Sudolsky Quiz #2
Polk, How Wall Street bro talk keeps women down, New York Times
"When you create a culture where women are casually torn apart in conversation, how can you ever stomach promoting them, or working for them? There are many reasons that men still overwhelmingly populate trading floors and boardrooms, but this is one that has gotten too little attention" o "Men have been inculcated by dads and coaches with an ideal of masculinity and male bonding that includes, and even revolves around, the objectification of women"
Rothenberg: "By the Numbers: Sex Crimes on Campus" (308-311)
20-25% of college women experience rape/attempted rape LGBT, women of color, etc. also face a higher rate
Rothenberg: "Gender and the Black Jobs Crisis" (364-370)
Job crisis facing African American Women: o Overrepresented among low-wage workers, impacted by gender gap and racial gap, unemployed at higher rates than other women, hard hit in most recent recession, most likely to be single heads of households
Rothenberg: "Women in the State Police: Trouble in the Ranks" (290-293)
New Jersey State Police - 80% of women troopers, as well as the majority of men, had experienced "sexually harassing behavior," ranging from dirty jokes to unwanted sexual advances
Rothenberg: "Between the World and Me"
o "Americans believe in the reality of race, indubitable feature of the natural world. Racism - the need to ascribe bone-deep features to people and then humiliate, reduce, and destroy them - inevitable follows" o "Turn into a dark stairwell and your body can be destroyed - the destroyers will rarely be held accountable"
Hannah-Jones, Have we lost sight of the promise of public schools?
o "As the civil rights movement gained ground, a series of court rulings ensured that black Americans now had the same legal rights to public schools" o "but as black Americans became part of the public, white Americans began to pull away"
Rothenberg: "Domestic Workers Bill of Rights: A Feminist Approach for a New Economy" (373-377)
o "Domestic worker organizing not only seeks to address the systematic problems facing the workforce, but also points to ways we can reshape the economy, toward a more sustainable system that adequately supports our basic human needs" o "Domestic work remains one of the few professions available to immigrant women in major cities" o "Domestic workers have been explicitly excluded from labor laws since the new deal"
Ta-Nehisi Coates, The case for reparations
o "From the 1930's through 1960's, black people across the country were largely cut out of the legitimate home-mortgage market through means both legal and extralegal" o FHA created in 1934, but Blacks still weren't included (in "D" rated neighborhoods) o Developed Contract Buyers League - advocated for themselves and exposed what contract sellers were doing
Rothenberg: "Night to his Day: A Social Construction of Gender" (38-44)
o "Gender inequality—the devaluation of women and the social domination of men—has social implications has social functions and a social history. It is not the result of sex, procreation, anatomy, etc.. It is produced and maintained by identifiable social processes and built into the general social structure"
Rothenberg "Masked Racism"
o "Imprisonment has become the response of first resort far too many of the social problems that burden people who are ensconced in poverty" o More than 70% of imprisoned people are POC - fastest growing group are black women o "therefore, as the emphasis of government policy shifts from social welfare to crime control, racism sinks more deeply into the economic and ideological structures of US society"
Kristof, N. and WuDunn, The Women's Crusade, New York Times
o "In this century, it is the brutality inflicted on so many women and girls around the globe: sex trafficking, acid attacks, bridge burnings, and mass rape" o India: girls from 1-5 are 50% more likely to die than boys their age o "In many poor countries, the greatest unexploited resource is the women and girls who aren't educated and never become a major presence in a formal economy. With education and help starting businesses, impoverished women can earn money and support their countries as well as their families. They represent perhaps the best hope for fighting global poverty." o Studies found that when women hold assets or gain incomes, family money is more likely to be spent on nutrition, medicine and housing, and children are healthier
Rothenberg "Still Separate, Still Unequal"
o "It starts during the toddler years, when hundreds of thousands of children of the very poor in much of the US are locked out of the opportunity for preschool education for no reason but the accident of birth and budgetary choices of the government, while children of the privileged are often given veritable feasts of rich developmental early education" o "more commonly in urban neighborhoods, large numbers of low-income children are denied these opportunities and come into kindergarten year without the minimal social skills that children need in order to participate in class activities"
Porter, E. Income inequality is costing the nation on social issues, New York Times
o "On nearly all indicators of mortality, survival, and life expectancy, the US ranks at or near the bottom among high-income countries" o Much of America's infant mortality deficit is driven by "excess inequality" o "Government support for Americans in the bottom half turned out to be too meager to hold society together"
Bullard, R. (2014) The mountains of Houston
o "PIBBY" - "Place in Blacks Back Yard - Government and private industry targeted Houston's Black neighborhoods for landfills, incinerators, garbage dumps, and garbage transfer stations" o From the 20's to 70's, Black Houston was unofficially zoned for garbage
Rothenberg (258-264: The New Jim Crow)
