Substance Use and Misuse - EXAM 2 - Dr.Johnny Moore
In the US, a standard drink (or one alcoholic drink-equivalent) is one that contains ________ of pure alcohol
0.6fl oz or 14 g
Type of Steroid and their effects: anabolic effects
- increased muscle mass - control of the distribution of body fat - increased protein synthesis - increased calcium in the bones - increased in the size of various internal organs
Frequent Cognitive Effects: Acute
- marijuana causes less dramatic effects: slowed cognitive processing, some maybe tolerant to cognitive effects
In the 1980s, the War on Drugs and Nancy Reagan's "_________" campaigns had cause widespread fear among parents
"Just Say No"
The War on Drugs has failed due to:
- Ineffective -Increases overdose
environmental-level interventions
- designed to change the campus and community envious where student drinking occurs - major goal is to reduce the availability of alcohol
Long term effects of Steroid Misuse:
- enlarged heart - high blood pressure - changes in blood cholesterol
Type of Steroid and their effects: androgenic effects
- features become more masc - initial growth of the penis and other male sex glands - deepening of the voice - increased facial hair
Infrequent Cognitive Effects: Acute
- marijuana disrupts cognitive performance: slowed cognitive processing, disrupted short-term memory, disrupted inhibitory control, loss of sustained concentration or vigilance, disrupted visuospatial processing
Decriminalization
- process though which the legislature removes criminal sanctions against a crime - the drugs would remain illegal, but the legal system would not prosecute - the penalties would range from no penalties to a civil fine - the production and sale of decriminalized drugs is still prosecutable by law
Individual-level intervention
- target high risk groups - edu & awareness programs - cognitive behavioral sills based approaches - motivation and feedback-related approaches - behavioral interventions by health professionals
Legalization
- the act of allowing something into law - allows for the removal of all specific drug-related offenses from criminal law - regulation are typically established to manage where and how the legal drug can be produced, sold, and consumed - criminal or civil penalties may apply if production, sale or consumption occur outside of regulations
Certain aspects of college life, such as __________, widespread availability of alcohol, inconsistent _______ of underage drinking laws, and limited interactions with parents and other adults can lead to the problematic alcohol use
- unstructured time - enforcement
LaGuardia Report, 1944
- use of marijuana did not induce violence, insanity or sex crimes, or lead to addiction or other drug use - concluded that marijuana use had less serious effects than commonly believed
What is the legal BAC limit
0.08 BAC
NIAAA defines binge drinking as a pattern of drinking alcohol that brings blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to _______
0.08% or higher
The most recent statistics from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) estimate that about ______ college students ages 18-24 die from alcohol-related unintentional injuries
1,519
Two major operations of the War on Drugs
1. Government seizures of large amounts of illegal drugs 2. Arrests of big-name drug traffickers
2 types of steroids are _______ and ______
1. corticosteroids 2. anabolic-androgenic steroids (anabolic)
Smoking has declined from 20.9% in 2005 to _____ in 2019
12.5%
What is the half-life of marijuana?
19 hours
Sullivan Ordinance
1908, NYC made it illegal for a woman to use tobacco in public, but was vetoed shortly after
Joseph Robinson is credited with the first e-cig patent in what year?
1930
What year was testosterone first synthesized
1935
Which bill, co-authored by Biden, helped fund a new complex of state and federal prisons which helped fuel mass incarceration?
1994 Crime Bill
Biden, who chaired the influential Senate Judiciary Committee, later co-authored the controversial _______ that helped fund a vast new complex of state and federal prisons, which remains the larger in the world
1994 crime bill
Academic problems: about ______ students report experiencing academic difficulties from drinking, such as missing class or getting behind in schoolwork
1:4
Some research suggest that ____ college women experience sexual assault during their time in college
1:5
Complete elimination of THC and its metabolites may take ______
2 to 4 weeks
Portugal decriminalized drug possession in ______
2001
What year did Portugal decriminalize drug possession?
2001
Oregon Decriminalization of 2020. Marijuana Legalization: Since _____, the state has let adults 21 and older possess and grow marijuana
2015
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD): Approximately _____ of full-time college students (18-22) meet the criteria for past-year AUD
9%
What is the lethal dose of nicotine in humans?
>60mg
What are he two effects of testosterone?
