TC 3-22.9 RIFLE AND CARBINE
8 Cycles of function___________
Feeding Chambering Locking Firing Unlocking Extracting Ejecting Cocking
What are the eight cycles of function on the M16 and M4-series weapons?
Feeding, chambering, locking, firing, unlocking, extracting, ejecting, and cocking
What are the five factors of a solid position?
Firing hand Non-firing hand Rifle butt Stock weld Elbows
What are the five factors of a solid position
Firing hand, non firing hand, rifle butt, stock weld, and elbows
Remedial Training
First step is to check serviceability of the Soldiers weapon. Check the Soldier's ability to execute the fundamentals. Retrain the Soldier with a combination of TADSS and dry firing. After remedial training is complete, confirm Soldier's zero.
What is the continuous mental and physical application of the functional elements of the shot process after the shot has been fired and is required to complete the shot process
Follow Through
Applying the two basic principles of shooting until recoil has ceased is known as what?
Follow through
What is follow through?
Follow through is continuing to apply the base fundamentals of marksmanship until the recoil has ceased.
Applying the two basic principles of shooting until recoil has ceased is known as what?
Follow through.
When it comes to target identification, Soldiers should be able to positively identify the threat into one of what three classifications?
Friend, foe/combatant, or noncombatant (neutral)
Focus should be on?
Front sight post should be clear and in focus, while the target appears blurry and behind it.
In order to achieve proper and effective came, the focus of the firers Eye needs to be on the _____. This provides the most accurate sight alignment for the shot process.
Front sites
A bullet flying through the air is acted upon primarily by what two forces which change the direction and velocity of its motion
GRAVITY & Air Resistance
What are the three different colors of Weapons Safety Status?
GREEN, AMBER, and RED
What are perishable skills in regards to marksmanship
General marksmanship knowledge and weapons proficiency
A bullet flying through the air is acted upon primarily by two forces, which change the direction and velocity of it's motion. What are these two forces?
Gravity Air Resistance
Increasing the angle of departure, imparting spin, and imparting high velocities on the bullet are three things we do to counteract what?
Gravity Air Resistance
Increasing the angle of departure, imparting spin, and imparting high velocities on the bullet are three things we do to counteract?
Gravity & Air Resistance
A bullet flying through the air is acted upon primarily by two forces, which change the direction and velocity of its motion. What are these two forces?
Gravity and Air resistance
What is grouping?
Grouping is a form of practice firing with two primary objectives: firing tight shot groups and consistently placing them in the same location
Weapon system sub assemblies
Grouping of parts that are fitted to perform a specific set of functions during operation. They are compartmentalized to complete a single specific task. They may be grouped with other assemblies, sub assemblies and parts to create a component.
Prior to engaging your target you have determined that the wind is blowing from the 11 o'clock to the 5 o'clock what is the win value?
Half Value
What effects does the wind have on a projectile coming from the oblique (1,5,7 or 11 o'clock)
Half Value
When reading the wind you want to focus on the conditions where?
Half to 2/3 of the way to the target
When reading wind, you want to focus on conditions where?
Half way to two thirds to the target.
What are the six primary weapon carry positions?
Hang, safe hang, collapsed low and ready, low ready, high ready, and ready (or ready up)
Carry positions
Hange Safe Hang Collapsed low ready Low ready High ready Ready or ready up
Firing hand should be placed where?
High on the pistol grip with a firm handshake grip.
What are the two general types of corrective action for a malfunction?
Immediate and remedial
A bullet fired from a true horizontal barrels begins to slow down and fall towards the earth _________ upon leaving the muzzle of the weapon?
Immediately.
The bullet will always go?
In the direction that the barrel is pointed
While training your soldiers on the characteristics of the rifle combat optic (RCO) One of your soldiers ask you what are the disadvantages of the RCO. Of the following which is not a disadvantage of the RCO
Includes the BDC
Vertical Dispersion (missing up or down) is caused by what?
Inconsistent sight picture.
Weapon system parts
Individual items that perform a function when attached to a subassembly, assembly, or component that serves a specific purpose.
What category of ballistics begin from the time the firing pin strikes the primer to the time the bullet leaves the muzzle
Internal Ballistics
_____ begin from the time the firing pin strikes the primer to the time the bullet leaves the muzzle.
Internal Ballistics
The flight path of a bullet can be defined in what three separate categories of ballistics?
Internal, external, and terminal
What are the 3 ballistic phases?
Internal-Everything that happens to the bullet form the time the primer is struck until it reaches the muzzle of the barrel. External-Everything that happens to the bullet first the time it exits fate muzzle until it reaches the target. Terminal-Everything that happens to the projectile once it comes in contact with the target.
