study for history

5. Paraphrase According to the text, King Ferdinand said to Columbus, "Get gold. Humanely if possible, but at all hazards—get gold." Put the statement in your own words. What does the statement tell you about Ferdinand's reasons for financing Columbus's voyages?

"Bring back gold. Try to get the gold without causing harm to anyone if you can—but even if you have to hurt someone, bring back gold." The statement suggests that of all the reasons Ferdinand had for financing Columbus's voyages, obtaining gold was near or at the top of the list.

Caravan

A group of people who traveled together for safety

6. How would you define the Silk Road? (T28)

The Silk Road referred to the overland trade routes between Europe and China

Crusades

between 1095-1300, series of wars fought by Christians to control the Holy Land

convert

to turn or change your beliefs or way of thinking

Astrolabe

which helped sailors determine latitude while at sea.

The Columbian Exchange 8. Compare and Contrast As you read "The Columbian Exchange," use the graphic organizer below to list positive and negative results of the Columbian Exchange for Native Americans and for Europeans.

1. Europeans introduced chickens, pigs, cattle, and horses 2. learned to use and ride horses 3. Europeans introduced new crops. 1. died of European diseases 2. were killed in wars with Europeans 3. were forced into labor 4. lost their lands 5. lost their way of life. 1. introduced to new customs and ideas 2. introduced to new foods 3. learned new skills (how to use snowshoes, how to paddle Indian canoes) 4. gained great wealth 5. accomplished their goal of spreading Christianity. 1. disease spread from the Americas to Europe

4.Identify Supporting Details The text says that Muslims developed many of the technologies we use today. What details in the text support this claim?

A Muslim mathematician invented the first camera; a Muslim engineer invented the crankshaft; the windmill was invented in Persia.

innovation

A new method or practical idea.

Christianity

A religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

Kinship

A social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption

Columbian Exchange

A voyage of Columbus

colony

Area settle ruled by government of distant land.

10. Analyze Maps (Map pg. 34) Which Portuguese explorer stayed closer to land?

Bartolomeu Dias stayed closer to land than Vasco da Gama in his exploration of the African coast.

Renaissance

Burst of learning from Europe from 1300 to 1600.

7. Vocabulary: Use Context Clues Reread Antoñio Pigafetta's diary entry describing part of his voyage with Magellan. What context clues help you figure out the meaning of provisions as Pigafetta used the word? Use the clues to define provisions.

Clues: "or other refreshments;" "ate only old biscuit reduced to powder." Meaning: supplies such as food

15. What caused the Portuguese to look for a route to Asia by way of Africa?

Italian and Middle Eastern merchants controlled all the Mediterranean routes

2. Identify Main Ideas (T26) How did the Crusades affect trade in the Middle Ages?

More Eurpeans were exposed to new foods and product like silks and rugs in the Middle East. Trade expanded as demand for these things in Europe increased.

5. Summarize Use the graphic organizer below to summarize how each of the Muslim groups listed helped create an exchange of cultures between the Middle East, Europe, and Asia.

Muslim Merchants Muslim Sailors Muslim Traders * carried Islam to people living along trade routes in Asia and Africa * goods sold by Muslim merchants spread across the globe *merchants brought their cultures to new lands and returned with knowledge of other cultures. *navigated across the Indian Ocean, allowing merchants to exchange goods and ideas *spread knowledge of seafaring technologies. *traveled the Silk Road that linked China and the Middle East *brought their culture to new lands and returned with knowledge of other cultures.

12. How did the city of Mecca promote trade?

Muslim travel to the city spurred the spread of trade routes.

1. Draw Conclusions What were some benefits of the feudal form of government to medieval society as a whole? What were some drawbacks? Support your answer with details from the text.

