin of silvery titanium that shimmers gold or silver depending on the light.

Red-Blue Chair

Designed by Gerrit Rietveld in 1925. Designed for the Schroder House.

The Propylaia

Designed by Greek architect: Mnesikles; a monumental gatehouse for the Acropolis. No sculptural decoration.

Hall of Mirors

Designed by Hardouin-Mansart, originally was an arcaded terrace, but he enclosed it turning it into an immense gallery. 240 foot long hall with 17 immense arched windows, lines with Venetian glass mirrors.

Church of Sta. Maria della Vittoria

Designed by Maderno, and was the funerary chapel of Cardinal Federigo Cornaro. He covered the walls with colored marble panels and created a sculptural tableau of St. Theresa of Avila in Ecstasy.

Dome of the Florence Cathedral

Designed by Sculpture become architect, Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) who was one of the principle pioneers of Florentine Renaissance architecture. The dome was revolutionary feat of engineering. Octagonal outer shell, and each portion of the dome reinforced the next one.

Tassel House

Designed by Victor Horta in 1892 as a private residence in Brussels. He rejected the modern industrial society which exposed structure. Horta laid out wall decoration, floor mosaic, ironwork with long, graceful curves integrating interior design and architectural forms into an exquisite and unified whole.

Single Chair from the Sussex Range

Designed by William Morris and his principle furniture designer, Philip Webb for Morris and Co in 1865. Morris was interested more in domestic design. He started his business after seeing widespread reaction against gaudy and shoddy industrially produced goods.

Peacock and Dragon Curtain

Designed by William Morris for Morris and Co. in 1878. Typical of his fabric designs,

Schroder House

Designed by architect and designer in Utrecht, Gerrit Rietveld in 1925 using the de StiJl design in architecture. This was a seminal monument in the development of the International style. He applied Mondrian's principle of dynamic equilibrium to the whole house. He used an asymmetrical exterior composed of interlocking gray and white planes of varying sizes combined with horizontal and vertical accents in primary colors and black.

Vanna Venturi House

Designed by postmodernist, Philadephia artist: Robert Venturi in 1961. He uses International Style. This house he designed for his mother. The shape is an archetypal façade that was rejected by Modernists. He used triangles and squares arranged in playful asymmetry with purely decorative rounded moldings. The most disruptive element is the recessed cleavage over the front door.

Villa Savoye

Designed by the leading Purist (The French movement with proponents of de Stijl), Charles-Edouard Jeanneret (Swiss-born), largely self-taught architecture and designer. He changed his name to Le Corbusier which was a play on the French word for crow-corbeau. This villa has become the icon of the International style. It is a weekend retreat house near Versailles built in 1929. He referred to this building as "a machine for living."

St. Gall Plan

Developed by Abbot Gozbert of Saint Gall in the 9th century a conceptual plan for the layout of monasteries. Rather than a blueprint for monasteries, this was an intellectual record of Carolingian meditations on the nature of monastic life. It does reflect the basic design of medieval monasteries.

Cannon of Proportions

Developed by Praxiteles and Lysippos; measuring works of art by the size of the head. Praxiteles created figures who were 8 more heads tall.

Refectory

Dining room in a monastery

Narrative cycles

Displayed on the stained glass windows relate to the special function of the chapel.

Manuscripts

Documents that were written prior to the invention of the printing press, and were all written by hand on parchment- specially prepared animal skin. They were illuminated if they were decorated or illustrated.

The Moche Culture

Dominated Peru, and built the pyramids of the Sun and Mood made entirely of adobe brick. The pyramid of the Sun is one of the largest ancient structures in South America. It was originally 1000ft. long by 500ft. wide rising in a series of terraces to a height of 59 ft. Exceptional potters and metalsmiths. They developed ceramic molds allowing them to mass produce forms.

Temptation of St. Anthony

Done by German, Martin Schongauer, an engraver and printmaker, portrayed the meaning of temptation as a physical assault rather than a subtle inducement.

Gates of Paradise

Dontello's rival, Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378-1455), completed a commission in Florence for a third set of gilded bronze doors for the baptistery facing the cathedral's West façade. 10, large square reliefs, includes the story of Jacob and Esau, uses one point perspective. Orthagonals converge to a vanishing point.

Jambs

Doorpost or vertical portion of the door frame onto which a door is secured.

Jahangir and Shah Abbas

Double portrait of Jahangir embracing a contemporary Islamic ruler, the Safavid Per sian emperor Shah Abbas. Jahangir is depicted larger, Jahangir's head is centered in a halo, and he stands on a dominant lion vs. the sheep of Shah Abbas. The lion's body spans a vast territory including Shah Abbas's own Persian.

Raising of Lazarus

Duccio's Maesta (back side), highly charged glances, expressive gestures, strong sense of dramatic urgency, three dimensionality, and experimentation of the portrayal of space.

Iconoclasm

During the 8th century, several emperors ordered the systematic destruction of icons and banned the use of images in Christain worship. Empress Theodora, in 843, then regent for her son, Michael, reinstated the veneration of images and icons would play an increasingly important role in the Byzantine history.

Self Portrait of Guda

During the Romanesque period, women were involved with production of books as authors, scribes, painters, and patrons. Guda, a nun, was both scribe and painter. She inserted her portrait in a book of homilies (sermons)into the letter D and signed the image "Guda, a sinful woman, wrote and illuminated this book."

Worcester Chronicle

Earliest known illustrated history book, 12th century, written by a monk named John. It portrays Henry I and a series of dreams he had regarding his subjects demanding tax relief.

