Sterle ANS 114 Exam 1 [sheep, goats, dairy]
Heifers are bred at
15 months and calve at 2 years old
Gestation of a dairy cow is
283 days (9 mo)
Cows must be rebred
3 months after calving (shortly after peak lactation) to have 1 calf a year
Cow bred
3 months after freshening (during negative energy balance) to get a calf a year
Transition period is
3 weeks prior to freshening and 3 weeks after most stressful cow eats mainly forages
Sheep Gestation
5 months [147 days], seasonal breeders [photo period]
How much milk will a Holstein cow produce per day?
75lbs a day About 8-9 gallons a day
Gallon of milk weighs
8.6 lbs
What is a huge issue in Dairy production?
Biosecurity -prevent outside pathogens from entering a herd as well as to control an outbreak within a herd -restricting visitors and isolating new animals until they can be tested for various diseases and can be safely introduced into the herd
US sheep production
California, #1 Texas, Colorado Compared to other animal and agricultural industries, the sheep industry is very small, accounting for less than 1% of total U.S. livestock receipts.
Total Mixed Ration (TMR)
Forage and grain mixture Corn Soybean meal Fuzzy whole cottonseed Commodity feeds: Distillers grains, soybean hulls, corn gluten
Calves housed in small pens with outside area called ____________.
Hutches -Isolation allows for control of disease spread -Calves remain in hutches for 6-8 weeks and are fed milk, calf started, and water
Sheep estrous cycle
In sheep 17 days, meaning that they will return to estrous every 17 days Sheep naturally exhibit estrous or 'standing heat' starting in summer and ending in winter
Polypay:
SHEEP- EWE WOOL BREED medium sized, white face breed with a wool cap on heads. They are known for prolificacy breeding out of season, milk production, and overall ewe productivity Origin: USA- from Targhee, Dorset, and Rambouillet
Finnsheep:
SHEEP- EWE WOOL BREED small to medium size, white face with open (no wool) face and legs, known for early puberty and high prolificacy Origin: Finland
Merino:
SHEEP- EWE WOOL BREED white faced breed with wool on heads and legs is basis for fine wool breeds. Extremely high-quality wool and flocking instinct Origin: Spain
Oxford:
SHEEP- RAM MEAT BREED medium sized, dark brown/grey faced, polled breed with a wool cap and wool on ears and legs that have good milking ability, prolificacy, and fast growth Origin: England
Hampshire:
SHEEP- RAM MEAT BREED large black face breed with wool caps on head and wool on legs, good milking ability, growth, and carcass cutability Origin: England
Suffolk:
SHEEP- RAM MEAT BREED large, polled, black faced breed with no wool on head or legs that are known for fast growth, muscling and carcass cutability, they are popular breed in farm flocks and for use as terminal sires with range flocks Origin: England
Shropshire:
SHEEP- RAM MEAT BREED medium sized, dark faced, pooled breed with wool on head and face that are known for hardiness, early maturity, good milking and muscling Origin: England
Southdown:
SHEEP- RAM MEAT BREED medium sized, polled breed with a grey/brown face and wool on legs that are known for fast growth and meaty carcass Origin: England
Ewe breeds
Wool breeds or maternal breeds, high quality wool and a strong flocking instinct
Genetics:
artificial selection- dairy industry almost single trait selects don't worry about growth or muscles- like beef industry (inversely correlated with maternal inscitinctins and milk) dairy selects for fertility
Examples of terminal oriented breeds.
black and white-faced sheep are terminally oriented ie. Suffolk and Hampshire
range flocks
consist of MATERNAL breeds [polipei, Finland sheep] WHITE FACE • Most common breed: Rambouillet • Large flocks with over 200 head and often over 1,000 head of ewes • Extensive management- lambing outside and often later in the year • Utilizes wool type breeds • Prioritizes the sale of wool • Often sells feeder lambs WESTERN states
tends in dairy
decrease in number of operations decrease in cow numbers geographical shift in production decrease in fluid milk consumption except for flavored milks which has doubled. increase in herd size increase in milk production per cow
Holstein milk would most likely be used for
drinking milk
Meat/terminal breeds
fast growing- less flocking instinct than ewe breeds
Ultra High Temperature (UHT)
for a shorter amount of time Increases higher temp life Different texture of milk
Total mixed ration (TMR)
formed to meet the needs for growth or lactation• Contain forage, silage, protein source, and vitamins and minerals
peak milking in dairy
happens at day 45-60
negative energy balance
occurs at peak lactation when cow is expending so much energy producing milk that she loses weight
What is included in a post dip?
