Term Test 2 Master

अब Quizwiz के साथ अपने होमवर्क और परीक्षाओं को एस करें!

A child's intelligence quotient is: A) an exact measure of her general intelligence. B) an indicator of her standard deviation. C) the mean intelligence score of her age-mates. D) a score that takes into account the mean and standard deviation of intelligence scores for children of the same age.

A longitudinal study that followed lesbian, bisexual, and unlabeled women aged 18 to 25 found that, over a 10-year period, approximately _____ changed their identity labels at least once over the course of the study. A) 5 percent B) 25 percent C) 33 percent D) 67 percent

Among industrialized, Western countries, the U.S. rate of child poverty is: A) the lowest. B) number 3. C) number 6. D) the highest.

An individual's identity involves: A) beliefs and values. B) sexuality. C) career goals. D) all of these.

Annalee is 3 years old. If asked to describe herself, which statement is she LEAST likely to say? A) "I am a great dancer. See, I can do a pirouette." B) "I love to go apple picking." C) "I have brown hair." D) "My sister is a faster runner than me."

Approximately what percentage of remarriages involving children in the United States end within 10 years? A) 10 percent B) 20 percent C) 30 percent D) 40 percent

As children enter adolescence, they tend to increasingly rely on which influence to evaluate themselves? A) peer evaluations B) parental evaluations C) teacher standards D) internalized standards

At 2 years old, Greg is told a story about Jimmy, a boy whose favorite toy has just been broken. When Greg is asked what Jimmy is feeling, Greg is likely to indicate: A) happiness. B) sadness. C) shame. D) that he is unable to predict Jimmy's emotion.

Authoritative parents are those who: A) are abusive. B) are highly demanding and unresponsive. C) have little interest in disciplining their children. D) are attentive and consistent in their discipline.

Bandura came to emphasize the role of all of these factors EXCEPT: A) attention. B) memory. C) retrieval. D) role taking.

The superego is based on: A) the reality principle. B) internalization of parents' standards for acceptable behavior. C) the pleasure principle. D) none of these.

The theory that is primarily concerned with the survival value of particular behaviors is _____ theory. A) social learning B) ethological C) psychoanalytic D) social cognitive

The uncertainty about the causal nature of the association between HOME scores at infancy and children's later IQ scores is founded on the possibility of which type of gene-environment relations? A) active B) passive C) evocative D) inductive

There is some evidence that the dimension of _____ may be an additional aspect of temperament that is missing from previous compilations of dimensions. A) consistency/reliability B) agreeableness/adaptability C) compliance/agreeability D) pleasantness/simplicity

Thurstone's primary mental abilities do NOT include: A) verbal meaning. B) picture completion. C) spatial visualization. D) rote memory.

n comparison with U.S. children, Japanese children are LESS likely to experience which emotion as a consequence of personal success? A) shame B) pride C) guilt D) embarrassment

Remarriage appears to be the MOST difficult for children in what age group? A) younger children B) older children C) younger adolescents D) college-age youth

Which attachment category is often associated with infants whose mothers exhibit abusive behavior? A) insecure/resistant B) secure C) disorganized/distressed D) insecure/avoidant

____ is NOT a prereading skill. A) Phonemic awareness B) Learning the direction that words are to be read C) Phonological recoding D) Learning that words have spaces between them

Practical intelligence is measured on which intelligence test(s)? A) WISC B) Stanford-Binet C) both WISC and Stanford-Binet D) neither WISC nor Stanford-Binet

Bronfenbrenner was the founder of: A) the bioecological model. B) the theory of social cognition. C) the psychosexual perspective. D) behaviorism.

Experiencing parental divorce can have significant negative consequences on a child. Describe 4 ways that divorcing parents can lessen the negative effects of their divorce on their child. (4 marks)

1) High quality contact with non-custodial parent. For example, having the father engage with the child in positive ways, as well as avoid any negative mention of other parent (e.g. avoidance of any vengeful, negative words). Non-custodial parent should continue with authoritative parenting technique: high responsiveness and sensitivity (avoid coercion, etc). 2) Low exposure to parental conflict by avoiding fights in front of child. 3) Avoid letting it seep into the child's life (i.e. don't make children keep secrets or make them feel like they have to choose one parent over the other). 4) Joint custody: Having the parents display mutual respect, kindness, and cooperation despite separation. Parents work as a team, "a united front." Parenting is consistent (e.g. if mom says no, dad will also say no).

By what age is a rudimentary sense of self evident? A) 2 to 4 months B) 7 to 8 months C) 12 to 14 months D) 18 to 20 months

A social group's informal norms about the demonstration of emotion and when and where they should be suppressed or masked are referred to as: A) display rules. B) social referencing. C) demonstration motives. D) emotion regulation.