Ishiyama-Gire

Earliest surviving copy of a waka, consisting of 39 volumes of poems, elegantly written on high quality paper, decorated with painting, block printing, scattered gold and silver, and sometimes collage (pasted colored papers).

Presentation Page

Early 11th century by Ottonian monks and nuns, represents one of the most distinctive local styles. (1041)

The Good Samaritan Window

Early 13th century, Gothic style,

Ottoman Empire

Early 14th Century, replaced the Saljuqs and captured Constantinople (renamed Istanbul), bring the Byzantine Roman Empire to an end. The church of Hagia Sophia became a mosque by adding for minarets. The put Calligraphy to polical use, developing the design of the imperial ciphers or tugras into a special art form.

Kritios boy

Early Classical Period; Greek sculpture; More relaxed, lifelike; No archaic smile;

The Wainright Building

Early example of the work of the Chicago School in St. Louis Missouri. Build by Louis Sullivan in 1890. Gave the building a vertical emphasis.

The Virgin and child with saints and angels

Early icon of Mary as the earthly mother of Jesus and was viewed as a powerful intercessor who could appeal to her divine son for mercy for the worshipers. She was also called the Seat of Wisdom.

Spiral Jetty

Earthwork designed by Robert Smithson in 1969-1970. He was illustrating the "ongoing dialectic" in nature between the constructive forces that build and shape form and the destructive forces that destroy it. 1,500 ft. stone and earth platform spiraling into the Great Salt Lake in Utah.

Geoglyphs

Earthworks, first created by the people of the Nazca culture from South America- The Central Andes. Literally drawing on the earth, creating images that can only be seen fully from the air, dwarfing even the most ambitious modern environment sculpture. They removed a layer of dark oxidized stones exposing a lighter underlying layer.

Statue of Khafre

Egyptian sculpture

Neferiti by tutmose

Egyptian sculpture by Tutmose

Obelisk at St. Peters

Egyptian statue moved near the church of St. Peters in 1586.

Burial of Count Orgaz

El Greco, "The Greek" Kyriakos (Domenikos) Theotokopoulos 1541-1614, began his career as a Byzantine icon painter in his native Crete. Used rich color and loose brush strokes.

Borrowed Scenery

Elements that are beyond the garden wall such as maple, pine, and cherry trees that add color and texture to the scene, but are not located inside the boundary walls of the garden.

Minimalism

Embraced by sculpture, Donald Judd who decided that sculpture was a better medium for creating matter-of-fact art. Rather than depicting shapes, he produced actual shapes.

Etruscan Art and Society

Emerged in the 7th centery in Northern and central Italy or Etruria (modern Tuscany), special sophistication in casting and engraving bronze, domestic use items. Excelled at making items from terracotta.

Gothic Style

Emerged mid-12th Century, originated in France, exhibited larger windows, skeletal buttressing,

Linear or Mathematical perspective

Enables the representing of 3 demensions on a 2 dimensional plane. Simulates the recession of space. Fillippo Brunelleschi first demonstrated the system in 1420. Uses Orthogonals or imaginary lines that met at a single vanishing point on the horizon.

Paradise

English term that was derived from the Persian term: Pairidiz meaning an enclosed park.

Windmill Psalter

English-made, richly decorated books. They displayed dazzling artistry and delight in ambiguity and contradiction that marked early medieval manuscripts in the British Isles. Gothic period about 1270-1280. Psalm 1 shows the tree of Jessie, and a genealogical diagram of Jesus.

Battle of the Nudes

Engraved by Italian, Anonio del Pollaiuolo inspired by classical sources.

Volumetric Figures= Villa of Mysteries

Enhances their sense of three-dimensionality.

Lion Gate

Entrance to the citadel of a fortress of Mycenae. Using and post and lintel frame.

Vellum

Especially fine parchment prepared on animal skin.

Conventions

Established ways of representing things

The Outbreak

Etched by Kathe Kollwitz in 1903 who studied at the Berlin School of Art for Women. She used her art as a political tool, and she became a printmaker. This etching was from the Peasant's war which features the leader of the Peasant as Blck Anna, modeled after the figure of the artist herself.

Etruscan Sarcophagi

Etruscan large carved tomb chests, also reflected domestic life.

Dancers and Diners

Etruscan painted tomb, 480- 470 BCE,

Apollo

Etruscan terracotta sculpture, 510- 500 BCE, Archaic smile, gods were not portrayed in the nude, sense of purposeful movement, originally displayed on the roof ridge of an Etruscan temple at Veii.

Early Christian Sculpture- The Good Sheperd

Even rarer than painting. Mainly sarcophagi and small statues or reliefs, many of them featuring the Good Sheperd, a classical pagan motif associated with notions of the afterlife as a pastoral idyll that became an allegorical representation of Jesus for Christians familiar with their own oral traditions or scriptural heritage.

The School of the Mind

Existed during the late 12th century, was a new school of Neo-Confucianism. It insisted that self-cultivation could be achieved through contemplation, which might lead to sudden enlightenment.

Luxery Islamic Arts

Exquisite artistry was lavished on small, precious objects, highly valued for their beauty, costly materials, and their status. Glass made with sand and ash, enameled glass vessels, lamps that hung in mosques, works in metal, ivory, preceous stones, as well as glass. Personalized containers for pens, ink, and blotting reflected the educated class.

