Sterle ANS 114 Exam 1 [sheep, goats, dairy]

Heifers are bred at

15 months and calve at 2 years old

Gestation of a dairy cow is

283 days (9 mo)

Cows must be rebred

3 months after calving (shortly after peak lactation) to have 1 calf a year

Cow bred

3 months after freshening (during negative energy balance) to get a calf a year

Transition period is

3 weeks prior to freshening and 3 weeks after most stressful cow eats mainly forages

Sheep Gestation

5 months [147 days], seasonal breeders [photo period]

How much milk will a Holstein cow produce per day?

75lbs a day About 8-9 gallons a day

Gallon of milk weighs

8.6 lbs

What is a huge issue in Dairy production?

Biosecurity -prevent outside pathogens from entering a herd as well as to control an outbreak within a herd -restricting visitors and isolating new animals until they can be tested for various diseases and can be safely introduced into the herd

US sheep production

California, #1 Texas, Colorado Compared to other animal and agricultural industries, the sheep industry is very small, accounting for less than 1% of total U.S. livestock receipts.

Total Mixed Ration (TMR)

Forage and grain mixture Corn Soybean meal Fuzzy whole cottonseed Commodity feeds: Distillers grains, soybean hulls, corn gluten

Calves housed in small pens with outside area called ____________.

Hutches -Isolation allows for control of disease spread -Calves remain in hutches for 6-8 weeks and are fed milk, calf started, and water

Sheep estrous cycle

In sheep 17 days, meaning that they will return to estrous every 17 days Sheep naturally exhibit estrous or 'standing heat' starting in summer and ending in winter

Polypay:

SHEEP- EWE WOOL BREED medium sized, white face breed with a wool cap on heads. They are known for prolificacy breeding out of season, milk production, and overall ewe productivity Origin: USA- from Targhee, Dorset, and Rambouillet

Finnsheep:

SHEEP- EWE WOOL BREED small to medium size, white face with open (no wool) face and legs, known for early puberty and high prolificacy Origin: Finland

Merino:

SHEEP- EWE WOOL BREED white faced breed with wool on heads and legs is basis for fine wool breeds. Extremely high-quality wool and flocking instinct Origin: Spain

Oxford:

SHEEP- RAM MEAT BREED medium sized, dark brown/grey faced, polled breed with a wool cap and wool on ears and legs that have good milking ability, prolificacy, and fast growth Origin: England

Hampshire:

SHEEP- RAM MEAT BREED large black face breed with wool caps on head and wool on legs, good milking ability, growth, and carcass cutability Origin: England

Suffolk:

SHEEP- RAM MEAT BREED large, polled, black faced breed with no wool on head or legs that are known for fast growth, muscling and carcass cutability, they are popular breed in farm flocks and for use as terminal sires with range flocks Origin: England

Shropshire:

SHEEP- RAM MEAT BREED medium sized, dark faced, pooled breed with wool on head and face that are known for hardiness, early maturity, good milking and muscling Origin: England

Southdown:

SHEEP- RAM MEAT BREED medium sized, polled breed with a grey/brown face and wool on legs that are known for fast growth and meaty carcass Origin: England

Ewe breeds

Wool breeds or maternal breeds, high quality wool and a strong flocking instinct

Genetics:

artificial selection- dairy industry almost single trait selects don't worry about growth or muscles- like beef industry (inversely correlated with maternal inscitinctins and milk) dairy selects for fertility

Examples of terminal oriented breeds.

black and white-faced sheep are terminally oriented ie. Suffolk and Hampshire

range flocks

consist of MATERNAL breeds [polipei, Finland sheep] WHITE FACE • Most common breed: Rambouillet • Large flocks with over 200 head and often over 1,000 head of ewes • Extensive management- lambing outside and often later in the year • Utilizes wool type breeds • Prioritizes the sale of wool • Often sells feeder lambs WESTERN states

tends in dairy

decrease in number of operations decrease in cow numbers geographical shift in production decrease in fluid milk consumption except for flavored milks which has doubled. increase in herd size increase in milk production per cow

Holstein milk would most likely be used for

drinking milk

Meat/terminal breeds

fast growing- less flocking instinct than ewe breeds

Ultra High Temperature (UHT)

for a shorter amount of time Increases higher temp life Different texture of milk