According to Dodge's information-processing theory of social problem solving, aggressive children's primary problem is that they: A) have a bias in their interpretations of others' behaviors. B) expect aggressive behavior to be useful in getting along with others. C) do not possess the ability to formulate socially acceptable goals. D) have a poor capacity to generate strategies to achieve their goals.

According to Erikson, children develop a conscience during which stage? A) initiative vs. guilt B) autonomy vs. shame and doubt C) basic trust vs. mistrust D) identity vs. role confusion

According to Freud, _____ experience penis envy. A) girls B) boys C) both girls and boys D) neither girls nor boys

According to Freud, _____ is a way in which the ego protects the individual. A) repression B) internalization C) systematic desensitization D) none of these

According to Freud, girls, but not boys, experience: A) the Electra complex. B) the Oedipus complex. C) infantile amnesia. D) identification.

According to Freud, if a person's fundamental needs are not met during a particular stage, the person may: A) become fixated on the issues relevant to that stage. B) experience an identity crisis. C) make hostile attributions. D) develop infantile amnesia.

According to Freud, which personality structure develops first? A) id B) superid C) ego D) superego

According to Selman, 6- to 8-year-old children: A) believe that others' different perspectives stem from possession of different knowledge. B) realize that others have different perspectives and are able to think about others' points of view. C) are able to systematically compare their own and another person's points of view. D) believe that others cannot have a different perspective from their own.

According to Sroufe, one-week-old Baby Tyson experiences which emotions? A) distress and excitement B) joy/pleasure, anger/frustration, and wariness/fear C) anger/frustration and wariness/fear D) pleasure and pain

According to evolutionary psychologists, all of these situations are associated with the large size of the human brain (relative to body size) in comparison with other species EXCEPT: A) birth occurring at a more mature stage of development. B) increased social complexity. C) prolonged period of immaturity and dependence. D) high level of neural plasticity.

According to the text, which type of praise or criticism would be MOST likely to be associated with children developing an incremental/mastery orientation in response to failure? A) "I think you need to try harder." B) "You're very smart at these problems." C) "You just can't do math." D) "I'm proud of you."

Acquiring phonemic awareness would enable a learner to: A) determine that the word "cat" and the word "hat" start with different sounds. B) match the letter "c" to the sound /k/ and the letter "t" to the sound /t/. C) sound out the word "cat." D) learn about the features of a cat from a sentence he or she reads about cats.

Adolescents who are sociometrically popular differ from sociometrically average children in all of these ways EXCEPT: A) level of assertive aggressiveness. B) attractiveness. C) sociability. D) emotional regulation.

All of these occur more frequently with young children's friends than with their nonfriends EXCEPT: A) ignoring the other's distress. B) conflict. C) positive interactions. D) pretend play.

All of these traits are more common among families experiencing long-term economic stress than among other families EXCEPT: A) social support. B) marital conflict. C) inconsistent parenting. D) hostile parenting.

Among girls, major depression is found in _____ percent of preadolescents and _____ percent of 12- to 17-year-olds. A) 3; 12 B) 1; 4 C) 3; 5 D) 1; 15

An individual's sense of belonging to an ethnic or racial group and the degree to which the individual associates his or her thinking, perceptions, feelings, and behavior with membership in that group is referred to as: A) ethnic identity. B) sexual orientation. C) racial belonging. D) identity foreclosure.

As children use counting strategies more frequently, they become: A) more likely to use retrieval. B) less accurate. C) more likely to become frustrated. D) more likely to use counting from 1.

Attachment theorists believe that the MOST important contributor to the development of a secure attachment is: A) parental sensitivity. B) physical contact between parent and child. C) infant temperament D) continuous, uninterrupted attention by the parent.

Attachments are: A) enduring emotional bonds formed by children to their primary caregivers. B) compulsive needs of children to hold security items, such as pacifiers and blankets. C) connections between siblings that are maintained throughout the life span. D) qualities that are central to one's identity.

Bowlby proposed that an individual's internal working model of attachment contains: A) expectations about whether or not interpersonal relationships will be rewarding. B) thoughts about whether or not one is physically attractive. C) notions about whether or not other people are generally intelligent. D) All of these are parts of an individual's internal working model of attachment according to Bowlby.

Carlos feels guilty when he disobeys his parents' rule about not eating cookies before dinner. Freud would see Carlos's guilt as a sign that he has developed a(n): A) superego. B) fixation. C) id. D) ego.