Romanticism

Features loose brushwork, strong colors, dramatic contrasts of light and dark, complex compositions, and expressive poses and gestures. All is more reminiscent of the more dramatic aspects of Baroque. It was an imaginative approach to art, centering on the artist's strong feelings, and inspiring those feelings in the viewers.

Zenobia in Chains

Female artist, who rapidly mastered the Neoclassical mode and produced major exhibition pieces. This one in 1859. Neoclassical in form but Romantic in content, the sculpture represents an exotic historical subject calculated to appeal to viewers emotions. Based off of Zenobia, the 3rd century queen of Palmyra, defeated by the Romans and made to march through the streets of Rome in chains.

Kore

Female, Greek sculptures, always clothed, probably represented deities, priestesses, or nymphs. Plural: korai

The Triumph of the Name of Jesus

Fills the nave of the church of Il Gesu, mother church of the Society of Jesus in Rome, painted by Giovanni Battista Gaulli.

The Great Mosque of Cordoba

Finest surviving example of Spanish Umayyad archtecture. Begun in 785, was the first hypostyle prayer hall, two tiers of arches, horseshoe arches (a form known from ancient Roman times which came to be closely associated with Islamic architecture in the West),

The Abbey Church of St. Dennis

First Gothic building, was a monastery built in the 5th century over the tomb of St. Dennis. In the 7th century, the monastery developed royal significance as it housed the tombs of French kings.

Hall of Supreme Harmony

First and largest where the emperor sat on the throne during important state occasions. Emperor faced South, looking towards his city and his realm. His back was to the North, the source of evil spirits, not to mention military threats from non-Chinese peoples beyond the Great Wall.

Miraculous Draft of Fishes

First in a series of charcoal drawings, showed the apostle Peter, kneeling before the seated Christ. The muscle-bound straining figures show the impact of Michaelangelo's influence on Raphael. (His Sistine Chapel was completed only 3 yrs. earlier)

Vietnam Veterans Memorial

Flat polished stone walls inscribed with thousands of names reflecting back the images of the living. Designed by artist, Maya Ying in 1981, who combined 2 basic ideas: minimal grandeur of long and sleek, black granite walls and row upon row of engraved names. The abstract and the intimate joined. Individual names are so numerous that they become a surface texture, viewers must descend into the earth to survey it. The point is to see yourself reflected in the names. One wall faces and reflect the George Washington monument, while the other wall leads to the Lincoln Memorial. One of the most visited works of public art and the most affecting war memorial.

Peter Paul Rubens

Flemish artist, 1577-1640, his art has become synonymous with the Flemish Baroque style. He was accepted into the Antwerp painter's guild at age 21, and then shortly thereafter left to work in Italy. He became the first international superstar of the European art world.

Jean Clouet 1485-1540

Flemish painter that worked for Francis I. Painted the official portrait of the king. Pure power, modulating Francis's distinctive features with soft shading and highlighting the nervous activity of his fingers.

The Birth of Venus

Florentine painter Sandro Boticelli (1445-1510), fluid, linear figures, resembling dancers. Made for the private collection of Lorenzo de Medici. The Goddess born of sea foam, floats on scalloped shell. Blown by the wind God, Zephyr, Venus arrives to her earthly home.

Manuscript page

Folio, comes from a codex (bound, rectangular book in the modern sense, rather than a scroll), written in Greek on purple vellum (fine animal skin prepared for writing). The color purple indicates that it may have been done for an imperial patron. The purple dye was costly and made from secretions of murex mollusks, and usually restricted to imperial use.

Tipi

Formerly known as Teepee. A light, portable dwelling developed by the Plains people. Sturdily constructed to withstand the wind, dust, and storms of the prairies. Buffalo hides covered the framework. These were designed and built by women, and required 20 to 40 buffalo hides depending on their size.

3 bronze dagger blades found by archaeologist, Heinrich Schliemann, in one of these shaft graves are decorated with inlaid scenes.

Found in a Mycenaean shaft grave.

Beaver Effigy Platform Pipe

Founed in Illinois, made by the Hopewell people who made pipes of fine-grain pipestone carved with lifelike representations of forest animals and birds.

Family of Charles IV

Francisco Goya y Lucientes, he opening acknowledges the influence of Velazquez's Las Meninas. He inserts himself behind the leaning canvas, but his painting is frank rather than flattering.

Carolingians

Frankish warriors turned back the Muslim invasion of Gaul near the end of the 5th century, and Franks established the dynasty of Carolingians, named so after Charles the Great-also known as Charlemagne who ruled from 768-814. His empire included France, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, and some of Italy as well. He imposed Christianity and was given the title of emperor becoming the rightful successor to Constantine (the first Christian Roman emperor)

The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Chartres

French Gothic building, SW Paris, Gothic style, mid 12th century, through the mid 13th century. Unusual because most of its stained-glass windows have survived, comprising about 22,000 square feet of stained glass.

The Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise

Fresco by Masaccio on the wall of the Brancacci Chapel in Sta. Maria del Carmine in Florence. Adam and Eve are monumental nude figures, combining Masaccio's study of the human figure with his knowledge of ancient Roman sculpture.

The Tribute Money

Fresco by Masaccio, uses both linear and atmospheric perspective. Linear perspective: the house and diminishing size of the landscape and the crouching Peter in the L side. Atmospheric perspective due to the mountains fading from grayish green to grayish white and the houses and trees on their slopes are more sketchy as if viewing them through a haze.

The Sala Della Pace

Fresco painted by Ambrogio Lorenzetti in 1338-1340 in Sienna, Italy.

