Study of Language - Study questions

What did Darwin think early human communication was first based on?

Musical notes and rhythm

Which maxim involves not saying things you believe to be false?

The maxim of Quality

When can we say the human auditory system has begun working?

Two months before birth

What kind of morpheme is the suffix in 'slowly'?

bound or derivational

What is the main difference between a generative grmmar and a traditional grammar?

A generative grammar is used to produce sentence structures. It is a grammar for production. A traditional grammar simply describes sentence structures. It is a grammar for analysis.

What different aspects of language are studied in articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics?

Articulatory phonetics is the study of the physical production, via the vocal organs, of speech sounds, acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech as sound waves in the air, and auditory phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are perceived via the ear.

What is the grammatical function of the proper noun in the following sentence? 'The professor and her students visited Berlin during the summer'

Berlin is the object

Why isn't glossolalia considered to be communicative language use?

Glossolalia is simply the production of a stream of sounds and syllables as a form of self-expression with no intention to communicate.

What is the difference between grammatical gender and natural gender?

Grammatical gender is based on the type of noun, such as masculine or feminine or neuter, and is not tied to sex. Natural gender is based on sex as a biological distinction between male, female, and neither male nor female.

What are the three components of communicative competence?

Grammatical, sociolinguistic and stretegic competence

What are hedges in discourse?

Hedges are words or phrases used to indicate that we are not really sure that what we are saying is sufficiently correct or complete

What is the difference between the position of the larynx in humans and other primates?

It is much lower in the throat in humans

How is the word 'discourse' usually defined?

Language beyond the sentence

Which poart of the brain has been described as 'the curved bundle'?

The arcuate fasciculus connecting Wernicke's and Broca's areas.

Which approach to language teaching is characterized by oral drills?

The audiolingual method

Why do we say that mathematics is learned, not acquired?

Mathematics is learned through a conscious process of accumulating knowledge, typically in an institutional setting. It is not acquired, because ability doesn't gradually dev

What kind of opposites can be identified via the 'negative test'?

Non-gradable antonyms

What is the hierarchical relationship in the meanings of this set of words: Bronchitis, disease, influenza, pneumonia, tuberculosis?

There is a superordinate (disease) and four co-hyponyms (bronchitis, influenza, pneumonia, tuberculosis).

What kind of evidence is used to support the idea that language is culturally transmitted?

One example of the cultural transmission of language is a child with physical features inherited from its natural parents (e.g. Korean) who, if adopted at birth by English speakers, will grow up speaking English (and not Korean).

What is the term used to describe the process involved when a child uses one word like 'ball' to refer to an apple, grape and a ball?

Overextension

How do we describe the pragmatic difference between the pair 'here' and 'now' versus 'there' and 'then'?

Speakers use here and now when talking about things close to them and there and then for things distant or not close to them.

What kind of difficulty did Wernicke identify among his patients?

Speech comprehension difficulty

At what level of structure are these two sentences different? 'A large dog attacked us. vs We were attacjed by a large dog.'

These sentences differ in terms of their surface structures.

How do we descrive these regular conversational patterns? 'Hi ~ hello and bye ~ see you later'

They are adjacency pairs

What is the lexical relation between the English words swallow (a small bird) and swallow (food or drink down the throat)

They are homonyms

Why are the expressions 'my PIN number' and 'the ATM machine' slightly odd?

They contain unintended repetitions: Personal Identification Number number and Automatic Teller Machine machine.

How did the Gardners try to show that Washoe was not simply repeating signs made by interacting humans?

They designed experiments in which no humans could provide cues and Washoe could still produce correct signs to identify objects in pictures.

How do we think the harbor seal was able to yell 'Hey! Hey you!' ?

They were believed to be imitating something they had heard.

When is an eponym a neologism?

When an eponym (a word based on the name of a person or a place) is used as a new word in the language, it is a neologism. When the Earl of Sandwich's friends started calling his new snack "a sandwich," they created a neologism with an eponym

What are the functional morphemes in the following sentence? When she walked into the room, the doctor asked me if I had a sore throatt or an annoying cough.

