Story of the Human Body

Match the Middle and Upper Paleolithic characteristics A- Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers B-Middle Paleolithic hunter-gatherers

A- created needles to make clothing, included shellfish, small mammals, birds in their diet, sometimes built semipermanent homes, mass produced stone tools that were thinner and more versatile, food processing included roasting, boiling and grinding plants which helped fuel a population explosion, spectacular cave paintings, carved figurines elaborate burials, remarkable capacity to innovate through culture B-hunted mostly large animals using spears

Match: Snout-D tall deep faces-A conspicuous brow-ridges-A dome-shaped skull-B long flat topped skull-A

A. homo erectus b. modern humans D. neither

Match: live fast, die young, breed liberally-D about 18 years-A about 12 to 13 years-B live slow, die old, reproduce conservatively-C

A. humans mature B. chimps mature C. high investment strategy D. minimalist investment strategy

Match: A. Hunter-gatherers B. Farmers

A:typically wean their children at age three &typically have children every three to four years B: potential for huge rate of population growth & average healthy mother will give birth to 6 or 7 children over the course of her life & typically wean their children between 1 and 2 years

What is the name of the energy storage molecules that circulate inside cells like mini-batteries?

ATP

Homo sapiens descended from a very large population of African ancestors (several hundred thousand).

False

Natural selection stopped when farming started.

False

People who habitually go barefoot have more trouble with fallen arches.

False

The Tasaday are a tribe of primitive people in the Philipines.

False

The human body is adapted for one environment only.

False

there Is only one ideal hunter-gatherer way of life.

False

Which of the following are hominid adaptations to bipedalism?

The shape of the hips changes to be smaller and sideways facing; the shape of the spine is S-shaped instead of J-shaped; our feet have evolved arches.

All humans at one time used to be hunter-gatherers.

True

Certain farming populations have adapted to dairy foods and staple crops composed largely of starches.

True

Cooked foods yield much more energy than uncooked food.

True

From a physiological point of view, the Industrial Revolution changed our diets at least as much as the Agricultural Revolution.

True

Humans evolved to combine both minimalist and high investment strategies in a completely novel way.

True

If you don't stimulate your brain as you age, it places you at risk of losing cognitive function more rapidly potentially leading to diseases like dementia.

True

In parts of Asia, Homo erectus persisted until less than a few hundred thousand years ago.

True

Labor-saving devices such as cars, airplanes, escalators, etc have profoundly altered how much physical activity we do (less than before industrialization).

True

Lack of fiber in a diet consisting of lots of sugar and fat causes your body to absorb the calories faster than your liver and pancreas can handle, resulting in formation of visceral fat.

True

Lieberman explained how the story of the Garden of Eden is an allegory explaining that the end of the hunter-gatherer way of life spawned the beginning of mismatch diseases.

True

Modern food producers grow and manufacture as cheaply and efficiently as possible exactly what people have desired for millions of years: fat, starch, sugar and salt.

True

Most animals' main concern is obtaining enough food to survive and reproduce. Until recently, this applied to most humans as well (and still does in some areas).

True

Pellagra is a difficiency disease caused by insufficient vitamin B-3. This vitamin in corn (a major staple of Native American farmers) is bound to other proteins, making it unavailable to humans; however, long ago it was discovered that by soaking corn in an alkali solution before griding it freed the vitamin thereby helping to prevent pellagra.

True

The energetic difference between sitting and standing may not seem like much (20 calories an hour), but over time (weeks, months, years) is a staggering difference.

True

The hygiene hypothesis posits that a certain amount of filth is both normal and necessary to develop a healthy immune system.

True

Unless you are African, you have Neanderthal DNA (albeit, less than 10%).

True

Unless you have a garden or go to a farmer's market, you most likely are eating industrially produced food.

True

Way back in 1871 without any fossil evidence, Darwin hypothesized that humans evolved from apes, becoming upright to free their hands for tool useage, which then favored larger brains and language. (And he was probably right.)

True

We tolerate or even take pleasure in potentially harmful things because they enhance our lives now more than what we judge to be their eventual costs or risks.

True

What makes an adaptation truly adaptive is dependent on context.

True

Wherever modern human hunter-gatherers spread, archaic humans (like Neanderthals) went extinct.

True

Your body requires certain stresses when you are growing in order to develop appropriately.

True

The author refers to the Lucy diet - this is a diet rich in...

USOs

Smaller male canines most likely arose as a result of...

adaptations to help them chew tougher, more fibrous food.

Which of the following would be considered a USO?

bulbs, roots, tubers

Accelerating rates of [x] have rapidly as well as substantially changed what we eat among other thing which have created new selective pressures in modern humans.

cultural evolution

What are the 2 most potent predictors of obesity and illness?

diet and physical activity

Natural selection acts most strongly...

during times of stress and scarcity.

The revolutionary behavioral strategies seen with the advent of hunter-gatherers included:

eating more meat, tools for food extraction, intensive cooperation that involved sharing food, tools for food processing

The primary factors that cause myopia are:

environmental factors

Neanderthals are the missing link between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens.

false

The evolution of our species, Homo sapiens, was inevitable

false

Which of the following are potential explanatons for why farming developed in so many places and in such a short span of time after millions of years of hunting and gathering?

global climate change, population stress

Several studies have shown that myopia is correlated with:

higher intelligence

In which category does the explanation of how humans came to be belong to? A-religious explanation B-scientific explanation

humans were created from mud, man was created from dust, woman from his rib, humans were birthed by enormous turtles, humans were vomited up by gods-A modern humans evolved from archaic humans in Africa at least 200,000 years ago- B

When are you in energy balance?

if over a period of time your weight remains stable

Which of the following is/are mismatch diseases/disorders?

impacted wisdom teeth, osteoporosis, allergies

The challenge of finding enough food to eat sparked the first two major transformations in human evolution - what were those two transformations?

large faces with big, thick cheek teeth & bipedalism

Homo erectus had arm and leg proportions most like:

modern humans

Australopiths would have eaten which of the following foods?

plant parts such as fruit; scavenged meat; plant parts such as tubers, bulbs and roots; plant parts such as leaves, stems and seeds; insects such as termites and grubs

Which of the following infectious epidemics occurred after the Agricultural Revolution began?

smallpox, polio, the plague

When the US government mandated lower sodium nitrite levels in the 1930's, what happened?

stomach cancer rates dropped

From an evolutionary perspective, humans may become accustomed to novel, unhealthy behaviors and aspects of our enviornment when:

they occur on an everyday basis, thus "normalized"

Which of the following are we not very well adapted for?

too much comfortableness, physical idleness, too well fed, too much cleanliness

Energy balance is the difference between how much energy input versus energy output over a given period of time.

true

An extended negative energy balance leads to...

weight loss

This was an economic and technological revolution in which humans started using fossil fuels to generate power for machines.

Industrial Revolution

What was the most important shift that happened ~50,000 years ago that let humans colonize the entire planet?

a cultural and technological revolution