o "The vast majority of young black men are currently under the control of the criminal justice system or branded criminals for life. This extraordinary circumstance-unheard of in the rest of the work, is treated here in America as a basic fact of life Stages - roundup, conviction, invisible punishment (sanctions imposed after stepping outside of prison)
Rothenberg p. 503-510
o "The whole proof of what the South proposed to do with the emancipated Negro was shown in the Black Codes passed after" o TONS of rules - "laborers shall not receive visitors during work hours, etc. " o "In some states, like South Carolina any white man, whether an officer or not, could arrest a Negro"
Katznelson, I. Who really got handouts, New York Times
o "Today's socioeconomic order has been significantly shaped by federally-backed affirmative action for Whites - minimum wage, Social Security, GI Bill" o "The country missed a chance to build an inclusive middle class" o Social Security excluded maids/farmworkers (66% percent of AA's) o GI Bill: Local officials administered benefits (so Southern blacks left out)
Rothenberg: "Richer, Whiter School Districts are Still Getting more Public Funds"
o "per-capita spending for poor students and students of color in urban areas was a fraction of that in richer, whiter suburbs just a mile away"
Bass, E. (2009)Time and distance overcome, from Notes from no man's land: American essays
o "war on telephone poles" o "a black man was hanged from a telephone pole"
DiClemente,et.al.,Efficacy of an HIV prevention intervention for African American adolescent girls
o Adolescents population at risk for HIV, and AA girls are particularly at risk (higher than white, Hispanic, AA male) o Intervention to reduce sexual risk behaviors o Emphasized ethnic./gender pride by discussing joys of being an AA woman, acknowledging the accomplishments of, reading poetry of AA women, etc. o Results: more consistent condom use o Interventions that are gender tailored and culturally congruent can enhance HIV preventative behaviors, reduce pregnancy, STI's
Articles, "Is affirmative action necessary to achieve racial equality in the United States?"
o Affirmative Action - primary policy of government to remedy prevailing racial discrimination and to promote equal opportunity consistent with the requirements of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Yes - Robert Staples) o Opponents of AA - believe its programs violate the principle of equal opportunity and promote the untenable notion that a group is entitled to a guarantee of success - also reinforces self-doubt within the community (No - Patrick Hall)
Blackinger, K. Heroin addiction sent me to prison. White privilege got me out and to the Ivy League
o Arrested for heroin possession - sentence of 2.5 years - Cornell allowed her to take classes again - "I am white" o Whites/blacks use drugs at the same rate, but black youth 10x more likely to be arrested for drug crimes o "I dream of a world in which every ex-con could enjoy the opportunities I have"
Rothenberg: "More Blacks Live with Pollution"
o Baldus study - Black man sentenced to die for murdering white police officer. Supreme court ruled that patterns of discrimination don't prove that racial discrimination operated in particular cases o Short-term exposure to common air pollution worsens lung/heart disease - linked to asthma, bronchitis, cancer
Dow, D., "Death Penalty, Still Racist and Arbitrary"
o Blacks were 1.7x more likely to receive the death penalty than whites, murderers of white victims 4.3x more likely to be sentenced than those who killed blacks o Baldus study - Black man sentenced to die for murdering white police officer. Supreme court ruled that patterns of discrimination don't prove that racial discrimination operated in particular cases
McInnis, M. (2015),"Richmond Reoccupied by Men Who Wore the Gray"
o Confederate flag has always been a symbol of white power and racial oppression o "Lost Cause" ideology - interpretation of history that argued that the civil war was not fought over slavery but over states rights - "the slaves had been happy and loyal"
McInnis, M. (2015),"Richmond Reoccupied by Men Who Wore the Gray"
o Confederate flag has always been a symbol of white power and racial oppression o "Lost Cause" ideology - interpretation of history that argued that the civil war was not fought over slavery but over states rights - "the slaves had been happy and loyal" o Lee monument unveiled in 1890 - "the reappearance of confederate symbolism coincided with resurgent white political power"
Rothenberg "Brown vs Board of Education"
o Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be UNCONSTITUTIONAL - OVERTURNED PLESSY VS FERGUSON o "Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of face, even though the physical facilities and other tangible factors may be equal, deprive the children of the minority group of equal education opportunities? We believe that it does"
Tate, M. "Austin, Texas in Sociohistorical Context" from Auyero, J. ed. (2015)
o Dam in Austin failed in 1900 - failure of this monumental project, by disallowing Austin to develop into an early industrial center of the south, is one of them main events in local history that shaped the city into what it is today o "The debt that city accrued during the building of the dam meant that very few resources were left to go toward other urban necessities" o "In this way, the myth of Austin's exceptionalism will hopefully give way to an image of the city that sees beyond the type of the weird and revels the nuanced lives that are often made invisible in the process of narrating Austin's growth"
Rothenberg p. 247-254 (The Problem: Discrimination - US Commission on Civil Rights)