When, she, into, the, the, me, if, I, a, or, an

What is the difference between a communication system with productivity and one with fixed reference?

With productivity, the system can create new expressions and the potential number of expressions is infinite. With fixed reference, there is a fixed number of signals in the system and each signal only relates to a particular object or occasion.

What was the name of the 'language' that Lana learned?

Yerkish

What semantic feature must a noun have in order to be used in this sentence? The _____ were discussing what to do

[+ human]

In casual speech, what is the most common vowel sound?

[ə] (a,) (a)bout, th(e), oth(er), c(ou)ld

What kind of generative rule is this: N -> {girl, dog, boy}?

a lexical rule

Can you identify the different word-formation processes involved in producing each '' words in these sentences? a) Don't they ever worry that they might get 'AIDS'? b) That's really 'fandamntastic!' c) these new 'skateboards' from Joes are 'kickass' d) I want to see a 'doc', not a 'vet' e) The house next door was 'burgled' when I was 'babysitting' f) This old 'sofa' is nice and 'comfy' g) She'd like a 'toastie' for 'brekky' h) You don't need to 'button' it because it's got 'velcro' inside.

a) acronym ("Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome") b) infixing ("damn" inside "fantastic") c) compounding ("skate" + "board") and compounding ("kick" + "ass") and conversion (verb "kick" + noun "ass" adjective "kickass") d) clipping ("doctor") and clipping ("veterinarian") e) backformation (verb "burgle" from noun "burglar") and backformation (verb "babysit" from noun "babysitter", which is a compound ("baby" + "sitter"). f) borrowing (from Arabic "suffa") and hypocorism (from "comfortable") g) two examples of hypocorism from "toasted sandwich" and "breakfast." h) conversion of the noun ("a button") to a verb and blending of two words ("velours croché"), borrowed from French

What two things did early humans need to take control of in order to produce intonation?

control of the vibration of the vocal folds and control of respiratory (breathing) patterns

How many noun phrases are there in the following sentence? George saw a small dog in the park near the fountain and it followed him when he left the park

eight

How many regular inflectional morphemes are there in English?

eight

How many noun phrases are there in the following sentence? 'Robert brought a small puppy to the party and we all wanted to keep it'

five (robert, a small puppy, party, we, it)

How many pragmatic markers are using in the following interaction? 'N: Why does everyone think he's a genius, I mean, he gets things wrong like the rest of us, doesn't he? B: Well, I dont know, he got that award last year for innovation, you know, the Brill award, at the convention in New York, I think it was'

four (I mean, Well, I don't know, you know)

What is the morphological process involved in 'Fanfrickingtastic'

fricking added to fantastic is a way of 'cutting', where a whole word is inserted inside another word

What are the anaphoric expressions in the following sentence? 'Dr. Foster gave Andy some medicine after he told her about his headaches and she advised him to take the pills three times a day until the pain went away'

he, her, his, she, him, the pills, the pain

Which process is clearly involved in creating the new term 'selfie'?

hypocorism

Which English words was Viki reported to be able to say?

mama, papa, cup

What is the technical term of the phrase 'an old car' in its relationship with 'it' in the following utterance? 'I have an old car, but it runs great'

the antecedent

During which period do children produce holophrastic speech?

the one word stage

In the pronounciation of 'track', which sound(s) would be nucleus?

the vowel /æ/

How many adverbs are there in the following sentence? 'Really large objevts move very slowly'

three (really, very, slowly)

How many morphemes are there in the word 'terrorists'?

three (terror + ist + s)

Is the nasal consonant in the everyday pronounciation of 'I can go' alveolar or velar?

velar /ŋ/

What is the most common word order in the lagnuages of the world: verb-initial, verb-medial or verb-final?

verb-final

Which of these words begins with a glottal in normal pronounciation? 'chip, photo, shoe, thus, who, yet'?

who

How would you transcribe the final sound in the English word 'tounge'?

ŋ (ng)

What do you think the slogan 'No gap, no overlap' refers to in the analysis of English conversation?