polymer that is like liquid band aid- so there's a film bearer over teat for more protection from bacteria
Homogenization
take fat and break them up- disperses fat throughout milk product, so cream won't separate Cream rises to the top (good fat), skim the cream off (makes 2%, skim milk, 1% milk)- leave it = whole milk
Meat breeds are ________ oriented.
terminally meaning that they are bred to maximize efficiency in meat production
Abomasum (Dairy)
"True stomach" Secretes hydrochloric acid One compartment of the four Acts the most like our stomach
Dairy estrus
- standing heat, every 21 days
calf life
-Calf is immediately removed from the mother, who begins her milking cycle -First 1-2 days after birth cow produces colostrum (high in antibodies for the calf), collected back for the calves for 2-3 days -Provides passive immunity Once calf is on 1-1.5 lbs per day of calf started for 3 consecutive days (about 6-8 weeks of age) they are weaned from milk diet and placed on forage or feed
Milk consumption trends
-Low fat and flavored milk has been increasing steadily -Increase demand for cheese -2x more use than 25 years ago -Mozzarella is most produced -Cheddar second -More variety recently -More ethnic eating (pizza) -Increased demand for ice cream, sour cream, and yogurt
What happens to male dairy calves?
-Male calves and non-replacement heifers may be placed in feedlots and fed for growth -Harvested for veal- meat from a young bovine (often dairy)
Milk production overview
-Milk production per cow has doubled -While number of cows has decreased, milk production has more than doubled -Increased and improved genetics, reproduction, health, and management
USA dairy Industry
-Supplies over 21 billion gallons every year to consumers -Average milk production per day per cow is 8 gallons (70 lbs) -Consumption declining because of competition in drinks
Top Dairy States
1. California: 41,801 (million lbs) 2. Wisconsin: 27,224 13. Iowa: 4,433 ** California will fall due to animal rights activism
World leaders in sheep production
1. China 2. Australlia
Dairy farmer sells by the
100 weight (100 lbs)
Market weight lambs
110-160 lbs
Cows milked 3 times a day will produce
12-18% more milk.
Dairy Heifer Goal is to calve before
22-24 months old Ideal calving weight: 1250 lbs
dairy calves are bottle fed for ___ days.
3
Lactation length
305 days (10 months)
Milk production peaks at
4-7 weeks post-partum (birth)
sheep puberty
5-12 mo
Lambs are weaned by
60-90 days
Dry period
60 days, cow is not milked and rumen is recovering from intense positive energy balance
milk components
87% water 13% solids (protein, fat, lactose)
Heifers are bred at
Breed at 13-15 months of age Monitor growth, energy intake, Height and weight
Lactating Cows are fed
Combinations of alfalfa and corn silage Recommend some long-stem hay
Brown Swiss-
DAIRY BREED large greyish brown, from Switzerland. Hooves, muzzle and tail black. Known to be docile and large floppy ears 2nd highest in milk prodn OLDEST
Guernsey-
DAIRY BREED light reddish yellow and white breed with small frame, yellow milk, produce 2nd highest milk fat %
Ayrshire-
DAIRY BREED medium framed, a Scottish breed, mahogany, and white in color. Excellent grazers. average milk prodn- excellent utters
Holstein-
DAIRY BREED most popular in US. Black and white or red and white coloring. Developed in Holland. Highest milk yield- used for fluid milk
Jersey-
DAIRY BREED small, light brown color, with the highest % of milk fat- used for cheese and ice cream production
Challenges facing sheep production
Decreased consumer details for both wool and meat Increased grazing costs The loss of relationship with government programs, including the removal of wool price supports Seasonal nature Unique health challenges
Pastrication
Food safety process Blast high temp quickly to kill bacteria Improves shelf life
World Dairy Production
India is the leading milk producer with 65% of the country's milk production being produced by Buffaloes 100% self sufficient in dairy production, importing and exporting little United States second in world dairy production with over 96 metric tonnes of milk per year
Milk production and number of cows are
Inversely related- because of advances in the big 4 (health, genetics, management, nutrition)
Wool breeds are_________ oriented.
Maternally - strong flocking and protective instinct
Where is the teat cup?