o Discrimination: when choices limit opportunities available to people because of race/sex/national origin - enforced in the law back in the old days (voting, holding office, etc.) Individual: hiring people you know - mostly white men - word of mouth recruiting Operational: standardizes tests being made for white males - don't indicate best job preformance Systemic: women and minorities not getting writing roles - more negative stereotypes of them on TV being perpetuated
Rothenberg p. 247-254 (The Problem: Discrimination - US Commission on Civil Rights)
o Discrimination: when choices limit opportunities available to people because of race/sex/national origin - enforced in the law back in the old days (voting, holding office, etc.) o "Although open and intentional prejudice persists, individual discriminatory conduct is often hidden and sometimes unintentional" o Ex. White male administrators who rely on "word of mouth" recruiting among friends, so only people of same race/sex get opening o Ex. Employers who hire women for sexual attractiveness/availability and engage in sexual harassment with female employees o Ex. Guidance counselors and teachers whose low expectations lead them to steer female/minorities away from "hard" subjects like math
Rothenberg p. 428-31
o Fake names made up - need for blacks to mail 15 resumes for every 10 sent by whites to land one interview o Using fake accents and vernaculars - clearer proof of bias against black and Chicano dialects
Schreer (2009) Shopping while black: examining racial discrimination in a retail setting
o Had different people ask to try on glasses and see how retailers react o Result: Black customers aroused more suspicion that white ones - and more of a trend to follow them o Result: highest degree of staring most prevalent in Black male groups
Rothenberg The Segregated Classrooms of a Proudly Diverse School
o Higher level math classes significantly associated with higher percentage of white students (vs black)
Rothenberg p. 516-518 "Plessy v Ferguson, 1896"
o Louisiana - "in this state shall provide separate but equal accommodations for the white and colored races" (SEPARATE BUT EQUAL COINED FROM THIS) o Plessy v Ferguson legitimized the many state laws re-establishing racial segregation that had be passed at the end of the reconstruction era o Mixed race person sat in white coach - conviction was defended
Rothenberg Michael Brown's Unremarkable Humanity
o Michael Brown was "no angel" - but no different from kids his age, yet he was shot
Rothenberg My Black Skin Makes My White Coat Vanish
o Nobody assumes that she's the doctor!
Barber, W. The retreat from voting rights, New York Times
o North Carolina legislation upheld imposing far reaching restrictions on voting across the state (stricter voter ID requirements) o 300,000 NC voters - disproportionately Black/Latino don't have ID
Rothenberg: "Dred Scott v Sandford" (1857)
o Supreme court ruled in 1857 that Americans of African descent, whether free or slave, were not American citizens and sue in federal court. Also ruled that congress lacked power to ban slavery in US territories - polarized the American public on slavery - led to formation of Republican party and nomination of Lincoln o Declaration of Independence - "but it is too clear for dispute, that the enslaved African race were not intended to be included, and formed no part of the people who framed and adopted this declaration" o "yet the men who framed this declaration were great men - they knew it would not in any part of the civilized world be supposed to embrace the negro race"
Taub, A. Trump tape highlights a tax just for women, New York Times
o The burden of avoiding and enduring sexual harassment and assault results in lost opportunities and less favorable outcomes for girls and women" o Ex. Woman from the Access Hollywood video - it was easier for her to comply than lose her job
Rosin, H., The end of men, The Atlantic
o Theoretical way for couples to request sex of child - 75% want girl, contrary to popular belief o Study showed that the greater the power of women, the greater the country's economic success o Women attend all colleges in greater numbers than men
Surowiecki, J. The hidden cost of race, The New Yorker
o White household hold an average of 7x as much as black household (and 6x latino household) o "History and legacy created the racial gap, policies have maintained it" = hidden cost of being AA o Middle class was created to be mainly white (Redlining by banks and gov agencies prevented black families from buying homes in white neighborhoods)
Tankersley, J. How sexism follows women from cradle to workplace, New York Times
o White women born in parts of the US where sexist attitudes are more prevalent grow up to earn less and to work less than women born elsewhere, relative to men born in those same states o Study finds that a woman's lifelong earnings and how much she works are influences by the levels of sexism in the state she was born o Economists say that women appear to internalize social norms when they are young on issues like when to have children, what tasks are appropriate for women in the work force, or even how much society values the work of women
Rothenberg Race, Disability, and the School-to-Prison Pipeline
o disproportionate tendency of minors of disadvantaged backgrounds to become incarcerated because of increasingly harsh school policies o harsh school discipline policies to drive striking numbers of students of color away from school and into the criminal justice system o New pitch: by taking a holistic, community wide-approach to dealing with the trauma kids confront outside of school, educators can better meet the academic challenges students face once they step inside the classroom o Black students subjected to highest rates of school-based arrests - final step in pipeline - highest level of punishment o White students more likely to be labeled "autistic" than student of color, while AA students at highest risk for being labeled with "specific learning disabilities"