Annunciation

Fresco, painted by Fra Angelico in the monastery of San Marco in Florence. Used linear perspective extending the monks stairway and corridor outside into an imagined garden.

Camera Picta

Frescoes painted by Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506), in the ducal palace. Painted on the vaulted ceiling, and it appears to be a cloud-filled sky through a large oculus in a simulated marble and mosaic covered vaults.

Memorial Head of an Oba (King)

From Benin (Nigeria) 16th century CE, brass 9in. Lifelike sculpted heads are among the most remarkable works in the history of art.

Hip mask representing an Iyoba

From Benin, Nigeria, 1550, Ivory, iron, and copper. Height 9.25in. Represents the queen mother, or senior female member of the court.

Finial of a Spokesperson's staff

From Ghana, Ashanti culture, 1960s-1970s, Allegorical carving of a man holding an egg (which symbolizes political power). This staff was probably made in the 60s or 70s by Kojo Bonsu, son of famous carver Osei Bonsu. Covered in gold leaf to signal its importance.

Kufic inscriptions on ceramics

From Iran and Uzbekistan. The inscriptions states "Knowledge, the beginning of it is bitter to taste, but the end is sweeter than honey."

Tunic

From Peru, Inca, 1500 , Camelid fiber and cotton. Each square represents a miniature tunic. checkerboard indicates military officers and royal escorts.

Earspools

From Sipan, Peru. Moche culture, gold, turquoise, quartz, and shell.

Medallion Rug

From Turkey, 16th Century.

Ngady Mwaash Mask

From the Democratic republic of Congo, Kuba people, late 19th century. Used in a funerary dance that is non-threatening with graceful movements as the dancers body, legs, arms, and hands move in fluid gestures.

Calotype

From the Greek term for "beautiful image" created by William Henry Fox Talbot. He made negative copies of engravings, pieces of lace, and leaves by placing them on paper impregnated with silver chloride and exposing them to light. By 1835, he was using chemically treated paper in both large and small cameras. He discovered in 1840 that latent images resulting from exposure to the sun for short periods of time could be developed chemically. Produces negative images from which unlimited number of positives or prints can be made.

Spirit Spouse (Blolo Bla)

From the Ivory Coast, Baule culture, early 20th century, The belief that each of us lived in a parallel spirit realm, and when someone has difficulty assuming gender-specific role (such as a man who has not married, or a woman who has not had children). The diviner may prescribe the commissioning of an image of the spirit spouse. Either female or male. The owner keeps the figure in his/her room dressing it in beautiful textiles and jewelry, washing it, anointing it with oil, feeding it, and caressing it.

Modern Architecture

From the Villa Savoye, flat-roof terraces, partition walls, and curtain walls on the exterior with ribbon windows became hallmarks of the Modern Architecture.

Model of walls and baptismal font with fresco decoration.

From the baptistry of a Christian house-church, Dura-Europos, Syria.

The Juko-in

Fusuma painted by Kano Eitoku in his mid-twenties, including cranes and pines (symbols of long life), a great gnarled plum tree (symbol of spring and renewal). An Island belongs to compositions on both walls connecting the two ingeniously.

Panoramic View of the Diamond Mountains

Genre painting, by Jeong Seon, represents the Korean East Coast. These artists found inspiration in their own lives and country.

Giorgione

Georgio da Castelfranco 1475-1510, life was brief and he died from the plague. Most scholars accept only 4-5 paintings as his. He introduced new, enigmatic pastoral themes, known as poesie or painted poems. He is significant for his sensuous nude figures and his appreciation of nature in landscape painting.

St. Theresa of Avila in Ecstasy

Gianlorenzo Bernini, 1598-1680, represents a famous vision described by Teresa, in which an angel pierced her body repeatedly with an arrow, transporting her to a state of ecstatic oneness with God. Emotional, theatrical style of Bernini.

The Tempest

Giorgione's most famous work. Painted shorly before his death. The artists seems to be focused on the landscape and the unruly elements of nature as much as on the figures.

Venice's most famous Renaissance painters

Giorgione, Titian, Tintoretto, and Veronese. Venetian painters had embraced the oil medium from the late 1470s, earlier than Italian artists because the use of oil glazes permitted the brilliant color and lighting effect desired.

Scrovegni Chapel

Giotto's masterpiece is a frescoed interior of this chapel in Padua, painted about 1305. Also known as the Arena Chapel because of it's location near an ancient Roman arena.

Pilchuck Glass School

Glass Program led by Littleton's former student, Dale Chihuly, in Seattle, Wa in 1971. He became well known for glass sculptures that draw on the natural forms of plants and sea life. Some small enough to be held in the hand, and others covering entire ceilings or standing in the open landscape, as large as trees.

Plate Tracery

Glass was inserted directly into openings reserved when constructing the wall itself.

Majolica

Glazed earthenware, albarello, or drug jar. Luxury ceramic imported from Spain.

Hall Churches

Gothic churches in Germanic lands, featured nave and side aisles with vaults of equal height, creating a spacious and open interior that could accommodate t large crowds drawn by charismatic preachers.

Rajput Painting and the Luxury Arts

Governed much of Northern India, and started a strong school of painting in the middle of the 18th century influenced by Mughal naturalism.

Augustus of Primaporta

Great nephew of Julius Ceasar, names Octavian, shows Augusta in his youthful prime.

Theater of Epidauros

Greek theater for entertainment and expression of religious beliefs through music, poetry, and dance.

Chicago School

Group of young Mid-Westerners who used steel for the first time in 1884. Eager to escape from the Beaux-Arts historicism, they produced a new kind of building: the Sky scraper.