Why is consistent stock weld important
It allows for consistent sight alignment
Why is consistent stock weld important?
It allows for consistent sight alignment.
How does CLP work?
It contains solvents to dissolve firing residue and carbon, it lays down a layer of Teflon as it dies to provide lubrication, and it prevent rust from forming
What portion of the trigger finger needs to be on the trigger?
It doesn't matter so long as you have it naturally resting on the trigger
What portion of the trigger finger needs to be on the trigger?
It doesn't matter, so long as you have it naturally resting on the trigger.
What is meant by the term "cycle of functioning" of a weapon?
It is a mechanical process a weapon follows during operation
What is a Back Up Iron Sight (BUIS)?
It is a semi-permanent flip-up rear aperture that can be installed on the ARS when the handle is removed
Where is a BUIS installed?
It is installed on the first notch of the integrated rail, nearest to the charging handle
What is a MOA most commonly used for?
It is most commonly used to describe the distance of change required when zeroing a weapon
What is the twist-rate and direction of the rifling on M16- and M4-series weapons?
It is right handed, with one revolution in every seven inches of barrel length
What is meant by battlesight zero?
It is the default sight setting for a weapon, ammunition, and aiming device combination, allowing the firer to accurately engage targets out to a set distance without an adjusted aiming point
What is meant by natural point of aim?
It is the point where the barrel naturally orients when the shooter's muscles are relaxed and support is achieved
What is a minute of angle (MOA)?
It is the unit of measure used by weapon systems, with which you will make windage and elevation adjustments.
What is a Adapter Rail System (ARS)?
It is used to allow the attachment of weapons, aiming devices, and accessories when mounted to the upper receiver
What happens when a bullet leaves the bore of a rifle
It will immediately begin to fall to the earth
What happens when a bullet leaves the bore of a rifle?
It will immediately begin to fall to the earth.
What is the third rule of firearms safety?
Keep finger straight and off the trigger until ready to fire
M68 disadvantage
Lacks a bullet drop compensator or other means to determine accurate range to target beyond 200m.
Combinations of natural support
Leg position Nonfiring Elbow Buttstock Stance/ Center of gravity Firing hand Firing elbow Nonfiring hand Stock weld
8 components of natural support
Leg support stance/ cog Firing elbow Non firing elbow Firing Hand Nonfiring hand Butt plate Stock weld
Less muscle tension equals?
Less movement.
Emphasize zeroing in the ________ of the 4cm circle. This will ensure a higher probability of hits from 150-250m.
Lower Half
Front sight post MOA?
M16A4 - 1 = 1 and 1/2 MOA M4 - 1 click = 2 MOA M4A1 - 1 click = 2 MOA
Back up iron sight windage
M16A4 - 1 click = 1/2 MOA M4 - 1 click = 3/4 MOA
2 Common units of measurement
MOA Mils
What does the WSS of AMBER mean?
Magazine is inserted, chamber is empty, bolt forward, ejection port cover closed, selector on SAFE
What does the WSS of RED mean?
Magazine is inserted, round in chamber, bolt forward and locked, ejection port cover closed, selector on SAFE
What does the WSS of GREEN mean?
Magazine is removed, chamber is empty, bolt is locked open or forward, selector on SAFE
Cycle of function
Mechanical process a weapon follows during operation.
What are the two units of angular measurement used in the Army?
Mils and Minutes of Angle (MOA)
When it comes to target prioritization, targets should be prioritized into one of what three threat levels?
Most dangerous, Dangerous, and Least Dangerous
How does 100% humidity affect trajectory?
Moves the impact 1/2in at 600m
Forcing the weapon on target causes what?
Muscle Tension.
_________ is the point where the barrel naturally orients when the suitors muscles are relaxed and support is achieved.
Natural Point Of Aim
Trigger placement should be where?
Naturally on the trigger.
What three rules should be followed when multiple targets of the same threat level are encountered?
Near before far, frontal before flank, and stationary before moving
What is the second rule of firearms safety?
Never point a weapon at anything you do not intend to destroy
What is the most valid zero for your weapon
No-wind Zero at actual Distance
Name some of the most common contributing factors to aiming errors
Non-dominant eye use, incorrect zero, light conditions, and incorrect sight picture
Conduction cooling
Occurs when a heated object is in direct physical contact with a cooler object. Conduction cooling on a weapon usually results from high chamber operating temperatures being transferred into surrounding surfaces such as the barrel and receiver of the weapon.
In addition to iron sights, name some other aiming devices in common use today
Optics, Thermal Weapon Sights (TWS), and laser pointers/illuminators
How is overmatch defined as according to TC 3-22.9?