"No gap" means that we avoid silence between turns and "no overlap" means that only one person speaks at a time

What was the original literal meaning of 'syntax' in Greek?

"a putting together" or "arrangement"

What are two affective factors that can create a barrier in classroom language learning?

(Choose two) dull textbooks, unpleasant classroom surroundings, exhausting schedule of study/work, being stressed, uncomfortable, self-conscious, unmotivated

Which of the following words normally end with voiceless (-V) sounds and which end with voiced sounds (+V) sounds? a) bash_ b) clang_ c) din_ d) fizz: e) rap_ f) smack_ g) splat_ h) thud_ i) wham_

(a) -V, (b) +V, (c) +V, (d) +V, (e) -V, (f) -V (g) -V (h) +V (i) +V

What are the inflecctional morphemes in thexe expressions? A) Have you eaten yet B) Do you know how long I've been waiting? C) She's younger than me and always dresses in the latest style D) We looked through my grandmother's old photo albums E) My parents' were all from Scotland

(a) -en, (b) -en, -ing (c) -er, -es, -est (d) -ed, -'s, -s (e) -s', -s

How do we describe the vowel in the normal pronounciation of 'hot'?

It is a low back vowel

what is an 'insertion sequence'?

It is an adjacency pair that comes between the two parts of another adjacency pair

What is aphasia?

Aphasia is an impairment of language function due to localized brain damage that leads to difficulty in understanding and/or producing linguistic forms

a) list the bound morphemes in these words: fearlessly, happier, misleads, previewer, shortening, unreconstructured b) which of these words has a bound stem: consit, deceive, introduce, repeat? c) whihc of these words contains an allomorph of the morpheme 'past tense': are, have, must, sitting, waits?

(a) -less, -ly, -er, mis-, -s, pre-, -er, -en, -ing, un-, re-, construct, -ed (b) all of them (-sist, -ceive, -duce, -peat) (c) none of them (were, had, sat, waited)

Which segments in the pronounciation of the following words are most likely to be affected by elision? a) government b) postman c) pumpkin d) sandwich e) victory

(a) /n/ (b) /t/ (c) /p/ (d) /d/ (e) /ə/ [vɪktəri] - [vɪktri]

Using semantic features, how would you explain the oddness of these sentences? a) The television drank my water b) His dog writes poetry

(a) The verb drink requires a subject with the feature [+animate] and the noun television has the feature [-animate]. (b) The verb write requires a subject with the feature [+human] and the noun dog has the feature [-human].

What kinds of deictic expressions are used here (e.g. We = persno deixis)= a) We went there last summer b) I'm busy now so you can't stay here. Come back later

(a) We (person deixis), went there (spatial deixis), last summer (temporal deixis) (b) I, you (person deixis), here, come back (spatial deixis), now, later (temporal deixis)

What is one obvious presupposition of a speaker who says: a) Your clock isn't working b) Where did he find the money? c) we regret buying that car d) the king of France is bald

(a) You have a clock (b) He found the money (c) We bought the car (d) France has a king

Identify the manner of articulation of the initial sounds in the following words (stop, fricatives, etc.) a) cheery b) crazy c) dizzy d) funny e) jolly f) loony g) merry h) silly i) wimpy

(a) affricate, (b) stop, (c) stop, (d) fricative, (e) affricate, (f) liquid, (g) nasal, (h) fricative, (i) glide

What is the basic lexical relation between each pair of words listed here? a) assemble/disassemble b) damp/moist c) deep/shallow d) dog/schnauzer e) furniture/table f) married/single g) move/run h) peace/piece i) pen/pen

(a) antonymy (reversives), (b) synonymy, (c) antonymy (gradable), (d) hyponymy (e) hyponymy, (f) antonymy (non-gradable), (g) hyponymy, (h) homophony (or homophones) (i) homonymy (or homonyms)

Which English words are usually pronounced as they are transcribed here? a) baɪk b) bæʤ c) ənʤɔɪ d) feɪs e) haʊl f) hoʊpɪŋ g) hu h) kloʊk i) ʃip