Isenheim Altarpiece

Grunewald's best-known work is the wings of an altarpiece painted for the Community of St. Anthony in Isenheim, whose hospital specialized in diseases of the skin, including the plague and leprosy. The altarpiece was though to have healing properties itself, and viewing it was part of the hospital's treatment given to patients. It was displayed differently according to the day of the week. During the weekdays, it was closed. It was completely open during special festivals.

Compound piers

Half columns are attached to all four sides of the piers.

Quadrant vaults

Half-barrel vaults, strengthen the building by countering the outward thrust of the high vaults and transferring it to the outer walls and buttresses.

Chacmool

Half-reclining figures, having a sturdy form, proportions, and angularity of architecture. They are thought to represent fallen warriors and were used to receive sacrificial offerings.

Arabic language

Has been revered from the beginning in Islamic society. Arabic is the language of the Quran, and is a powerful unifying force.

Justinian in San Vitale

He may have never set foot in Ravenna, however, he has a large mosaic panel in the sanctuary. He is accompanied by Bishop Maximianus and leaders of the church and state present a paten- the plate that will be used to hold the Eucharistic bread.

Nike of Samothrace

Hellenistic Sculpture; 8 ft. high victory goddess, shows forward momentum,

Dying Gallic Trumpeter

Hellenistic Sculpture; wounded Celtic trumpeter, wearing a torc- nick ring, "barbarian"- ancient Greek term for all foreigners whom they considered uncivilized.

Market Woman

Hellenistic sculpture; 1st century CE.

Sofonisba Anguissola

Her father was a gifted portrait painter, asked Michelangelo for a drawing for his daughter, so he could critique her work. She was a skilled miniaturist, an important kind of painting in the 16th century. She accepted an offer from the queen of Spain to become court painter and held the post for 20 years.

Garden of Earthly Delights

Hiernymus Bosch 1450-1516. Netherland art (Holland and Belgium at this time) The art was far from unified, and included the styles of the late 15th century, some modeled Flemish painters, and some became mannerists. Hiernymus Bosch and El Greco were so individualistic that they defy neat characterization. Commissioned by Count Hendrick III of Nassau for his Brussels townhome.

Zen Buddhism

Highly developed in China before moving to Japan. Resembles the historical teachings of Buddha of individual enlightenment through meditation, without the help of deities or magical chants. Especially appealed to the Samurai.

Hildegard and Volmar

Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179) Became the leader of her convent in 1136. She wrote treatises on medicine and natural science, invented an alternative alphabet, and wrote motets and liturgical settings and musical dramas such like the first opera. She began to record mystical visions in 1141.

Stringcourses

Horizontal band or course, as of stone, projecting beyond or flush with the building.

Encaustic

Hot, colored wax

Icons and Iconoclasm

Icons- independent painted panels. Church doctrine concerning the veneration of icons distinguished between idolatry- the worship of images- and the veneration of an idea or holy person depicted in a work of art. Icons were thus accepted as aids to meditation and prayer, and the images were thought to act as intermediaries between worshipers and the holy personages they depicted.

Collective Unconsciousness

Idea of Swiss psychoanalysis, Carl Jung. He taught that beneath one's private memories is a storehouse of feelings and symbolic associations common to all human beings.

Blazons

Identifies the commissioner of the object. It's use traveled to Western Europe during the crusades, where it evolved into the system we know as heraldry.

Moralized bible

Illustrated book in which scriptural passages are paired with allegorical or moralized interpretations using words as well as pictures to convey the message.

Anamorphosis

Images are stretched horizontally with the use of a trapezoidal grid so that they must be viewed from the side to appear correctly positioned.

Votive Figures

Images dedicated to the gods

Late Roman Empire

Imperial rule became increasingly autocratic, and soon the army controlled the government. In 235 CE, rome entered a period of anarchy lasting for half a century. This was after the assassination of the last Severan emperor by one of his military commanders.

King Francis I

Important patron of the French Art. Leonardo joined him for the last two years of Leonardo's life. Fontainebleau was his primary residence, and he began transforming it into a grand country palace or chateau.

Yuan Dynasty

In 1279, the Southern Song dynasty fell to the Mongol leader, Kublai Khan, and China became part of the Mongol empire. Kublai Kahn set up his capital in what is now Beijing.

Persian Palestine

In 538 BCE, Cyrus the Great of Peris conquered Babylonia. The Jews were permitted to return to Jerusalem and build the Second Temple, but from that time forward, Canaan existed primarily under foreign rule and eventually became part of the Roman empire. In 70CE, Roman forces led by the future emperor, Titus, destroyed the second temple and Jerusalem.

Gentile Palestine

In 587 BCE, the Neo-Bablylonians, under King Nebuchadnezzar, conquered Jerusalem. They destroyed the temple, exiled the Jews, and carried off the Ark of the Covenant.

Futurism

In Italy, Cubism led to futurism and embraced masculine, futuristic, and even dangerous world based on the thrill, speed, energy, and power of modern urban life.

Arch of Constantine

In Rome, next to the Collosseum. To commemorate Constantine's victory over Maxentius. 312-315

Suppression of the Avant-Garde in Germany

In the 1930s a serious political reaction to the avant-garde began with the forced closure of the Bauhaus, and a number of art6isits, designers, and architects fled to the U.S. The works of Modern artists were removed from museums, and the artists were publicly ridiculed and often forbidden to buy canvas or paint.