Androgenic & anabolic
What are the names of the two types of cannabinoid receptors in the human body?
CB1 & CB2
Delta-8 has a slightly weaker attachment to which receptor compared delta-9.
CB1 receptor
Hemp has a lot more ______
CBD
The most common cannabinoids found in cannabis products are _______ & _____
CBD & THC
Activation of these receptors also produce rapid increases in ________ levels within the skeletal muscle, heart, and brain cells
Calcium
In 1996, ________ became the first state to approve the use of marijuana for medical purposes
California
The first state to approve the use of marijuana for medical purposes.
California
alcohol dependence
a strong craving for alcohol, the development of tolerance, and symptoms of withdrawal if alcohol consumption stops abruptly
The Marijuana Tax Act was replaced in 1970s by the _________
Controlled Substances Act (CSA)
What two theories are drug courts grounded in?
Disease Model & Rational Actor Model
Steroids do not trigger rapid increases in the brain chemical ______ which reinforces most other types of drug taking behavior
Dopamine
These are "Specialized court docket programs that target criminal defendants who have alcohol and other drug dependency problems".
Drug Courts
EVALI
E-cigarette, or Vaping product use Associated Lung Injury
What is the name of the only FDA approved CBD medication?
Epidiolex
What is the defining feature of the Controlled Substances Act of 1971?
Establishing schedules
The ______ doesn't oversee medical marijuana like it does prescription drugs
FDA
In 1969, the Supreme Court declared the Marijuana Tax Act unconstitutional as a violation of which amendment?
Fifth amendment
This process refers to increasing the amount of oxygen-carrying red blood cells in the blood
blood doping
This act grants the FDA the authority to regulate tobacco products
Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009
Which act required that all tobacco products have warning labels?
Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act of 1965
On April 17, 2019 Gov. Brian Kemp signed the ________ HB 423 - into law
Georgia Hope's Act
Patients in GA may access medical cannabis oil in-state with no more than 5% THC, thanks to which act?
Georgia's Hope Act
Cannabis can promote the release of a particular hormone that stimulates hunger. Which is called?
Ghrelin
The number of new _____ diagnoses dropped dramatically
HIV
Stunted height
can occur if teens use steroids before their growth spurt
Stunted growth
can occur when high hormone levels from steroids signal to the body to stop bone growth too early
Cannabis is plant that makes a think substance full of compounds called _____.
cannabinoids
Who published the first "anti-tobacco" piece of literature
King James of England in 1604
The first documented reference to an e-cig is a patent granted to ___________ in the 1930s
Joseph Robinson
In 1993, Environmental Protection Agency classified secondhand smoke as a known ___________
carcinogen
Marijuana smoke contains many of the ______ found in tobacco smoke
carcinogens
Tobacco was the most important __________ in colonial america
cash crop
D.A.R.E. was created from a collaboration between which 2 entities?
LA police department and LA school system
The alcohol and drug use was not the ________ of the mental illness, however, but rather a _____ that coincides with the undetected development of mental health symptoms
cause & behavior
Peliosis hepatitis
caused by bloody cysts in the liver
THC-9 is a highly _______ drug, meaning that it is rapidly absorbed and stored in the fat deposits of the body.
Lipophilic
What is the single most avoidable cause of death in the US
cigarette smoking
What is the main difference between a cigar and a cigarette?
cigars are wrapped in a tobacco leaf, cigarettes are not wrapped in tobacco
This act made the possession or transfer of marijuana illegal. The first US attempt to specifically regulate marijuana.
Marijuana Tax Act of 1937
In 2016, the first-ever state-level decriminalization bill was introduced in which state?
Maryland
Advocate says ________ (Drug Addiction Treatment and Recovery Act) replaces criminal justice-centered approach with a public health approach
Measure 110
stacking
combining two or more different steroids and mixing oral and or injectable types
Oregon Decriminalization of 2020: Those caught with small amounts of the drugs will be able to choose between a $100 fine or a "____________" through an addiction recovery center
completed health assessment
You must have a ______ that qualifies for medical marijuana use
condition
The first U.S. state to decriminalize possession of "street drugs".