(a) bike, (b) badge, (c) enjoy, (d) face, (e) howl, (f) hoping, (g) who, (h) cloak, (i) mine, (j) peace or piece, (k) change, (l) sheep

Identify the direct and indirect speech acts a) Move! b) You're in the way c) Could you please sit down? d) Please get out of the way

(a) direct, (b) indirect (c) indirect (d) direct

What kind of inference is involved in interpreting each of these utterances? a) You can borrow my Shakespeare b) The ham sandwich left without paying c) The hernia in room 5 wants to talk to the doctor d) My eleven-thirty canceled so I had an early lunch

(a) if X is the name of a writer of a book, then X can be used to identify a copy of a book by that writer (in an educational setting) (b) if X is the name of a meal, then X can be used to refer to the person who orders the meal (in a restaurant setting) (c) if X is the name of a medical condition, then X can be used to refer to the person with that medical condition (in a medical setting) (d) if X is the time of an appointment, X can be used to refer to the person with that appointment (in a business office setting)

Using symbols introduced to this chapter (3), write a basic phonetic transcription of the most common pronounciation of the following words a) catch b) doubt c) gem d) measure e) noise f) phone g) shy h) these i) thought j) tough k) would l) wring

(a) kæʧ, (b) daʊt or dawt, (c) ʤɛm, (d) mɛʒər, (e) nɔɪz or nɔjz, (f) foʊn or fon (g) ʃaɪ or ʃaj, (h) ðiz, (i) θɔt, (j) tʌf, (k) wʊd, (l) rɪŋ

Are the '' words in these sentences best described as examples of polysemy or metonymy? a) The 'pen' is mightier than the 'sword' b) I had to park on the 'shoulder' of the road c) Yes, I love those. I ate a whole 'box' on Sunday! d) The bookstore has some new 'titles' in linguistics e) Computer 'chips' created an important new technology f) I'm going to sue your 'ass' g) I tihnk that kind of music was called new 'wave'

(a) metonymy, (b) polysemy, (c) metonymy, (d) metonymy, (e) polysemy (f) metonymy (g) polysemy

In these examples, is the speakrer appealing to positive or negative face? a) If you're free, there's going to be a party at Yuri's place on Saturday? b) Let's go to the party at Yuri's palce on Saturday. Everyone's invited.

(a) negative ("If you're free") b) positive ("Let's go")

a) which word(s) in the following sentence would you put in a closed class? 'Bob brought hot donuts to class' b) Which word(s) in the following sentence would you put in an open class? 'I put it on the shelf near you and him'

(a) to, (b) put, shelf

Try to pronounce the initial sounds of the following words and identify the place of articulation of each on (e.g. bilabial, alveolar, etc.). a) calf b) chin c) foot d) groin e) hand f) knee g) mouth h) pelvis i) shoulder j) stomach k) thigh l) toe

(a) velar, (b) palatal, (c) labiodental, (d) velar, (e) glottal, (f) alveolar, (g) bilabial, (h) bilabial, (i) palatal, (j) alveolar, (k) dental (or interdental), (l) alveolar

Which of the following expressions would be generated by this phrase structure rule: NP -> {Art (Adj) N, Pro, PN}? a) a lady b) the little girl c) her d) Annie e) the widow f) she's an old woman

(a), (b), (c), (d), (e), but not (f) because it is a sentence, not just a noun phrase.

Which of the following pairs contains an example of calque? How would you describe the other(s)? a) footobooru (japanese) - footbal (english) b) tréning (hungarian) - training (english) c) luna de miel (spanish 'moon of honey') - honeymoon (english) d jardin d'enfants (french 'garden of children') - kindergarten (german 'children garden')

(c) and (d) are examples of calque; (a) and (b) are borrowings

What are the allomorphs of the morpheme 'plural' in the following set of English words? criteria, dogs, oxen, deer, judges, stimuli

-a (OR on → a); -s; -en; Ø; -es or /-əz/; -i (OR -us → -i)

Which English phoneme has the features: -voice, +velar, +stop?