Total mixed ration (TMR)

formed to meet the needs for growth or lactation• Contain forage, silage, protein source, and vitamins and minerals

peak milking in dairy

happens at day 45-60

negative energy balance

occurs at peak lactation when cow is expending so much energy producing milk that she loses weight

What is included in a post dip?

polymer that is like liquid band aid- so there's a film bearer over teat for more protection from bacteria

Homogenization

take fat and break them up- disperses fat throughout milk product, so cream won't separate Cream rises to the top (good fat), skim the cream off (makes 2%, skim milk, 1% milk)- leave it = whole milk

Meat breeds are ________ oriented.

terminally meaning that they are bred to maximize efficiency in meat production

Abomasum (Dairy)

"True stomach" Secretes hydrochloric acid One compartment of the four Acts the most like our stomach

Dairy estrus

- standing heat, every 21 days

calf life

-Calf is immediately removed from the mother, who begins her milking cycle -First 1-2 days after birth cow produces colostrum (high in antibodies for the calf), collected back for the calves for 2-3 days -Provides passive immunity Once calf is on 1-1.5 lbs per day of calf started for 3 consecutive days (about 6-8 weeks of age) they are weaned from milk diet and placed on forage or feed

Milk consumption trends

-Low fat and flavored milk has been increasing steadily -Increase demand for cheese -2x more use than 25 years ago -Mozzarella is most produced -Cheddar second -More variety recently -More ethnic eating (pizza) -Increased demand for ice cream, sour cream, and yogurt

What happens to male dairy calves?

-Male calves and non-replacement heifers may be placed in feedlots and fed for growth -Harvested for veal- meat from a young bovine (often dairy)

Milk production overview

-Milk production per cow has doubled -While number of cows has decreased, milk production has more than doubled -Increased and improved genetics, reproduction, health, and management

USA dairy Industry

-Supplies over 21 billion gallons every year to consumers -Average milk production per day per cow is 8 gallons (70 lbs) -Consumption declining because of competition in drinks

Top Dairy States

1. California: 41,801 (million lbs) 2. Wisconsin: 27,224 13. Iowa: 4,433 ** California will fall due to animal rights activism

World leaders in sheep production

1. China 2. Australlia

Dairy farmer sells by the

100 weight (100 lbs)

Market weight lambs

110-160 lbs

Cows milked 3 times a day will produce

12-18% more milk.

Dairy Heifer Goal is to calve before

22-24 months old Ideal calving weight: 1250 lbs

dairy calves are bottle fed for ___ days.

3

Lactation length

305 days (10 months)

Milk production peaks at

4-7 weeks post-partum (birth)

sheep puberty

5-12 mo

Lambs are weaned by

60-90 days

Dry period

60 days, cow is not milked and rumen is recovering from intense positive energy balance

milk components

87% water 13% solids (protein, fat, lactose)

Heifers are bred at

Breed at 13-15 months of age Monitor growth, energy intake, Height and weight

Lactating Cows are fed

Combinations of alfalfa and corn silage Recommend some long-stem hay

Brown Swiss-

DAIRY BREED large greyish brown, from Switzerland. Hooves, muzzle and tail black. Known to be docile and large floppy ears 2nd highest in milk prodn OLDEST

Guernsey-

DAIRY BREED light reddish yellow and white breed with small frame, yellow milk, produce 2nd highest milk fat %

Ayrshire-

DAIRY BREED medium framed, a Scottish breed, mahogany, and white in color. Excellent grazers. average milk prodn- excellent utters

Holstein-

DAIRY BREED most popular in US. Black and white or red and white coloring. Developed in Holland. Highest milk yield- used for fluid milk

Jersey-

DAIRY BREED small, light brown color, with the highest % of milk fat- used for cheese and ice cream production

Challenges facing sheep production

Decreased consumer details for both wool and meat Increased grazing costs The loss of relationship with government programs, including the removal of wool price supports Seasonal nature Unique health challenges

Pastrication

Food safety process Blast high temp quickly to kill bacteria Improves shelf life

World Dairy Production

India is the leading milk producer with 65% of the country's milk production being produced by Buffaloes 100% self sufficient in dairy production, importing and exporting little United States second in world dairy production with over 96 metric tonnes of milk per year

Milk production and number of cows are

Inversely related- because of advances in the big 4 (health, genetics, management, nutrition)

Wool breeds are_________ oriented.

Maternally - strong flocking and protective instinct

Where is the teat cup?