Overmatch is an unfair advantage in favor of the Soldiers and is based on the Soldier's training, the fielding of equipment that leverages technology, and the application of proper force
Fliers (shots out of the group) are caused by what?
Poor trigger control of anticipation of recoil (flinching).
Shot Process
Pre Shot Shot Post Shot
What are the three distinct phases of the shot process?
Pre-shot, shot, and post-shot
What does PMI stand for?
Preliminary Marksmanship Instruction
Shooting is...
Properly pointing the rifle at the target with consistent Sight Alignment. Firing the rifle without moving it utilizing SMOOTH Trigger Control. Put it all together - Integrated act of firing.
Overmatch component; precision
Provide a weapon and ammunition package that enhances the soldier's consistent application of shots with a level of precision greater than the adversary's.
Overmatch component; limited visibility
Provide the soldier to make operations during limited visibility an advantage through technology and techniques, and compound their adversary's disadvantages during those conditions.
Overmatch component; engagement range
Provide the soldier with weapons, aiming devices, and ammunition capable of striking and defeating a threat at a greater range than the adversary can detect or engage the friendly force with effective fires.
What is the formula to find MOA half value
Range(Meters) X Velocity(MPH) Divide by 7 = MOA divide by 2
What is the formula for inches
Range(meters) X MOA = inches
What is the formula to find MOA full value
Range(meters) X Velocity(mph) Divide by 7 = MOA
Convection cooling
Requires the presence of a moving air current. The moving hair has greater potential to carry away heat. The hand guards and ARS of the rifle and carbine are designed to facilitate air movement.
What word is commonly used to remember the procedure for applying immediate action?
SPORTS
Properly pointing the rifle with consistent sight alignment and firing the rifle without moving it, utilizing smooth trigger control is known as what?
Shooting Integrated act of firing
Properly pointing the rifle with consistent sight alignment and firing the rifle with out moving it utilizing smooth trigger control is known as what?
Shooting/ Integrated Act of Firing
What are the three fundamentals of marksmanship must be mastered in order for thus to happen?
Sight alignment, sight picture, trigger control
Which is more important; sight alignment or point of aim?
Sight alignment.
_____ is the placement of the aligned sights on the target itself, and the soldier must maintain sight alignment throughout the positioning of the sites
Sight picture
What is the procedure for SPORTS?
Slap upward on the magazine, Pull the charging handle to the rear, Observe the ejection of the live round or expended cartridge, Release the charging handle, Tap the forward assist, and Squeeze the trigger
Situations which IR can see better
Smoke and Dust
A hold
Soldier's calculated aim point.
SACM
Stability Aiming Control Movement
If a soldier fails to control the movement of the barrel during the arc of movement failed to adequately support the weapon system or fails to achieve his natural point of aim is known as?
Stability Failure
An accurate shot, regardless of weapon system, requires the Soldier to establish, maintain, and sustain what four interdependent functional elements of the shot process?
Stability, aim, control, and movement
What is essential during the shot process whether the soldier is stationary or moving
Stable platform
Major positions
Standing Squatting Kneeling Sitting Prone
What are the five main firing positions?
Standing, squatting, kneeling, sitting, and prone
____________ is necessary for sight alignment?
Stockweld; a consistent stockweld will ensure that your sight picture is the same every time you fire.
10 components to firing positions
Support (add 8 components of natural support) Leg support stance/ cog Firing elbow Non firing elbow Firing Hand Nonfiring hand Butt plate Stock weld and Shooter gun angle
Functions of stability
Support Natural point of aim Recoil Management Muscle Relaxation
What are the four functions of STABILITY?
Support, muscle relaxation, natural point of aim, and recoil management
What reference would you refer to conduct rifle and carbine principles of operation?
TC 3-22.9
What Army publication covers marksmanship for the rifle and carbine?
TC 3-22.9 (superseded FM 3-22.9)
What is the science of the actions of a projectile from the time it strikes an object until it comes to rest?
Terminal Ballastics
What part of the upper receiver is designed to reduce the signature of the weapon during firing and to reduce barrel movement off-target during firing?
The "flash hider" or "compensator"
What is the most stable platform?
The Ground.
When we talk about standard rifles and carbines in the Army, what weapons are we talking about?
The M16-series (rifles) and the M4-series (carbines)
What is a difference between the M16-series and M4-series weapons?
The M4 is similiar to the M16 in design but has a shorter barrel (14.5") and shorter hand-guards, a detachable carrying handle, and a collapsible (four-position) buttstock
Decribe the M68 CCO
The M68 Close Combat Optic is a non-telescopic (unmagnified) reflex sight that provides a red dot aiming point and allows for one or both eyes to remain open
What is the most important safety feature on ANY weapon?
The Soldier
The safety handling of weapons is built on what three components?