/k/

Identify all the poarts of speech used in this sentence (e,g. woman = noun) 'The woman kept a large snake in a cage, but it escaped recently'

1 The (= article), woman (= noun), kept (= verb), a (= article), large (= adjective), snake (= noun), in (= preposition), a (= article), cage (= noun), but (= conjunction), it (= pronoun), escaped (= verb), recently (= adverb)

What prescriptive rules for the 'proper' use of English are not obeyed in the following sentences and how would they be 'corrected'? a) The old theory consistently failed to fully explain all the data b) I can't remember the name of the person I gave the book to

6 (a) "You must not split an infinitive." (to fully explain → to explain fully) (b) "You must not end a sentence with a preposition." (the person I gave the book to → the person to whom I gave the book)

Is the use of 'fire distinguisher' instead of 'fire extinguisher' a spoonerism or a malapropism?

A malapropism

What is a 'filled pause'?

A pause that has an expression such as em, er, y'know in it is called a filled pause

What percentage of human breathing while speaking normally consists of in-breaths?

About 10%

When did written language develop?

About 5000 years ago. (3000 B.C.)

What is an implicature?

An additional meaning (intentionally) implied by what is said.

what is an aspirated sound and which of the following words would normally be pronounced with one? kill, pool, skill, spoon, stop, top

An aspirated sound is one pronounced with a stronger puff of air. Words containing aspirated consonants in initial position are kill, pool and top.

What preocess is involved in the connection between 'cooking' and 'the special meal' in the following sentence? 'The old men and women lit the fire and started cooking early in the morning so that the special meal would be ready for their guests'

An inference is needed to understand that the special meal is a definite expression because it is the result of the cooking mentioned earlier.

What is the difference between an open and a closed syllable?

An open syllable ends with a vowel (as nucleus) whereas a closed syllable ends with a consonant (as coda).

Why are some of the infatn's first sounds described as 'cooing'?

By about four months, the child starts to be able to bring the back of the tongue into contact with the back of the palate, leading to the production of velar-like consonants /k/ and /ɡ/. These combine with something close to a high back vowel /u/ to create what are heard as "cooing" (or "gooing") sounds

The English phrase 'road rage' has become the expression 'vejvrede' (way anger) among Danish speakers. What is this process called?

Calque

What is one personality trait that is a positive factor in language learning?

Choose one: self-confidence, low anxiety, positive self-image, ability to overcome inhibitions

How is the basic difference between cohesion and coherence?

Cohesion is the ties and connections that exist within the actual texts, written or spoken. Coherence is the sense of everything fitting together in the interpretation of texts.

Do phrase structure rules represent deep structure or surface structure?

Deep structure

What is displacement?

Displacement is a property of language that allows language users to talk about things not present in the immediate environment

At about what age do children typically begin producing varied syllable combinations such as ma-da-ga-ba?

During the tenth and eleventh months

In the study of non-verbal behavior, what are emblems?

Emblems are signals such as "thumbs up" (= things are good) that function like fixed phrases and do not depend on speech.

Which of the following expressions are structurally ambigous and in what way? a) these are designed for small boys and girls b) the parents of the bride and groom were waiting outside c) how come a bed has four legs, but only one foot? d) we met an English history teacher e) flying planes can be dangerous f) the students complaned to everyone that they couldn't understand

Example (c) illustrates lexical ambiguity, based on different meanings for "legs" and "foot." All the others exhibit structural ambiguity, as follows: (a) This sentence can mean "for small boys and (all) girls" OR "for small boys and small girls." (b) The parents of the bride and (the parents of the) groom OR The parents of the bride and (the) groom (without his parents) (d) a teacher of English history OR a person from England who teaches history (e) planes that are flying OR being the person who flies planes (f) the students complained that they couldn't understand to everyone OR the students complained to everyone whom they couldn't understand

Why is it difficult to agree with Psammetichus that Phrygian must have been the original human language?