Children start to show awareness of adults' demands and begin to regulate themselves accordingly at about _____ of age. A) 9 to 12 months B) 15 to 18 months C) 1 to 2 years D) 3 to 4 years

Children use _____ to choose between phonological recoding and visually based retrieval. A) a strategy-choice process B) knowledge of strategic decisions C) a decision-rule process D) comprehension monitoring

Children who demonstrate a mastery orientation in response to failure: A) tend to focus on their own evaluations of themselves rather than others' evaluations of them. B) believe that intelligence is a fixed trait. C) believe that they are smart in nearly all contexts. D) give up when they experience failure.

Children with difficult temperaments are more likely than children with other temperaments to exhibit _____ when they become adolescents and young adults. A) illegal behaviors B) depression C) possession of wide circle of friends D) social withdrawal

Children with dyslexia have problems with reading due primarily to weakness in: A) phonological processing. B) comprehension. C) strategy-choice process. D) letter recognition.

Compared to adolescents' conceptions, school-age children's friendship conceptions are: A) more concrete. B) focused more on intimacy. C) defined more in terms of loyalty. D) more egalitarian.

Compared to children whose parents do not divorce, children of divorce are: A) more likely to experience depression. B) more likely to complete high school. C) less likely to have behavioral problems. D) more socially competent.

Contemporary learning theorists emphasize the importance of _____ on children's development. A) cognitive factors B) internal forces C) subjective experience D) context

Cultural differences in values and expectations about the skills that are necessary for children appear to be associated with all of these factors EXCEPT: A) parents' concern for children's well-being. B) parental gatekeeping of peer interactions. C) parents' beliefs about the importance of peer relations. D) children's behavior when they are in social interactions with peers.

Deborah, an adolescent, is preoccupied with how she appears to other people. She feels like everyone notices her and her every behavior. This feeling is referred to as: A) a belief in an imaginary audience. B) a personal fable. C) a belief in the all-important self. D) egocentric.

Differences in IQ scores of children in different racial and ethnic groups: A) do not tell us anything about what would happen if the children lived in different environments. B) reflect differences for given individuals. C) indicate intellectual potential. D) are completely explained by differences in socioeconomic class.

Discrete emotions theory holds that: A) the basic emotions are innate and distinct from early in life. B) emotional facial expressions must be learned. C) a select few emotions are present at birth, and the others are a function of experience. D) children must learn to fear strangers.

During late in the first year of life, children are _____ to laugh at unexpected events and/but are _____ to take pleasure in making other people laugh. A) likely; likely B) likely; unlikely C) unlikely; likely D) unlikely; unlikely

During the second year of life, children are _____ to laugh at unexpected events and/but are _____ to take pleasure in making other people laugh. A) likely; likely B) likely; unlikely C) unlikely; likely D) unlikely; unlikely

During which stage does the superego develop? A) phallic B) latency C) anal D) genital

Repeated exposure to a feared object or experience in order to reduce fear is referred to as: A) systematic desensitization. B) operant conditioning. C) behavior modification. D) classical conditioning.

Eight-year-old Trina does not want to do her homework and would rather watch TV. Her parents think that Trina can make her own decisions about her schoolwork, and thus they do not get involved. They are affectionate with Trina in other situations, but they do little to try to regulate their daughter's behavior. Trina's parents would likely be classified as: A) permissive. B) authoritative. C) rejecting-neglecting. D) authoritarian.

Emmy responds more positively to her mother than to other people. She smiles and laughs more often in her mother's presence than in the presence of other people. She does not exhibit separation distress, nor does she actively seek out her mother. Bowlby would consider Emmy to be in which phase of the development of attachment? A) attachment-in-the-making B) reciprocal relationships C) preattachment D) clear-cut attachment

Emotional self-regulation includes all of these activities EXCEPT: A) eliminating subjective negative feelings. B) modulating one's interpretation of evocative situations. C) appropriately inhibiting facial expressions related to one's feelings. D) initiating actions related to one's feelings.

Erikson theorized that identity foreclosure takes place when identity: A) is based on little exploration of choices. B) represents the opposite of what is valued by one's parents. C) is in "time-out." D) is diffused.

Evolutionary psychologists posit that parents spend the great deal of time and resources that they do in raising their children because: A) their genes will be perpetuated only if their children survive long enough to reproduce. B) they have been socialized to do so by imitating their own parents. C) their children's affection and attention serve as positive reinforcements. D) their children are imprinted on them.

Fear of strangers typically begins at approximately _____ of age and lasts until approximately _____ of age. A) 7 months; 2 years B) 4 months; 2 years C) 7 months; 1 year D) 4 months; 1 year

Freud theorized that individuals' development is propelled by: A) their instinctual drives. B) the contexts in which they live. C) interpretations of their parents' behavior. D) their attributional biases.

Friendship is defined as a relationship that is: A) characterized by reciprocities. B) between same-sex members. C) conflictual D) All of the answers are correct.