The Soldier, the weapon, and the enviroment
Overmatch component; target detection, acquisition, and identification
The ability of the soldier to detect and positively identify any suspected target as hostile at greater distances than their adversary.
Explain Accuracy according to TC 3-22.9
The ability to hit a desired target or point of aim
Accuracy
The ability to hit a desired target or point of aim.
Explain Precision according to TC 3-22.9
The ability to place a shot group at the desired point of impact
Precision
The ability to place the shot group and the desired point of impact.
Explain Consistency according to TC 3-22.9
The ability to routinely achieve accurate and precise shots
Consistency
The ability to routinely achieve accurate and precise shots.
What is Parallax in a rifle scope?
The apparent movement or displacement of objects when viewed from different perspectives.When adjusted properly the parallax and the target will not move separately.
What is Sight Alignment?
The centering of the front sight, rear sight, and the shooters eye.
When aiming where should the eye be focused?
The front sight post or reticle
While aiming, where should the eye be focused?
The front sight post or reticle.
What is the definition of trigger control?
The movement of the trigger to the rear in such a way so as not to disturb sight alignment.
What is trajectory
The path of flight the bullet will take when it is fired from the rifle
What is trajectory?
The path the bullet will take when fire from the rifle
Define sight picture as according to TC 3-22.9
The placement of the aligned sights on the target
Sight picture
The placement of the aligned sights on the target.
What is sight picture?
The process of centering your eye with the aiming system and with the target.
What is sight alignment?
The process of centering your eye with the aiming system.
What is Coaching?
The process of having another soldier observe the firer during the firing process to look for shooting errors that the firers themselves may not consciously know they are making
What is meant by sustained rate of fire?
The rate of fire that a weapon can continue to deliver for an indefinite period of time without overheating
What is meant by Weapons Safety Status or WSS?
The readiness of a Soldier's weapon
Weapon safety status (wss)
The readiness of a soldier's weapon.
Define sight alignment as according to TC 3-22.9
The relationship between the aiming device and the firer's eye
Sight alignment
The relationship between the aiming device and the firer's eye.
In order to safety and effectively handle weapons, Soldiers must be cognitively aware of what three distinct weapons handling measures?
The rules, weapons safety status (WSS), weapons control status (WCS)
What is meant by the shot process?
The shot process is a basic outline of an individual engagement sequence all firers should consider during a target engagement, regardless of the weapon employed
Define trigger control as according to TC 3-22.9
The skillful manipulation of the trigger that causes the rifle to fire without disturbing the aim
Trigger control
The skillful manipulation of the trigger that causes the rifle to fire without disturbing the aim.
The effect of wind is dependent on what three variable?
The time of exposure, the direction of the wind, and the speed of the wind
If a weapon does not have a traditional mechanical SAFE, what becomes the primary safety?
The trigger finger
The M16 and M4 series weapons consist of what two major components?
The upper receiver and the lower receiver
Red status
The weapon's magazine is inserted, a round is in the chamber, the bolt is forward and locked, the ejection port cover is closed, and the selector is set to SAFE.
Green statua
The weapon's magazine is removed, its chamber is empty, its bolt is locked open or forward, and the selector is set to SAFE.
Overmatch component; speed
The weapon, aiming devices, the accessories a soldier employs must seamlessly work in unison, be intuitive to use, and leverage natural motion and manipulations to facilitate rapid initial and subsequent shots during an engagement at close quarters, mid-, and extended ranges.
What has the greatest effect on ballistic trajectories?
The wind.
Describe the M16/M4-series weapons
They are light, 5.56mm, magazine-fed, gas-operated, air-cooled, shoulder fired rifles or carbines capable of firing in a variety of modes, depending on the modes, depending on the model
What is a "stadiametric reticle"?
This form of reticle provides a means of rapidly determining the approximate range to a target based on its standard dimensions
What is a wobble area?
This is a condition where the weapon sights oscillate slightly around and through the point of aim due to the lack of stability
What is meant by the stock weld?
This is the placement of the firer's head on the stock of the weapon
How does a direct impingement gas operating system work?
This system uses a portion of the high pressure gas from the cartridge being fired to physically move the assemblies and subassemblies in order to complete the cycle of function
What are "iron" aiming device (commonly referred to as iron sights)
This term refers to the various types of mechanical sighting systems and typically consist of a front sight post and rear aperature
What is the purpose of an "aiming device"?
To align the Soldier, the weapon, and the target to make an accurate and precise shot
What is the purpose of the spin on a bullet?
To prevent the bullet form tumbling end over end and becoming less accurate.
What is the purpose of a firing position?
To support the two firing tasks of rifle marksmanship; sight alignment and trigger control.