First, his conclusion was based on very little evidence and, second, it seems more reasonable to assume that the children in his study were producing a goat-like sound from their immediate environment rather than a Phrygian sound from a distant language.

Why do you think that young deaf children who become fluent in sign language would be cited in support of the innateness hypothesis?

If these deaf children do not develop speech first, then their language ability would not seem to depend on those physical adaptations of the teeth, larynx, etc, that are involved in speaking. If all children (including those born deaf) can acquire language at about the same time, they must be born with a special capacity to do so. The conclusion is that it must be innate and hence genetically determined.

During which stage do children typically first produce syllable sequence similar to 'dada' and 'mama' and how old are they?

In the later babbling stage, at around 9-10 months.

Identify the roles of the seven noun phrases in this sentence: With her new golf club, Anne Marshall whacked the ball from the woods to the grassy area near the hole and she suddenly felt invincible

Instrument (her new golf club), Agent (Anne Marshall), Theme (the ball), Source (the woods), Goal (the grassy area), Location (the hole), Experiencer (she)

Why are interjections such as 'Ohh!/Yuck!' considered to be unlikely sources of human speech sounds?

Interjections contain sounds that are not otherwise used in ordinary speech production. They are usually produced with sudden intakes of breath, which is the opposite of ordinary talk, produced on exhaled breath.

Describe two gestures that one-year-olds produce along with babbling

Pointing with an outstretched hand and holding out an object toward the caregiver (while vocalizing)

What is the difference between positive and negative transfer?

Positive transfer is when the learner tries to use knowledge about a feature of the L1 that is similar to the L2. Negative transfer is when the learner tries to use an L1 feature that is really different from the L2.

What is the basic idea behind the 'bow-wow' theory of language origin?

Primitive words could have been imitations of the natural sounds that early humans heard around them and all modern languages have words that are onomatopoeic in some way (like "bow-wow").

Which maxim does this speaker seem to be particularly careful about? 'I won't bore you with all the details, but it wasn't a pleasant experience'

Quantity, because the speaker is avoiding "all the details."

Why is reflexitivity considered to be a special property of human language?

Reflexivity is the property that enables humans to use language to think and talk about language itself and does not appear to be present in any other creature's communication system.

In the study of discourse understanding, what are scripts?

Scripts are like dynamic schemas (or knowledge structures) in which a series of conventional actions takes place

What phrase is used more often instead of 'thematic roles' and what other term is used instead of 'theme' in the semantic analysis of noun phrases?

Semantic roles and patient

How do speakers mark completion points at the end of a turn?

Speakers can mark completion points by asking a question or by pausing at the end of a completed syntactic structure such as a phrase or sentence

What is the critical period?

The critical period is when the human brain is most ready to receive input and learn a particular language. It is generally believed to last through childhood until puberty

What do we call the space between the vocal folds?

The glottis

What was considered to be the key element in Kanzi's language learning?

The key element seemed to be early exposure to language in use.

Where is the pharynx and how did it become an important part of human sound production?

The pharynx is above the larynx (or the voice box or the vocal folds). When the larynx moved lower, the pharynx became longer and acted as a resonator, resulting in increased range and clarity of sounds produced via the larynx

What is meant by the phonotactics of a language?

The phonotactics of a language are the permitted arrangements of sounds that obey constraints on the sequence and ordering of phonemes in that language.

With which of the seven 'sources' (Divine, natural sound, musical, social interaction, physical adaptation, tool making or the genetic source) would you associate the following quotation? Chewing, licking and sucking are extremely widespreak mammalian activities, which, in terms of casual observation, have obvious similarities with speech.

The physical adaptation source.

How is the term 'prototype' used in semantics?

The prototype is the characteristic instance of a category, as in the case of "robin" being the clearest example, or prototype, of the category "bird" for many American English speakers

What is wrong with the following rule of English syntactic structure? 'A prepositional phrase rewrites as a preposition followed by a noun.'

This rule will produce both grammatical structures (with Mary), but also ungrammatical structures (*with woman), which is undesirable in terms of the "all and only" criterion. The rule can be improved by replacing "noun" with "noun phrase" to be able to generate both with Mary and with a woman

What is the difference between the -er morphemes in the words 'smaller' and 'singer'?