Harlem Renaissance

In the 1930s, African Amercans migrated from the rural South to the urban North. This prompted the New Negro movement which encouraged Africans to become politically progressive and racially conscious. It stimulated a flowering of art and culture.

Relieving arch

In this case- a corbel arch of the Lion Gate.

Silkscreen

In which a fine mesh silk screen is used as a printing stencil. This was used as a cheap, industrial print method.

Maebyeong Bottle with Decoration of Bamboo and Blossoming Plum Tree

Inlaid pictorial scene, Korean, Goryeo dynasty. 12th to the 13th century.

Donatello's David

Inspired by classical forms. Donatello, Donato di Niccolo Bardi, the most influential and innovative sculptor of the early Italian Renaissance. Created the earliest-known life-sized free-standing bronze nude in European art. First recorded in 1469.

The Seagram Building

International style designed by Bauhaus architect, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe who escaped Nazi Germany and assumed a prestigious position at American schools of architecture and design. He used the same sleek, rectilinear system. He had a large budget for this building, and he used custom-made bronze instead of standardized steel on the exterior. This particular style dominated corporate architecture after WWII.

The Eiffel Tower

Iron framed work of art. Designed by structural engineer Gustave Eiffel to serve as a monumental approach to the 1889 Universal Expedition in Paris.

Geometric designs and scrolling vines

Islam discouraged the representation of humans, and instead used these designs known as arabesques.

The Maqamat (The Assemblies)

Islamic Art By al-Hariri (1054-1122), stories of a scoundrel named, Abu Zayd, whose cunning triumphs over the people's naivety.

The Roman Empire in 395

It was permanently split into two: The Western Empire: which collapsed in 476. The Eastern, Byzantine Empire: which lasted until 1453, when it fell to the Ottoman Turks.

Nicola Pisano (1258-1278)

Italian sculptor who used Roman inspiration, sculpted a free-standing marble pulpit in the Pisa cathedral baptistery. There are rectangular panels forming the pulpit's enclosure illustrating the New Testament subjects, each containing several scenes.

Marietta Robusti

Jacobo's daughter, worked with him as a portrait painter. She stayed in his shop until her death at age 30. So skillfully did she capture her father's style and technique, that today art historians cannot be certain which paintings are hers.

Deposition Pontormo

Jacopo da Pontormo (1494-1557), for the Capponi Chapel, in the church of Sta. Felicita in Florence. Bears the principle hallmarks of the mannerist style: Ambiguous composition that enhances its visionary quality. Shadowy ground and cloudy sky give little sense of a specific location. Recalls Michelangelo's Pieta.

Ghent Altarpiece:

Jan and Hubert Van Eyck, Cathedral of St. Bavo. Painting was a 3-dimensional mass of figures. Shows illumination by sunlight.

Great Friday Mosque

Jenne, Mali, rebuilt in 1907 in the style of the 13th century original. The plan of the mosque is not quite rectangular. 9 rows of heave adobo columns, 33 ft. tall and linked by pointed arches support a flat ceiling of palm logs.

Jewish Palistine

Jewish settlement began probably around the 2nd millenium BCE. In the 10th century BCE: King Solomon built a temple in Jerusalem to house the Ark of the Covenant. This first temple was the spiritual center of Jewish life.

Amsterdam Jewish synagogue

Jews were expelled from Spain and Portugal in the 15th century, and settled in Amsterdam. Elias Bouman and Daniel Stalpaert won a building competition for a new synagogue. This synagogue was considered one of the most impressive buildings in Amsterdam with it's classical architecture, brazillian wood furniture, and 26 brass chandeliers. It was spared by the Nazi's during WWII because they planned to turn it into a museum.

Judith and her maidservant with the Head of Holofernes.

Judith's triumph over the Assyrian general Holofernes.

Two syllabaries the Japanese developed

Katakana and Hiragana-developed to transcribe the sounds of their own language.

Pelican 1000CE

Key Marco, Florida, glades.

Finial

Knob-like decoration at the top of an architectural form that leads the eye to the point where earthly and cosmic worlds are thought to join.

Piers

Large masonry supports.

Crete

Largest of the Aegean Islands, having Minoan culture:

Creation and fall of Adam and Eve

Late 11th century, inspired by Roman sarcophagi, carved horizontal bands of relief acrss the West façade of Modena cathedral.

Sin Yunbok- Picnic at the Lotus Pond

Late 18th and 19th centuries, typically depicted scenes aristocratic Korean life, Picnic at the Pond. The stringed instrument in the picture is a gayageum (Korean zither), the most hallwed of all Korean musical instruments.

The Cycladic Islands

Late Neolithic-early Bronze Age. Peoples made sleek, abstracted human figures from fine white marbel.

Camera Obscura

Latin for "dark Chamber" Early device-mechanical method for recording what was seen. Consisted of a darkened room or box with a lens on one side through which light passed, projecting onto the opposite wall or box side an upside-down image of the scene, which and artist could then trace.

Counter Reformation

Launched by Roman Catholic hierarchy at the Council of Trent (1545-1563). They formulated a program that included the Inquisition, with its special tribunals to root out heresy.

Noli Me Tangere

Lavnia Fontana, 1581, paints the incident where Christ reveals himself to Mary Magdalen for the first time after his resurrection. She thinks he is a gardener, so Fontana portrays him in a large hat and holding a spade. There is also a second scene where the other women followers find an angel in his empty tomb.

Cyclops

Legendary race who moved huge stones named the large-stone masonry seen in Mycenaean citadels and tombs cyclopean.