The path of flight that a bullet will take is known as what
Trajectory
The path of flight that the bullet will take when it is fired from the rifle is known as what?
Trajectory
What term best describes the path of the flight that the projectile will take when it is fired from the rifle and ends at the point of impact?
Trajectory
What is the first rule of of firearms safety?
Treat every weapon as if it were loaded
The act of firing the weapon while maintaining a proper Aiming and stabilization until the blood leaves the muzzle is known as?
Trigger control
Lateral Dispersion (missing left or right) is caused by what?
Trigger control.
True or False: The soldier must be able to detect, acquire, and identify targets at ranges beyond the maximum effective range of their weapon and ammunition
True
How many times will a bullet cross your line of sight before it hits a target at 350m with a 300m BSZ aiming center mass
Twice
How many times will the bullet cross your line of sight before it hits the target when engaging a 350m target with a 300m battle sight zero (BSZ), aiming center mass?
Twice
Weapon system components
Uniquely identifiable group of fitted parts, pieces, assemblies or sub assemblies that are required and necessary to perform a distinctive function in the operation of the weapon. Components are usually removable in one piece and are considered indivisible for a particular purpose or use.
Two major components of a weapon
Upper and lower receiver.
What is the large aperture on the iron sights used for?
Used during limited visibility, close quarters, and for moving targets at close- and mid-range
What is the small aperture on the iron sights used for?
Used for zeroing procedures and for mid- and extended-range engagements
Wind indicators help determine __________?
Velocity of the wind
What are the three levels of WCS?
WEAPONS HOLD, WEAPONS TIGHT, and WEAPONS FREE
What are the five Soldier actions that make up the aiming process?
Weapon orientation, sight alignment, sight picture, point of aim, and desired point of impact
What is Line of Sight?
What the shooter sees behind the sights and can be illustrated by drawing a straight imaginary line for your eye through the rear and front sights out to the target; this is how you aim.
What is Weapons Control Status (WCS) defined as according to TC 3-22.9?
When a firer is authorized to engage a threat target
What is meant by stabilization failure?
When a shooter assumes a firing position, movement from muscle tension, breathing, and other natural activities within the body will be transferred to the weapon and must be compensated by the shooter
When does terminal ballistics begin
When it hits the target
What is meant by cross dominance?
When the dominant eye is opposite the dominant hand
What is the Natural Point of Aim?
Where your position is naturally pointing when your body is relaxed.
What has the greatest effect on ballistic trajectories
Wind
What is the greatest VARIABLE effect on ballistic trajectories?
Wind
What is Half Value wind?
Winds that approach at an angle; typically affect the bullet half as much as a full value wind
Is a Soldier responsible for what lies beyond the target?
Yes
Is all shooting the same?
Yes
Will the bullet always got in the direction that the barrel is pointed?
Yes
What is eye relief?
Your eye should be positioned to see the full field of view of the eyepiece. Scopes/optics should be mounted to provide the best eye relief in all shooting positions and magnifications.
Adjusting the sights so that the bullets impact where we are aiming
Zeroing
Adjusting the sights so that the bullets impact where we are aiming, is referred to what?
Zeroing
To achieve a desired relationship between a line of sight and the trajectory of the round at a known distance is known as what?
Zeroing
What is zeroing?
Zeroing aligns the sights of the weapon with weapon's barrel
Hold overs, or Holding off,
is simply the act of holding your sights into the wind accounting for wind drift.
What is Sight Picture?
the addition of a target into properly aligned sights (i.e. the shooters eye, the sights and target are in a straight line).
The purpose of a firing position is to support the __________________
two basic firing tasks.
common engagement actions
weapon orientstion sight alignment sight picture point of aim desired point of impact
100% humidity change moves the impact ______________
½" at 600m.
What is the command given to direct a GREEN safety status?
"GREEN AND CLEAR" or "GO GREEN"
What is the command given to direct a AMBER safety status?
"LOAD MAGAZINE" or "GO AMBER"
What is the command given to direct a RED safety status?
"MAKE READY" or "GO RED"
What is the formula for calculating half value wind drift?
((b) distance * (y) MPH) / 7 = (c) MOA / 2 = (x) MOA
What is the formula for calculating full value wind drift?
((b) distance * (y) MPH) / 7 = (x) MOA
What is the formula for calculating MOA for wind for 5.56?
(Range(m) X Velocity(mph))/7= MOA of drift
How many fundamentals of Marksmanship are there?
(SACM) 1. Stability 2. aiming 3. control 4. movement
What is the formula for obtaining MOA?
(a) inches / (b) distance = (x) MOA
What is the formula for converting MOA to inches?
(x) MOA * (b) distance = (a) inches
Lower receiver consists of what?