Oregon
alcohol misuse
consumption to the point of physical, social, and moral harm to the drinker
alcohol abuse
continued use of alcohol despite negative consequences
Corticosteroids mimics the hormone ______
cortisol
Monetary Benefits: Decriminalization would improve the ______ of limited public health resources
cost-effective
Define "Binge Drinking"
Pattern of drinking that brings BAC to 0.07% or higher in a short period of time
Which country has completed decriminalized drugs?
Portugal
Most people who try marijuana never go on the use any other ________
illicit substances
There's no convincing evidence that even heavy, long-term marijuana use by adults permanently _______ or other cognitive functions
impairs memory
Time & Law Enforcement:_________ between law enforcement agencies and the communities they have sworn to protect and serve
improves relationships
How to make things diff across countries differing policies?
Regulation
steroid misuse is closely associated with which body dysmorphic disorder?
muscle dysmorphia
Marijuana is categorized under which schedule?
Schedule 1
This term is used to describe substance that are used to improve any form of activity performance in humans.
performance enhancers
Blackout
period of time during which a drinker is conscious but has partial or complete amnesia about events
Marijuana Trafficking on national level
person faces a mandatory 5 years imprisonment and a $50,000
Black Market does not exude physicians - often referred to as ______
pill mills
Effects are influenced by expectations
placebo effects
Demographic trends: _______ report different trend
political parties
The growth of DARE can be attributed to _______
politicians and school officials
Which law made it illegal for women to use tobacco in public?
Sullivan Ordinance
The facade of success
politicians and stakeholders did not want people to see DARE as anything less than a huge success
________ is a key example of the potential life-saving benefits of decriminalization
portugal
Marijuana mainly contains much more _______ than hemp
THC
What are the 2 most common cannabinoids found in cannabis products?
THC & CBD
Marijuana trafficking
possesses, grows, brings into the state more than 10 pounds of marijuana
On August 18, 2021 the US District Court for the Eastern District of Texas _______ the effective date of the "Required Warnings for Cigarette Packages and Advertisements" final rule
postponsed
Define BAC and how it is measured.
The amount of alcohol in grams in 100 millimeters of blood, expressed as a percentage
Marijuana Trafficking on state level
potential of up to 30 years in state prison to a $100,000
Despite the criminal penalties associated with substance use, substance use in the US has not significantly changed. ________ being the only substance that has decreased.
Tobacco
Tobacco 21 or T21
prohibits the sale of tobacco products to any person under the age of 21, and requires FDA to adopt regulations to implement this change
In June 2011, the FDA released 11 ________ intended to promote behavior change
proposed graphic images
________ is strongly linked to the EVALI outbreak
Vitamin E
Oregon Decriminalization of 2020: Therapeutic psychedelics: through a separate ballot measure, Oregon allowed the supervised, therapeutic use of _______
psilocybin
Trained facilitators at a _______ will help administer and then supervise the psychedelic trip
psilocybin service center
The 2019 __________ found that among high school students, during the past 30 days 29% drank alcohol, 14% binge drank, 5% of drivers drove after drinking alcohol, 17% rode with a driver who had been drinking alcohol
Youth Risk Behavior Survey
CBD does not cause ____
a "high" feeling
alcohol
a colorless volatile flammable liquid that is produced by the natural fermentation of of sugars and is the intoxicating component of wine, beer, spirits, and other drinks
Cigarettes
a thin cylinder of finely cut tobacco rolled in paper for smoking
Mechanisms of Action: Mimics ___________ by acting at several nicotinic subtypes of cholinergic receptor site
acetylcholine
There has also been substantial growth in public funding for health care and treatment for people who use drugs, due in large part to passage of the ________
affordable care act
Public Opinion: Support for marijuana legalization differs widely by _______
age and party
Most people diagnosed with severe mental illness have a history of _______
alcohol and/or drug use
Alcoholism is also known as...
alcohol dependence
plateauing
alternating, overlapping, or substituting with another steroid to avoid developing a tolerance
Anabolic Steroids: Once receptor is activated your body starts to produce more proteins. This process is called ______
anabolism
The process that synthesizes larger molecules from smaller ones?