One benefit is that the feudal form of government provided structure and order to society. People had clearly defined roles to play that helped sustain society as a whole. For example, peasants farmed and did other kinds of labor that helped sustain the lords, the monarchs, the clergy, and themselves. Members of the clergy, in turn, provided spiritual guidance, education, and social services and helped preserve learning from the ancient world. Another benefit of feudalism is that it provided a means of defense. Warrior lords protected the monarchs, the lands that the monarchs had given them, and the peasants that lived on the lands. A major drawback of feudalism was that peasants were exploited. They had to work very hard just to survive, and the rigid social order permitted few opportunities for peasants to better their lives. Another drawback was isolation. Because each manor was nearly self-sufficient, roads were poor, and modes of transportation were slow. There was little interaction between people on different manors.

9. Assess an Argument The text argues that European activities such as farming and mining took a toll on the physical environment in the Americas. Is this a convincing argument? Why or why not?

Possible response: This is a convincing argument because these activities changed the environment and the ways in which it was used. Farming required clearing land and may have led to problems such as erosion. Mining required clearing away and cutting into natural features, and it often left permanent scars on the environment.

8. Cite Evidence What evidence in the text shows that Chinese innovations greatly changed ships and sea travel?

The Chinese invented the rudder, which made it easier to steer ships; they created watertight compartments, which reduced the risk of sinking; they used a magnetic compass, which lessened the risk of getting lost at sea.

6. Identify Supporting Details How did Magellan's voyage of circumnavigation reshape the Spanish understanding of the world? Use details from the text in your answer.

The Spanish did not know how wide the Pacific Ocean was until Magellan sailed across it. His voyage of circumnavigation made the Spanish—and other Europeans—aware of the true size of Earth.

3. Cite Evidence What evidence in the text shows that the invention of the astrolabe was a key development that advanced European exploration?

The astrolabe helped sailors determine their latitude at sea, allowing them to sail beyond sight of land, travel farther from Europe, and reach places they had never been before.

3. Analyze Interactions How did the relationship between Spain and Portugal play a part in Columbus's first voyage?

The rulers of Spain wanted a share of the riches to be gotten from the Americas. The rulers also wanted to keep Portugal from controlling trade with India, China, and Japan. As a result, they agreed to finance Columbus's voyage of exploration.

9. Analyze Interactions How did the printing press help bring Europe out of the Middle Ages?

The spread of learning brought about by the printing press made it easier for new ideas to spread, promoting the Renaissance.

2. Cite Evidence What evidence does the text give to support the theory that ancient seafarers from Polynesia traveled to the Americas?

The text points out that modern Polynesians have sailed canoes thousands of miles using their knowledge of the stars and winds.

1. Draw Conclusions Based on the text, what conclusion can be drawn about why the Vikings chose not to remain in Vinland?

They faced fierce battles with Native Americans.

4. Evaluate Explanations Columbus has long been given credit for "discovering" America because he made Europeans aware that this region existed. What does this explanation suggest about how history is often described and understood?

This explanation suggests that history is often described and understood from a European point of view; that is, how historical events affected Europeans. The idea that Columbus discovered America ignores the fact that millions of people had already "discovered" America and were living there.

7. Draw Conclusions What conclusion can you draw about the impact of trade on the development and the power of a city-state?

Trade is important to a city-state because trade generates wealth. The rulers of a citystate use this wealth to make their city-state bigger and stronger, which in turn gives it more power.

extended family

a family that extends beyond the nuclear family, including grandparents, aunts, uncles, and other relatives, who all live nearby or in one household.

turning point

a moment in history that marks a decisive change

Isthmus

a narrow strip of land that connects two larger land areas

Savanna

a region of grasslands

modification

changes to physical environment of the america

11. In Europe during the Middle Ages, the people most likely to be able to read and write were

clergymen.

Manor

district ruled by a lord , including the lords castle and land around it.

13. Along with luxury items such as gold, ivory, and hardwoods, Arab merchants traveled to East Africa to acquire -

enslaved Africans.

14. Which feature of Chinese civilization had the greatest impact on other civilizations?

its new technologies

Silk Road

overland trade route linking China to the middle east

Feudalism

system ruled by lords who ruled their lands but owed the loyalty and military services to the monarch

Circumnavigate

to sail around the world