-trigger assembly -bolt catch -rifle grip -magazine catch assembly -buttstock assembly -action spring -lower receiver extension
You are shooting a 5.56mm weapon at 500m. You have a 5 mph wind from the 12 o'clock. What is the wind drift?
0 MOA 0 Inches
Wind estimation quantified...
0-3 mph-Hardly felt, but smoke drifts 3-5 mph-Felt lightly on the face 5-8 mph-Keeps leaves in a constant motion 8-12 mph-Raises dust and loose paper 12-15 mph-Causes small trees to sway
Downrange wind indicators
0-3 mph=hardly felt but smoke drifts 3-5 mph=felt lightly on the face 5-8 mph=keeps leaves in constant movement 8-12 mph=raises dust and loose paper 12-15 mph= small trees sway
A Battle Sight Zero allows you to aim center mass on a target and achieve a hit from _________ to _________?
0-300m
6" @ 600m = ? MOA
1
How many MOA = 1 inch per 100 yards/meters
1
6" @ 600m equals how many MOA?
1 MOA
On a zero target one box is equivalent to what?
1 MOA.
EO tech
1 click = 1/2 MOA
M68 CCO
1 click = 1/2 MOA
ACOG
1 click = 1/3 MOA (Internal Knob) 1 click = 1/2 MOA (External Knob)
How many right hand twist are in the barrel of a m-16a4
1 in 7
What does one minute of angle (MOA) equal?
1 inch per 100 yards/meters
What are the 2 types of coaches
1. Experienced 2. Peer
Phases of the cycle of function in order
1. Feeding 2. Chamfering 3. Locking 4. Firing 5. Unlocking 6. Extracting 7. Ejecting 8. Cocking
What are wind indicators?
1. Felt on skin 2. Foliage movement 3. Debris and dust movement 4. Mirage
What are the 3 methods of measuring wind velocity when a wind gauge is not present?
1. Flag method 2. Pointing Method 3. Observation method
What are 2 forces on ballistics?
1. Gravity 2. Air resistance
Six primary carry positions
1. Hang 2. Safe hang 3. Collapsed low ready 4. Low ready 5. High ready 6. Ready (ready up)
How do shooters counter these 2 forces?
1. Increasing the angle of departure (elevating the muzzle) 2. Imparting spin and high velocities; allowing the bullet to fly in a nose forward manner
What are some of the characteristics of a coach/training?
1. Knowledgable 2. Motivated 3. Respectful 4. Sincere 5. Patient 6. Persistent 7. Approachable 8. Honest and Fair 9. Organized 10. Alert 11. Ability to communicate 12. Integrity at all times
What are the 5 points on a solid position?
1. Non-Firing hand 2. Firing Hand 3. Elbows 4. Rifle butt 5. Stockweld
Thermal sights five functional groups
1. Objective lens 2. Detector assembly 3. Sensor assembly 4. LCD array/eyepiece 5. User controls
Three phases of the shot process
1. Pre-shot 2. Shot 3. Post-shot
What are the TWO firing task?
1. Properly point the rifle (Sight Alignment) 2. Fire the rifle without moving it (Trigger Control)
Three methods to reduce thermal stress on a weapon
1. Radiational cooling 2. Conduction cooling 3. Convection cooling
Overmatch attribues
1. Smart-the ability to routinely generate understanding through changing conditions. 2. Fast-the ability to physically and cognitively outmaneuver adversaries. 3. Lethal-deadly in the application of force. 4. Precise-consistently accurate in the application of power to ensure deliver of the right effects in time, space, and purpose.
What are the 4 elements of a Steady Position?
1. Support (Artificial and Bone) 2. Muscular relaxation 3. Natural Point of Aim 4. Durability
What is mechanical zero and when do we use it?
1. The mechanically centering of a weapons systems sights 2. Should be done when the shooter in not landing rounds on paper as well as after the weapons has been received back from services
To safely and effectively handle weapons, soldiers must be cognitively aware of what three distinct handling measures?
1. The rules of firearms safety 2. Weapons safety status. 3. Weapons control status.
What are the 3 elements of wind effects?
1. Time projectile is exposed to wind (Distance to Target) 2. Direction wind is blowing 3. Velocity of wind
Rules of firearms safety
1. Treat every weapon as if it is loaded. 2. Never point the weapon at anything you do not intend to destroy. 3. Keep finget straight and off the trigger until ready to fire. 4. Ensure positive identification of the target and its surroundings.
To estimate the effects of the wind on the shot, soldiers need to determine what three windage factors?
1. Velocity 2. Direction 3. Value
6" @ 400m ? MOA
1.5
6" @ 400m equals how many MOA?
