Subtopic renal, urinary, and reproductive systems

To help prevent a cycle of recurring urinary tract infections in a female client, which instruction should the nurse share? 1 "Urinate as soon as possible after intercourse." 2 "Increase your daily intake of citrus juice." 3 "Douche regularly with alkaline agents." 4 "Take bubble baths regularly."

1 "Urinate as soon as possible after intercourse." Intercourse may cause urethral inflammation, increasing the risk of infection; voiding clears the urinary meatus and urethra of microorganisms. Most fruit juices, with the exception of cranberry juice, cause alkaline urine, which promotes bacterial growth. Douching is no longer recommended because it alters the vaginal flora. Bubble baths can promote urinary tract infections.

A client has a kidney transplant. The nurse should monitor for which assessment findings associated with rejection of the transplant? Select all that apply. 1 Fever 2 Oliguria 3 Jaundice 4 Polydipsia 5 Weight gain

1 Fever 2 Oliguria 5 Weight gain Fever is a characteristic of the systemic inflammatory response to the antigen (transplanted kidney). Oliguria or anuria occurs when the transplanted kidney is rejected and fails to function. Weight gain can occur from fluid retention when the transplanted kidney fails to function or as a result of steroid therapy; this response must be assessed further. Jaundice is unrelated to rejection. Polydipsia is associated with diabetes mellitus; it is not a clinical manifestation of rejection.

A client with ascites has a paracentesis, and 1500 mL of fluid is removed. For which immediate response is it most important for the nurse to monitor? 1 Rapid, thready pulse 2 Decreased peristalsis 3 Respiratory congestion 4 Increase in temperature

1 Rapid, thready pulse Fluid shifts from the intravascular compartment into the abdominal cavity, causing hypovolemia. A rapid, thready pulse [1] [2], which is indicative of shock, is a compensatory response to this shift. Decreased peristalsis is not likely to occur in the immediate period. After a paracentesis, intravascular fluid shifts into the abdominal cavity, not into the lungs. Increase in temperature is not the priority; body temperature usually is not affected immediately; an infection will take several days.

Which retrograde procedure involves the examination of the ureters and the renal pelvises? 1 Cystogram 2 Pyelogram 3 Urethrogram 4 Voiding cystourethrogram

2 Pyelogram A pyelogram is a retrograde examination of the ureters and the pelvis of both kidneys. A cystogram is a retrograde examination of the bladder. An urethrogram is a retrograde examination of the urethra. A voiding cystourethrogram is used to determine whether urine is flowing backward into the urethra.

The nurse is assessing an elderly male. Which finding is seen with aging? 1 Symmetrical testes 2 Reduced size of testes 3 Presence of pubic hair 4 Presence of foreskin on the penis

2 Reduced size of testes A reduction in the size of the testes is a characteristic of aging. The testes are symmetrical in shape and length; any change in their symmetry denotes an abnormality. Presence of pubic hair is normal. The penis is covered with foreskin; however, circumcised men do not have foreskin. An easily retractable foreskin is an age-related finding.

Which test helps to identify fibroids, tumors, and fistulas while performing a reproductive tract examination? 1 Mammography 2 Ultrasonography 3 Hysterosalpingography 4 Computed tomography

3 Hysterosalpingography A hysterosalpingogram is an X-ray used to evaluate tubal anatomy and patency and used to identify uterine problems such as fibroids, tumors, and fistulas. A mammography is an X-ray of the soft tissue of the breast. An ultrasonography (US) is a technique used to assess fibroids, cysts, and masses. Computer tomography is used to detect and evaluate masses and identify lymphatic enlargement from metastasis.

Which hormone is released in response to low serum levels of calcium? 1 Renin 2 Erythropoietin 3 Parathyroid hormone 4 Atrial natriuretic peptide

3 Parathyroid hormone If serum calcium levels decline, the parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone to maintain calcium homeostasis. Renin is a hormone released in response to decreased renal perfusion; this hormone is responsible for regulating blood pressure. Erythropoietin is released by the kidneys in response to poor blood flow to the kidneys; it stimulates the production of red blood cells. Atrial natriuretic peptide is produced by the right atrium of the heart in response to increased blood volume. This hormone then acts on the kidneys to promote sodium excretion, which decreases the blood volume

Which hormone is crucial in maintaining the implanted egg at its site? 1 Inhibin 2 Estrogen 3 Progesterone 4 Testosterone

3 Progesterone Progesterone is necessary to maintain an implanted egg. Inhibin regulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Estrogen plays a vital role in the development and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics. Testosterone is important for bone strength and development of muscle mass.

A nurse is notified that the latest potassium level for a client in acute kidney injury is 6.2 mEq (6.2 mmol/L). Which action should the nurse take first? 1 Alert the cardiac arrest team. 2 Call the laboratory to repeat the test. 3 Take vital signs and notify the primary healthcare provider. 4 Obtain an electrocardiogram (ECG) strip and obtain an antiarrhythmic medication.

3 Take vital signs and notify the primary healthcare provider. Vital signs monitor the cardiopulmonary status; the primary healthcare provider must treat this hyperkalemia to prevent cardiac dysrhythmias. The cardiac arrest team responds to a cardiac arrest; there is no sign of arrest in this client. A repeat laboratory test will take time and probably reaffirm the original results; the client needs medical attention. Although obtaining an ECG strip is appropriate, obtaining an antiarrhythmic is premature; vital signs and medical attention is needed first.

Which part of the kidney produces the hormone bradykinin? 1 Kidney tissues 2 Kidney parenchyma 3 Renin-producing granular cells 4 Juxtaglomerular cells of the arterioles

4 Juxtaglomerular cells of the arterioles The juxtaglomerular cells of the arterioles produce the hormone bradykinin, which increases blood flow and vascular permeability. The kidney tissues produce prostaglandins that regulate internal blood flow by vasodilation or vasoconstriction. The kidney parenchyma produces erythropoietin that stimulates the bone marrow to make red blood cells. The renin-producing granular cells produce the renin hormone that raises blood pressure as a result of angiotensin and aldosterone secretion. Topics

A client in a nursing home is diagnosed with urethritis. What should the nurse plan to do before initiating antibiotic therapy prescribed by the primary healthcare provider? 1 Start a 24-hour urine collection. 2 Prepare for urinary catheterization. 3 Teach the client how to perform perineal care. 4 Obtain a urine specimen for culture and sensitivity.

4 Obtain a urine specimen for culture and sensitivity. The causative organism should be isolated before starting antibiotic therapy; a culture and sensitivity should be obtained before starting the antibiotic. A 24-hour urine test will not determine the inffective organism causing the problem. Catheterization is not a routine intervention for urethritis. Although client teaching is important, it is not the priority at this time.

Which structure indicated in the figure is the primary reproductive organ of the female?

A Label A indicates the ovary, the primary reproductive organ of a female. Label B indicates the fallopian tubes, label C indicates the uterus, and label D indicates the symphysis pubis. The fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina are the secondary reproductive organs of the female.