Mona Lisa

Leonardo da Vinci returned to Florence. His subject may have been 24 yr. old Lisa Gherardini del Giocondo (wife of prominent merchant). Solid pyramidal form, used sfumato. Her facial expression has been called enigmatic,

The Last Supper

Leonardo da Vinci, trained by Verrocchio in Florence, who's passion was in painting, mathematics, science, engineering. This was one of the defining monuments of the Renaissance art painted on the wall of the dining room (refectory) in the monastery of Sta. Maria delle Grazie in Milan.

Genre Paintings

Life-like depiction of the world in portraiture, sought after by many 17th century artists.

Naturalism or Realism

Lifelike descriptions of the visual appearance of the natural world.

Steel

Lighter and stronger than iron, making taller buildings feasible. Also the invention of the elevator made the tall buildings functional.

Properzia de' Rossi

Lived in Bologna, mastered many arts including engraving, and was famous for her miniature sculptures. She carved the entire Last Supper on a peach pit. Only woman who Vasari included in the 1550 edition of his Lives of the Artists, where he reports that a rival male sculptor prevented her from being paid fairly and from securing additional commissions.

Scriptoria

Local Monastic workshops were monks produced sumptuous books that were lavishly decorated in art. These books were critical for missionary activities as a Gospel book was required in each new foundation. They were often bound in gold and jeweled covers and were placed on altars, carried in processions, and thought to protect the faithful from enemies, disease, and various misfortunes.

Salon de la Princesse

Located in the hotel de Soubise in Paris. Designed by Germain Boffrand, begun in 1732, used delicate ornamental stucco, carved wood panels, and inlaid wood designs.

Cruciform Basilica

Long nave with double side aisles crossed by projecting transepts, and a dome covers their intersection at the crossing.

The Book of Kells

Made around 800 in an Irish monastery on Iona, an island off the West coast of Scotland. It's most celebrated page is the account of Jesus's birth in the gospel of Matthew. It contains the Greek letters, Chi, Rho, and Iota.

Lindau Gospels

Made between 870 and 880. One of the richest book covers for the gospels written by the monks. Combines jewels and pearls with sculpture in gold.

The Mamluk Glass Oil Lamp

Made by Ali ibn Muhammad al-Barmaki, in Cairo, Egypt in 1329. blown glass, polychrome enamel, and gold. Contains a quotation from the Quran-"God is the light of the heavens and the earth."

Shaman with drum and snake

Made by Central American people known as the Diquis culture. They created fine featherwork, ceramics, textiles, and objects made of gold and jade. In Diquis mythology, serpents and crocodiles inhabited lower world. Humans and birds a higher one. Depicts animals and insects as fierce and dangerous.

Seed Jar

Made by ancestrial Puebloans, a craft refined over the generations. Women were potters in the Puebloan society, they developed functional, aestethically engaging, coil-built earthenware or low-fired ceramic. This one was painted in complex back and white dotted squares and zigzag patterns that conform to the body of the jar and enhance the curved shape.

Darky Town Rebellion

Made by cutting large-scale silhouettes of figures out of black construction paper, waxing them to walls and illuminating them with projected light. She aims to hit raw nerves, to shock and horrify the viewer. This installation portrays a slave revolt and massacre. Walker blends fiction and fact to evoke a history of oppression and violence. All of her figures are black silhouettes, therefore in order to tell which ones are white and which ones are black, the viewer is forced to look for other visual markers of race. This makes us draw upon an entire history of ugly stereotypes in the process and catches us in the act of being a racist.

Chilkat Blanket

Made by the Chilkat people on the SE coast of Alaska. Men drew the patterns onto boards, and women wove them into the blankets using shredded cedar bark and mountain-goat wool. No looms were used, they hung cedar warp threads from a rod and twined colored goat wool back and forth through them.

Porcelain

Made from kaolin, an extremely refined white clay, and petuntze, a variety of the mineral feldspar. When properly combined and fired at a high temperature, the two materials fuse into a glass-like, translucent ceramic that is far stronger than it looks.

Portrait Head of Pakal the Great

Made of stucco and found with his sarcophagus depicts the ruler as a young man wearing a diadem of jade and flowers. Characteristic of the Mayan ideal of beauty was the: sloping forehead and elongated skull (baby's heads were bound to create this shape), large curved nose, full lips, and open mouth.

Bronze Doors

Made under the direction of Bishop Bernward of Hildesheim in Germany for his abbey church of St. Michael. Represents the mo ambitious and complex bronze-casting project since antiquity. Each door was case from a single piece. (Installed in 1015)

Eternal Shiva

Major Hindu god; "the auspicious one"; 5 heads symbolizing: creator, protector, destroyer, obscurer, and releaser.

Cahokia

Major Urban center built by Mississipian peoples near the juncture of Illinois, Missouri, and Mississipi rivers. The most prominent feature is the Monk's Mound- an enormous earth mound covering 15 acres and originally 100 ft. high. A small rounded platform on its summit initially supported a wooden fence, and aligned with the sun at equinox.

Kouros

Male Greek sculpture, maybe symbolized ancestors. Plural: kouroi

Antonio Canova

Many believe the Italy was the birthplace of Neoclassicism, and he was the foremost Neoclassical sculptor in Europe. Born into a family of stonemasons near Venice, Canova, and settled in Rome.

Joseph and Potiphar's Wife

Marble relief by Properzia de' Rossi for the cathedral of San Petronio in Bologna.

Rustication in architecture

Masonry cut into large stone blocks with the surface left rough and unfinished with deep recessed joints.