We add -er to the adjective small to create another adjective smaller. Since this doesn't change the category of the word (adjective -> adjective), it is an inflectional morpheme. When we add -er to the verb sing, we get the noun singer. This process does change the category of the word (verb -> noun) in this case, so it is a derivational morpheme

What is a more common name for the posterior speech cortex?

Wernicke's area

More than once process was involved in the creation of the forms '' in these sentences. Identify the process of each case a) can you 'FedEx' the books to me today? b) Police have reported an increase in 'carjackings' in recent months c) Could you tell the maid to be sure to 'hoover' the bedroom carpet? d) I had to 'temp' for a while before I got a real job. e) Is your friend Ian still 'blogging'? f) Would you prefer a 'decaf'?

a) blending (from Federal Express) plus conversion (noun → verb) b) blending (car + hijack) plus conversion (verb → noun) c) eponym (from William Hoover) plus conversion (noun → verb) d) clipping (from temporary worker) plus conversion (noun → verb) e) blending (web + log) plus conversion (noun → verb) f) decaf is (usually) a reduced version of "a cup of coffee made with decaffeinated coffee," so clipping is the most obvious process. The longer word decaffeinated is a derivation via a prefix (de-) and two suffixes (-ate + -ed) from caffeine, which was originally a borrowing from French. Conversion from noun (caffeine) to adjective (decaffeinated) to noun (decaf) has also taken place.

What part of speech is 'lovely' in the following sentence? We saw a lovely rainbow yesterday

adjective

What do we call the process whereby a new word is formed to be similar to an existing word?

analogy

If Sarah could use a gray plastic shape to convey the meaning of the word 'red', which property does her 'language' seem to have?

arbitrariness

At what age is an infant capable of distinguish between 'ba' and 'pa'?

at one month

Which of the following words would be treated as minimal pairs? Ban, fat, pit, bell, tape, heat, meal, more, pat, tap, pen, chain, vote, bet, far, bun, goat, heel, sane, tale, vet

ban-bun, fat-pat, fat-far, pit-pat, bell-bet, bet-vet, tap-tape, tape-tale, heat-heel, meal-heel, chain-sane, vet-vote, vote-goat

Which word-formation process is the source of the English word 'modern'?

blending

Which of the following words a co-hyponyms? Ant, cabbage, insect, plant, turnip, vegetable

cabbage and turnip

What is the tecnical term used to describe the relationshup between 'She' and 'Ginny Swisher' in the following example? 'She was born prematurely. She lost her parents at an early age. She grew up in poverty. She never completed highschool. Yet Ginny Swisher overcame all these disadvantages to become one of the most successful women in America'

cataphora

Which two processes were involved in the creation of the verb 'google', as in 'Have you ever googled yourself?'?

coinage (to create the noun) and conversion (changing noun to verb)

Identify the prefixes and suffixes used in these words: misfortune terrorism carelessness disagreement ineffective unfaithful prepackaged biodegradable reincarnation decentralization

mis- + fortune; terror + -ism; care + -less + -ness; dis- + agree + -ment; in- + effect + -ive; un- + faith + -ful; pre- + pack + -age + -ed; bio- + de- + grade + -able; re- + in- + carn + -ation (Latin root carn ("flesh")); de- + cent(e)r + -al + -ize + - ation

How many fricatives are there in the pronounciation 'mechanic'?

none [məkænɪk]

Does this phrase contain a minimal pair, a minimal set, or neither? 'Big black bag'

one minimal pair (big, bag)

What is the ense and voice of the verb in the following sentence? 'My parents were married in Rome'

past tense, passive voice

What property did Washoe's language seem to have when she used an expression such as 'water bird' to refer to a swan?

productivity

Is phonoly mainly concerned with sound tokens, sound types or sound spelling relationships?

sound types

Which part of the following sentence is the verb phrase? None of the people in the building supported the proposed rent increase

supported the proposed rent increase