Metal cup lined with black tube -pulsating vaccum that seems like a calf
Heifers go into heifer development program
Milk based then grain based diet Grow to maturity 2 years of age they will calve 9 mo gestation 2 years before you get another calf
hypocalcemia
Milk fever - large amounts of calcium needed for milk production near end of gestation or right after birth - Imbalance leades to agitation, inability to stand and be conscious -Treatment: supplemental calcium -Prevention: mineral analysis and managed diet
Why is milk production important?
Milk is high quality, easily digestible protein
What are the big four in dairy production?
Nutrition Genetics Health Management
How much to feed a lactating cow.
On average: feed 3 lbs. DM(Dry matter)/100 lb. of body weight 1500 lb cow = consume 45 lb DM/day Higher % crude protein needed in early lactation -18-19% vs. 16-17%
wean dairy calves
Once calf consumes ~1 - 1.5 lbs for 3 consecutive days
Rambouillet:
SHEEP- EWE WOOL BREED large, white faced breed that may be polled or horned, long life and produce fine, high quality wool. Most popular breed in range flocks in the USA Origin: France
Corriedale:
SHEEP- EWE WOOL BREED med. Size, white face with wool face and legs and black nose; good mothering ability and prolificacy, heavy-medium wool fleeces Origin: New Zealand
displaced abomasum
Sometimes becomes twisted- cure: to roll the calf, or Go into the right side and tact the abomasum against the wall
What goes in a TMR?
Soybean (meal) = PROTEIN Corn = ENERGY Grains= concentrates Using byproducts- NOT lower quality, GREENER (better for the environment) Soybean hulls- high in fiber Corn gluten- by product Distillers grain- a byproduct of ethanol production, fed back for higher protein content than corn Cotton Seeds= byproduct (not what is wanted from the plant)- Fed whole, for rumen
Nutrition
We have gotten better at feeding cows Total mixed ration Specifically designed for them at their stage in production
Why do you wait 30-60 seconds during milking process?
Waiting for OXYTOCIN "milk let down" ~checking for mastitis
The dairy industry is ____________ moving.
Westward
Parturition [dairy]
[or freshening] is the act of giving birth -Milk production is initiated by this
Stored and created in utter by cells called
alveoli -will hold on to that milk until it is let out
Feed dairy cows
at roughly same time every day Consistency Keep type of feeds consistent
Jersey milk would most likely be used for
cheese, yogurt, ice cream
Jerseys
excel at producing lower volume with higher milk fat
esophageal groove
helps milk bypass the rumen and milk goes directly into the abomasum (4th stomach).
Parturition [sheep]
initiated by the release of hormones from the fetus and proceeds through a synchronized process, resulting in the birth of the lamb(s)
Health:
major concern, biosecurity, vaccination,
parallel parlors
milked side by side milked between rear legs
cholostrum
needed within 12-24 hours; passive immunity
Crossbreeding ____________in dairy
not common - because of milk traits
milking steps
o Cow enters the parlor, udder is washed and each teat is dipped in an antibacterial solution to destroy any bacteria that may be near the teat canal o Farmers typically wait 30 seconds for oxytocin to release milk (released in response to the cleaning of the udder) o Farmer strips (hand milks) each teat a few times, stimulates the udder and checks for mastitis in the expelled milk o Another 30-60 seconds is allowed to elapse o Milking unit is placed on the teats o Milking unit automatically detaches when all four quarters are empty. Farmer will double check each quarter to ensure that they are milked out and healthy
Why are dairy cows often bred via artificial insemination?
o Poor disposition of dairy bulls o Dairy cows are milked 2-3 times a day- making it easy to manage the estrus detection and insemination well o Allows for larger increase in genetic change in milk production
Estrous cycle
only begins to cycle when the length of daylight begins to decrease
Management:
people side, can not take this out of it (automate farming), cannot take the husbandry out of animal production people matter to the flock- talented workforce Immigration in the dairy industry is huge- directly affects the agriculture industry
Cow will gain a lot of weight back during
positive energy balance.
Holsteins
produce most pounds of milk
Two milking tubes
vaccum -clear milk tube- black
farm flocks
• Less than 200 ewes [20-100 head] BLACK FACE [Suffolk] • Use intensive management higher lamb crop 180-200% oriented on lamb production main predators: dogs, coyotes • Produce meat type lambs • Complete production from lambing to market