anabolism
Delta-8-THC is an _______ of delta-9-THC
analog
Synthetic anabolic steroids were developed to have fewer ______ effects and more _____ effects
androgenic & anabolic
Synthetic anabolic steroids where developed to have fewer ________ effects and more _______ effects
androgenic & anabolic
Some of the unique chemicals in marijuana, such as cannabidiol (CBD) seem to have ________
antispychotic properties
Hangovers
are a result of a common reaction to alcohol toxicity characterized by headache, stomach upset, thirst, and fatigue
Rational Actor Model
assumes people weigh the benefits of their actions against the potential consequences of those action
In 1975, The Olympics add anabolic steroids to its list of ________
banned substances
Causation
psychotic symptoms prior to using marijuana
4 stages of withdrawal: stage 3
delusions, disorientation, delirium, and amnesia
Implications of WoD: Government seizes large amounts of drugs - higher prices may not dampen the ______ of the substance
demand
Drug criminalization also fuels mass ________
detentions and deportations
Marijuana as a schedule 1 substance: Biden's reforms ______ the schedule status of marijuana
did not change
Alcohol has a ______ physiological effect
direct
Risk of a fatal crash due to driving under the influence is ______
dose-related
Marijuana is the most ___________ & __________ drug in the U.S.
easily accessible & popular illicit
The strongest predictor of cigarette smoking behavior is ______
education
For a notable number of people, marijuana is an _______ in drug use
endpoint
Currently, the only CBD product approved by the Food and Drug Administration is a prescription oil called ______
epidiolex
Chemical name for alcohol
ethanol
Chemical name of alcohol
ethanol
New evidence suggests that marijuana can even serve as an _______
exit drug
What comes with legalization? It establishes a process for ________ all cases for simple possession
expunging
Public Opinion: Approximately, 9 in 10 Americans _____ some form of marijuana legalization
favor
As a violation of the ________, since a person seeking the tax stamp would have to self-incriminate
fifth amendment
CB1 receptors
found in the central nervous system
CB2 receptors
found in the peripheral nervous system
Steroid: any of a class of natural or synthetic organic compounds characterized by a molecular structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in _______
four rings
Food Intake: marijuana intake can promote the release of the hormone
gherlin: which stimulates hunger
On Sept 5, 2018 the judge order FDA to speed up _________ for cigarettes
graphic warnings requirement
4 stages of withdrawal: stage 2
hallucinations, which are auditory, visual, tactile, or a combination of theseL and, rarely olfactory signs (smell)
Nicotine can be _____________ in large enough doses
highly toxic
The physiological effects of cannabis intake depend on _____
how someone is using it
Difficult for researchers to obtain and study because it is often _____
illegal
legal access does not mean _____
increased use
Hookah is a popular _______ used to smoke tobacco
instrument
Smoking during pregnancy can have long lasting effects on both the ______&______ development of children
intellectual and physical
Testosterone effects: androgenic
involved in the development of male characteristics
Testosterone effects: anabolic
involved in the growth of many tissues, especially bone and muscle
Roid Rage
is a kind of manic rage that has been reported by some steroid users
Cigarette Smoking ____
is the chief, single, most available cause of death in the US
Marijuana as a schedule 1 substance: options for congress #1 "amend the CSA to move marijuana to a _______ schedule"
les restrictives
The legal limit of BAC
less than 0.08
Use of nicotine increases the activity of ___________ that are responsible for nicotine deactivation
liver microsomal enzymes
Potential Harms of Decorum: More drugs = ______
lower prices
Cannabidiol (CBD) products claim to help _______
manage chronic pain, inflammation, migraines, epilepsy, autoimmune diseases, depression, and anxiety
Steroids is also a term used to refer to ___
manmade medicines that mimic the chemicals naturally produced by our bodies
CBD & THC can be found in both ______ & ______
marijuana & hemp
in 2016, the first ever state level decriminalization bill was introduced in ________, and a similar version of that bill was re-introduced in 2017
maryland
Use is closely associated with distorted make body image - most specifically, ________
muscle dysmorphia
Marijuana as a schedule 1 substance: options for congress #2 "Create an entirely ____ schedule for marijuana"
new
Tobacco naturally contains ______, which is the main cause for tobacco addiction
nicotine
There is ________ evidence that marijuana causes some psychiatric disorders in otherwise healthy individuals
no
does alcohol kill brain cells?
no
There is _______ that cannabis causes mental health problems
no evidence
No ______ have been reported
no human overdose deaths
Withdrawal: DSM-5 has ________ of cannabis withdrawal
no listing
Close to 80% of federal and 60% of state prisoners who are incarcerated for drug offenses are black or Latino. Most for _____ crimes like possession or small-time dealing to support their habit.