1.5 MOA
ACOG eye relief is set at _________
1.5 inches.
On an M68, what is the MOA Adjustment per click of the elevation and windage knob?
1/2 MOA
MOA is an angular unit measure equal to ____ of a degree
1/60
A correctly zeroed rifle will impact within __________ of your point of aim?
10 inches
Bore sighting is conducted as what distance?
10m
Bore sighting is conducted at ?
10m
4 MOA @ 300M = ? INCH
12
4 MOA @ 300m equals how many inches?
12 Inches
5MOA @300m = ? Inch
15
5 MOA @ 300m equals how many inches
15 Inches
How many right hand twist are in the barrel of a M16A4?
1:7 Right hand twists.
12 firing positions
1Standing unsupported 2Standing supported 3Kneeling unsupported 4Kneeling supported 5Squatting 6Sitting cross ankles 7Sitting cross legged 8Sitting open legged 9Prone unsupported 10Prone supported 11Rollover prone 12Reverse rollover prone
You are shooting a 5.56mm weapon at 300m. You have a 14 mph wind from the 1 o'clock. What is the wind drift?
3 MOA 9 Inches
One click of the windage knob will move the back up iron sights left or right _______ MOA?
3/4
20" @ 500m = ? MOA
4
20" @ 500m equals how many MOA?
4 MOA
You are shooting a 5.56mm weapon at 400m. You have a 7 mph wind from the 3 o'clock. What is the wind drift?
4 MOA 16 Inches
One of your soldiers is in the process of zeroing his M4A1 rifle equipped with a back up iron sights. You instruct him that he has to move his front sight post up to clicks. This adjustment will move his sightalignment down how many minutes of angle?
4 MOA (3 and 1/2 rounded up)
What is an acceptable grouping size?
4/5 rds inside a 2.5cm (1 in) area
What are the measurements for an E-Type silhouette?
40" X 20"
You are shooting a 5.56mm weapon at 600m. You have a 6 mph wind from the 9 o'clock. What is the wind drift?
5 MOA 30 Inches
When available, _________ round shot group are preferred.
5 rds
3 MOA @ 200m = ? INCH
6
3 MOA @ 200m equals how many inches?
6 Inches
You are shooting a 5.56mm weapon at 300m. You have a 14 mph wind from the 3 o'clock. What is the wind drift?
6 MOA 18 Inches
The backup iron sight (BUIS) provides a backup capability effective up to what range?
600m
As long as Soldiers abide by the weapon handling measures, what would have to happen in order for a negligent discharge to occur?
A Soldier would have to violate two of the rules of firearms safety or violate a weapons safety status
What is Full Value wind?
A Wind that is blowing from the 3 o'clock or 9 o'clock that has the greatest effect on a bullets trajectory
What system of operation is used by the M16 and M4-series weapons?
A direct impingement gas operating system
Weapon system assemblies
A group of sub assemblies and parts that are fitted to perform specific set of functions during operation, and cannot be used independently for any other purpose.
The 'E-Type' silhouette is used to represent what?
A human person in the kneeling position
Amber status
A magazine is locked into the well of the weapon, the bolt is forward on an EMPTY chamber, the ejection port cover is CLOSED, and the selector should be set to SAFE.
What is Minute of Angle?
A measure of angular measurement. 1 MOA= 1/60 of a degree 1 MOA at 100yds= 1.047in
What is minute of angle
A measure of angular movement
The most valid zero for your weapon is obtained by what?
A no-wind zero at actual distance.
What is a reticle?
A series of fine lines in the eyepiece of an optic used a measuring scale with included aiming or alignment points
What is Line of Bore?
A straight imaginary line that is drawn from the muzzle of the rifle out to the target
Weapon's control status (wcs)
A tactical method of fire control given by a leader that incorporates the tactical situation, ROE for the area of operations, and expected or anticipated enemy contact.
What is No Value wind?
A wind that is blowing directly facing the firer and has little to no effect on the bullets trajectory
Name the three "Employment Skills" discussed in TC 3-22.9
Accuracy, Precision, and Consistency
To align your NPA with your target you must_________?
Adjust your position.
What is the bullet drop compensator?
Adjusting sights or changing Aim Point for targets at known distances, Iron sights, BUIS, ACOG, ELCAN, MARK 4 Scope (Known distance)
What does ACOG stand for?
Advanced combat optical gunsight
What is the functional element of the shot process that is the continuous process of orienting the weapon correctly aligning the sites aligning on the target and the application of the appropriate lead and elevation during a target engagement
Aiming
Radiational cooling
Allows for the dissipation of heat into the surrounding cooler air. This is the least efficient means of cooling, but is common to most small arm weapons, including the rifle and carbine.