Metal cup lined with black tube -pulsating vaccum that seems like a calf

Heifers go into heifer development program

Milk based then grain based diet Grow to maturity 2 years of age they will calve 9 mo gestation 2 years before you get another calf

hypocalcemia

Milk fever - large amounts of calcium needed for milk production near end of gestation or right after birth - Imbalance leades to agitation, inability to stand and be conscious -Treatment: supplemental calcium -Prevention: mineral analysis and managed diet

Why is milk production important?

Milk is high quality, easily digestible protein

What are the big four in dairy production?

Nutrition Genetics Health Management

How much to feed a lactating cow.

On average: feed 3 lbs. DM(Dry matter)/100 lb. of body weight 1500 lb cow = consume 45 lb DM/day Higher % crude protein needed in early lactation -18-19% vs. 16-17%

wean dairy calves

Once calf consumes ~1 - 1.5 lbs for 3 consecutive days

Rambouillet:

SHEEP- EWE WOOL BREED large, white faced breed that may be polled or horned, long life and produce fine, high quality wool. Most popular breed in range flocks in the USA Origin: France

Corriedale:

SHEEP- EWE WOOL BREED med. Size, white face with wool face and legs and black nose; good mothering ability and prolificacy, heavy-medium wool fleeces Origin: New Zealand

displaced abomasum

Sometimes becomes twisted- cure: to roll the calf, or Go into the right side and tact the abomasum against the wall

What goes in a TMR?

Soybean (meal) = PROTEIN Corn = ENERGY Grains= concentrates Using byproducts- NOT lower quality, GREENER (better for the environment) Soybean hulls- high in fiber Corn gluten- by product Distillers grain- a byproduct of ethanol production, fed back for higher protein content than corn Cotton Seeds= byproduct (not what is wanted from the plant)- Fed whole, for rumen

Nutrition

We have gotten better at feeding cows Total mixed ration Specifically designed for them at their stage in production

Why do you wait 30-60 seconds during milking process?

Waiting for OXYTOCIN "milk let down" ~checking for mastitis

The dairy industry is ____________ moving.

Westward

Parturition [dairy]

[or freshening] is the act of giving birth -Milk production is initiated by this

Stored and created in utter by cells called

alveoli -will hold on to that milk until it is let out

Feed dairy cows

at roughly same time every day Consistency Keep type of feeds consistent

Jersey milk would most likely be used for

cheese, yogurt, ice cream

Jerseys

excel at producing lower volume with higher milk fat

esophageal groove

helps milk bypass the rumen and milk goes directly into the abomasum (4th stomach).

Parturition [sheep]

initiated by the release of hormones from the fetus and proceeds through a synchronized process, resulting in the birth of the lamb(s)

Health:

major concern, biosecurity, vaccination,

parallel parlors

milked side by side milked between rear legs

cholostrum

needed within 12-24 hours; passive immunity

Crossbreeding ____________in dairy

not common - because of milk traits

milking steps

o Cow enters the parlor, udder is washed and each teat is dipped in an antibacterial solution to destroy any bacteria that may be near the teat canal o Farmers typically wait 30 seconds for oxytocin to release milk (released in response to the cleaning of the udder) o Farmer strips (hand milks) each teat a few times, stimulates the udder and checks for mastitis in the expelled milk o Another 30-60 seconds is allowed to elapse o Milking unit is placed on the teats o Milking unit automatically detaches when all four quarters are empty. Farmer will double check each quarter to ensure that they are milked out and healthy

Why are dairy cows often bred via artificial insemination?

o Poor disposition of dairy bulls o Dairy cows are milked 2-3 times a day- making it easy to manage the estrus detection and insemination well o Allows for larger increase in genetic change in milk production

Estrous cycle

only begins to cycle when the length of daylight begins to decrease

Management:

people side, can not take this out of it (automate farming), cannot take the husbandry out of animal production people matter to the flock- talented workforce Immigration in the dairy industry is huge- directly affects the agriculture industry

Cow will gain a lot of weight back during

positive energy balance.

Holsteins

produce most pounds of milk

Two milking tubes

vaccum -clear milk tube- black

farm flocks

• Less than 200 ewes [20-100 head] BLACK FACE [Suffolk] • Use intensive management higher lamb crop 180-200% oriented on lamb production main predators: dogs, coyotes • Produce meat type lambs • Complete production from lambing to market