nonviolent
Demographic trends: education is _____ a great discriminator in people's use of marijuana
not
As part of the __________, 1990, anabolic steroids became listed on Schedule 3 controlled substance
omnibus crime control act
Research suggest that cigars are more likely to _____ cancer, and cigarettes are more likely to cause ______ cancer
oral & lung
The goal of blood doping is to increase the amount of the _________ in the blood
oxygen-carrying red blood cells
THC binds with receptors, mostly in the brain, that control _________
pain, mood, and other feelings
The federal government holds a ____ on marijuana for the purpose to treat traumatic brain injury
patent
problem drinking
pattern of use that impairs the drinker's life, causing personal difficulties and difficulties for others
Disease model
people with a SUD use drug compulsivity - despite negative consequences
In a 1994, interview published in Harper's Magazine, Nixon adviser John Ehrlichman suggested _______ was among the motives shaping the drug war
racial animus
Marijuana as a schedule 1 substance: Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) ______ petitions to reschedule
rejects
Cannabis use is ____________
relatively safe
Marijuana as a schedule 1 substance: options for congress #3 "______ it entirely from the CSA"
remove
In 2022, Biden announced reform to federal marijuana policy which plans to ______
remove civil limitations (such as restrictions on the right to vote, sit on a jury, etc)
Anabolic steroids are categorized under which schedule
schedule 3
4 stages of withdrawal: stage 4
seizures
Barry Bonds
set the single season home run record (73)
pyramiding
slowly increasing the dose or frequency of steroid misuse, reaching a peak amount, and then gradually tapering off to zero
Most countries' drug laws exist on a ______ between criminalization and decriminalization
spectrum
Medical treatment is usually sought in stage ______, as rapid intervention with a sedative drug will prevent stage 3 or 4 from occuring
stage 1 or 2
Which stage of alcohol withdrawal syndrome involves hallucinations?
stage 2
What stage of alcohol withdrawal syndrome includes delusions, disorientation, delirium, and amnesia?
stage 3
What stage of alcohol withdrawal syndrome includes seizures?
stage 4
Marijuana Tax Act of 1937
state laws made possession and use illegal
Nicotine has both ______&______ effects
stimulant and calming
Analog Drug
substances that are chemically similar to other illegal or illicit drugs
In 2001, the ________ of the US placed DARE in the category of "ineffective primary prevention programs"
surgeon general
cycling
taking multiple doses for a period of time, stopping for a time, and then restrating
In 1935, _________ was first synthesized and was used to treat hypogonadism (testosterone deficiency)
testosterone
Cannabinoids
the active chemicals in medical marijuana; are similar to chemicals the body makes that are involved in appetite, memory, movement, and pain
Loss of brain tissue: degenerative disorder caused by the lack of ______ (Vitamin B1)
thiamine
this law prohibits the sale of tobacco products to anyone under the age of 21
tobacco 21 or T21
Most convicted federal drug offenders are sentenced for violation of drug ______ laws rather than simple possession
trafficking
Drug court benefit: integrates drug ______ with other rehabilitation services
treatment
Portugal: the policy was part of a comprehensive health-oriented approach to addressing problematic drug use that also included a major expansion of ________
treatment and harm reduction services
4 stages of withdrawal: stage 1
tremors, rapid heartbeat, hypertension, heavy sweating, loss of appetite, and insomnia
In 1969, the United States Supreme Court declared the Marijuana Tax Act as ________
unconstitutional
Drug court critics say: drug court research is often ______
unreliable
Which substance is strongly associated with EVALI?
vitamin e acetate
The Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act of 1965 required ___________
warning labels
DARE's original curriculum ______ created by substance misuse and prevention specialist
was not
Derek Chauvin's murder trial, the former officer's defense claimed aggressive police tactics were justified because of small amts of fentanyl in George Floyd's body - critics described the argument as an attempt to "_______" Floyd's substance use disorder
weaponize
Marijuana as a schedule 1 substance: gap between federal and state marijuana policies
which would include how financial institutions may provide banking services to marijuana -related businesses
CDC states that ______ people used marijuana at least once in 2019
~48.2M
Public Opinion: _____ of U.S. adults say either that marijuana should be legal for medical and/or recreational use
~91%