Minute of angle (MOA)
An angular unit of measure equal to 1/60th of a degree. More commonly used when describing the distance of change required when zeroing a weapon. Equals 1.047 inches per 100 yds. Can round this to 1 inch at 100 yds or 1.1 at 100 meters.
What is a MOA?
An angular unit of measurement equal to 1/60th of a degree
A misalignment of the sighting system creates a ___________ error that increases with distance
Angular.
What is meant by a complex engagement?
Any shot that cannot use the Center of Visible Mass (CoVM) as the point of aim to successfully defeat the target
All firing takes place
At the rifle
All firing takes place where?
At the rifle.
All firing takes place __________?
At the weapon
Engagement considerations
Available cover and concealment Use of support/ unsupported Use of sling support Available fields of fire Time to establish position Movement during engagement Shooter gun angle Field of view
What are the seven most common types of Small Arms Ammunition (SAA) used with the M16- and M4-series weapons?
Ball, tracer, armor-piercing, short range training ammunition, blank, close combat mission capability kit, and dummy
Everything that happens to the projectile from the time the primer is struck by the firing pin until the projectile comes to a complete stop, is referred to as what?
Ballistics
Upper receiver consists of what?
Barrel assembly -barrel -flash hider or compensator -sling swivel -front sight assembly -adapter rail system (ARS) -slip ring -ejection port -ejection port cover -forward assist assembly
What are the two methods the Army developed for engaging targets?
Battle Sight Zero (BSZ) Bullet Drop Compensating (BDC)
The two methods the army developed for engaging targets are?
Battle sight zero(BSZ) & Bullet Drop Compensating (BDC)
What term means the combination of sight settings and trajectory that greatly reduces or eliminates the need for precise range estimation further eliminating sight adjustment hold over or hold under from most likely engagements
Battlesight Zero
How is consistent sight alignment achieved?
By resting the full weight of your head on the stock in a manner that allows your dominate eye to look through the center of the rear sight aperture.
What are the four parts to a small arms cartridge?
Cartridge case, primer, propellant, and bullet
What is the initial point of aim on a target of what can be seen by the soldier
Center mass
What is sight alignment?
Centering your eye with the aiming system
What is sight picture?
Centering your eye with the aiming system and with the target
Shifting groups is caused by what?
Changing point of aim.
Drill A
Check equipment
What does CLP stand for?
Cleaner, Lubricant, and Preservative
The first consideration when handling any weapon is to do what?
Clear it
Proper maintenance of the M16A2 rifle includes what five steps?
Clear, disassemble, inspect, clean & lubricate, and reassemble
How is Weapons Safety Status (WSS) coded?
Common colors are used to represent the level of readiness for a given weapon
When zeroing, what is more important, consistent grouping or striking the target in the center?
Consistent grouping
What does the acronym DOPE stand for?
Data Of Previous Engagement
DIDEA
Detect Identify Decide Engage Assess
What are the three elements of the target acquisition process?
Detect, identify, and prioritize
Describe the WCS of WEAPONS HOLD?
Engage only if engaged or ordered to engage
WCS; weapon's hold
Engage only if engaged or ordered to engage.
Describe the WCS of WEAPONS TIGHT?
Engage only if target is positively identified as enemy
WCS; weapon's tight
Engage only if target is positively identified as enemy.
Describe the WCS of WEAPONS FREE?
Engage targets not positively identified as friendly
WCS; weapon's free
Engage targets not positively identified as friendly.
What is battle sight zero?
Engaging targets without adjusting for distance Iron Sights, Back up iron sights, M68, EOtech unknown distance
What is the fourth rule of firearms safety?
Ensure positive identification of the target and its surroundings
Overmatch component; terminal performance
Ensures that precise shots delivered at extended ranges provide the highest probability to defeat the threat through exceptional ballistic performance.
What is calling your shot?
Estimating where the bullet went using visual cues before the round was fired.
What are ballistics?
Everything that happens to the projectile from the time the primer is struck by the firing pin until the projectile comes to a complete stop.
What is Ballistics
Everything that happens to the projectile from the time the primer is struck by the firing pin until the projectile has come to a complete stop
Know minute of angles.
FRONT SIGHT POST (1 Click) M16- 1 1/4 MOA M4- 1 3/4 MOA BACK UP IRON SIGHTS (1 Click) M16- 1/2 MOA M4- 3/4 MOA M68 and EOTech (1 Click) M16- 1/2 MOA M4- 1/2 MOA ACOG (1 Click) Internal- 1/3 MOA External- 1/2 MOA
Name some of the rudimentary failures that can be corrected by immediate action
Failure to fire, failure to feed, failure to chamber, failure to extract, and failure to eject