Pylons

Massive Gateways in Egyptian architecture

Two main contenders to the throne after Diocletian

Maxentius (Controlled the Italian peninsula) and Constantine. Both were sons of tetrarchs.

The Ricoco Style

May be seen partly as a reaction against the Grand Manner of Baroque art. Ricoco is characterized by pastel colors, delicately curving forms, dainty figures, and lightheartedness. The style began in French architectural decoration at the end of Louis XIV's reign.

Chan Buddhists

May have coined the idea of sudden enlightenment, and is better known in the West by it's Japanese name, Zen. These followers use meditation and techniques designed to "short-circuit" the rational mind. The paining "Section of twelve views from a thatched hut suggests this intuitive approach.

Chichen Itza

Mayan group, called the Itza, that rose to prominence in the postclassic period named its principle center, Chichen Itza. "At the mouth of the well of Itza."

Church of San Lorenzo

Medici family parish, begun in 1421, classically inspired moldings, and pilasters of pietra serena (a gray stone) set against white walls to emphasize the mathematical basis of his design.

The Maya

Mesoamerican people in the Yukatan peninsula, present-day Guatamala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador. They build imposing pyramids, temples, palaces, and administrative buildings. They developed the most advanced hieroglyphic writing in Mesoamerica, and the most Mesoamerican calendrical system. They divided their society into city-states with hereditary rulers and an elite class of nobles and priests. They performed elaborate rituals such as ballgames, bloodletting, and human sacrifice.

Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo commissioned by pope Julius II to paint the ceiling of his private chapel in the Vatican. When Michelangelo objected to the pope's designs, he told him to paint whatever he liked. Illusionistic architectural structure, filled with individual figures and narrative scenes.

The Last Judgement

Michelangelo painted this in the Sistine Chapel between 1536-1541 on the large wall behind the altar. Includes the demonic boatman, Charon, on the lowest level of the mural. He is propelling hi craft on the River of Styx toward the gaping, fiery mouth of Hell- a grim reminder to the celelbrants of the Mass that they too will face stern judgement at the end of time.

The Rebuilding of St. Peter's in Rome

Michelangelo was also a influential architect, and took on a building commission after completing the Last Judgement. He ultimately transformed the church into a building of magnificent proportions and superhuman scale.

David

Michelangelo's Florentine commission for placement high atop a buttress of the cathedral. It finally ended up in the principle city square next to the Palazzo della Signoria. Signifies the antique ideal of the athletic male nude, stands for supremacy over might, knit brow, stares into space.

Pieta

Michelangelo's major early work, commissioned by the French cardinal, and installed as a tomb monument in Old St. Peter's. He traveled to the marble quarries at Carrara-a practice that he would follow for nearly all of his sculpting. The choice of stone was important for the Neoplatonic metaphor: He envisioned his sculpture as already existing within the marble, needing on his tools to "set it free." His virgin looks startlingly young.

Cathedral of St. Mark

Middle Byzantine art. In Venice, commissioned in 1063, to replace the older chapel holding the relics of the martyred Apostle St. Mark. Domed compartments separated by barel vaults and lit by circles of windows.

The Forbidden City

Ming Dynasty, Imperial palace compound in Beijing, which was the work of the Mongols, who laid out their capital city according to Chinese principles such as a walled rectangle with gates on the four cardinal directions and streets running N-S and E-W in a grid.

Octopus Flask

Minoan ceramics, from Palaikastro (in Crete), dating 1500-1450 BCE. Marine life illustrations.

Granulation - such as in Pendant

Minute granules or balls of precious metal fused to a surface for decoration. Designed by Minoan metalsmiths of Crete.

Islamic center in Rome

Modern Islamic art- designed by Iraqi architect, Sami Mousawi and the Italian firm of Portoghesi-Gigliotti completed in 1992. Contains clean, modern lines, exposing structure, abstract capitals, a geometrically dazzling 8-pointed star supporting a dome of concentric circles.

Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank

Modernism architecture knowns as High Tech, and characterized by expressive use of exposed building materials, technology, equipment, and components. Designed by English architect, Norman Foster. The load bearing steel skeleton, composed of giant masts and girders is on the exterior.

Archivolts

Moldings or blocks that follow the contour of the arch.

Constantine the Great

Monument that stands in the Basilican of Maxentius and Constantine as a reminder of his imperial power when he himself was unable to present.

Westwork

Monumental entrance block that forms an imposing façade.

Colossal Head

Monumental, exposed works of basalt sculpture. Huge basalt blocks were quarried at distant sites and they were transported to San Lorenzo, La Venta. They range in height from 5-12 feet high. They portray adult males wearing close fitting caps with chin straps and large, round earpools. Almond-shaped eyes, thick protruding lips, downturned mouths. 10 colossal heads were found at San Lorenzo. At La Venta, 102 basalt monuments have been found.

Passage Graves

More elaborate burial sites that have corridors leading into a large burial chamber.

Bull Leaping

Most famous painting from the Palace at Knossos, shows 2 women and 1 man performing bull leaping.

Virgin and Child Enthroned (Cimabue)

Most likely painted by Cenni di Pepi, also known as Cimabue from Florence. This enormous panel painting set a new precedent for monumental altarpieces.

Horyu-Ji

Most significant surviving early Japanese Buddhist temple, located not far from Nara.

Hellenistic Period: 323-331 BCE

Moved from heroic subjects the the everyday subjects; used individual emotion; luscious and lustrious surface treatments; expressive subjects and poses;