From an evolutionary standpoint, attachment is similar to which mechanism? A) imprinting B) development of the id C) theory of mind D) identification

Hina is a young adolescent. If asked to describe herself, which statement is she LEAST likely to say? A) "I just don't understand why sometimes I am so nice and other times I am so mean." B) "I don't have that many friends." C) "I have more friends than Kate because she isn't as nice a person as I am." D) "I can be a real introvert sometimes."

IQ calculation relies on the fact that intelligence scores fall into what type of distribution? A) normal B) standard deviated C) skewed D) double-mean

If the ego, as theorized by Freud, could speak, which statement would it be MOST likely to say? A) "Let's figure out how to make this work." B) "I want it NOW!" C) "That's not the right thing to do." D) "That's going to cause problems in the future."

In a cross-cultural study of parenting style, high levels of warmth and high levels of control were found to occur together in all of these families EXCEPT in _____ families. A) European American B) African American C) Italian D) Jordanian

In comparison with preschool children, children in elementary school are: A) less emotionally intense. B) less likely to be worried about real-life issues. C) more emotionally negative. D) more likely to be angry at someone who harms them accidentally.

In her conception of parenting styles, Baumrind included all of these EXCEPT: A) psychological control. B) setting limits. C) responsiveness to children's emotional needs. D) discipline.

In late childhood, children tend to rely particularly on which factor to evaluate themselves? A) peer evaluations B) parental evaluations C) teacher standards D) internalized standards

In reference to children's peer interactions, parental gatekeeping refers to: A) overseeing how and when children spend time with peers. B) preventing children from being harmed by peers. C) believing children are to be seen and not heard. D) teaching children how to interact positively with peers.

In terms of emotional regulation, as they get older, children: A) are better able to select appropriate strategies. B) rely on their parents more. C) use behavioral strategies to a greater extent. D) do all of these things.

In the United States, higher-SES parents tend to be _____ authoritative than lower-SES parents, and this difference is _____ in non-Western cultures A) more; similar B) more; opposite from the finding C) less; opposite from the finding D) less; similar

Incentive motivation is thought to be part of: A) temperament. B) emotional regulation. C) co-rumination. D) emotional intelligence.

Infants 12 months old are _____ to comprehend the emotional tone of others' faces, and/but are _____ to comprehend the emotional tone of others' voices. A) able; able B) able; unable C) unable; able D) unable; unable

Infants who approach their mothers and also regard them as a source of fear are considered to have which type of attachment? A) disorganized/disoriented B) insecure/resistant C) secure D) insecure/avoidant

Many cultural variations in children's experiences of self-conscious emotions appear to be associated with cultural differences in the: A) importance placed on the individual versus the importance placed on the social group. B) level of emotional maturity expected of children. C) age at which children understand that they themselves are entities separate from others. D) distinction among shame, guilt, and embarrassment.

Mary Ainsworth concluded that the quality of infant attachments can be determined by looking at: A) infant reactions to separations from the caregiver and the infant's use of the caregiver as a secure base. B) infant smiling directed at the caregiver and caregiver nonverbal communication toward the infant. C) mutual verbal and nonverbal communication between the infant and the caregiver. D) the infant's use of the caregiver as a secure base and smiling versus crying in the presence of the caregiver.

Mary Ainsworth's laboratory test used for measuring infants' attachment to their caregivers is referred to as the: A) Strange Situation. B) Internal Working Model. C) Reciprocity Test. D) Stranger Interaction Test.

Mathematical equality refers to the: A) concept that the values on the two sides of an equal sign must balance. B) equivalent solutions generated by multiple accurate strategies. C) fact that good math students and perfectionists are equally accurate. D) None of the answers is correct.

Measurements of intelligence directly measure: A) behavior on tasks that require intelligence. B) capacity to think and learn. C) both behavior on tasks that require intelligence and capacity to think and learn. D) neither behavior on tasks that require intelligence nor capacity to think and learn.

Media is located in which bioecological level? A) exosystem B) macrosystem C) microsystem D) mesosystem

Mental models of the sizes of numbers are referred to as: A) numerical magnitude representations. B) symbolic numerical magnitudes. C) mathematical equality estimates. D) visually based representations.

Mothers who are easily overwhelmed and who are inconsistent in responding to their infants are more likely than other mothers to have infants who are: A) insecure/resistant. B) disorganized/disoriented. C) difficult. D) insecure/avoidant

Noticing discrepancies between one's own performance and others' performance is founded on: A) social comparison. B) self-esteem. C) overconfidence. D) an adolescent sense of self.

Of these sociometric status groups, children in which group are MOST likely to remain in the same sociometric group over long periods of time? A) rejected B) controversial C) popular D) neglected

Of these words, a child is LEAST likely to use phonological recoding to read the word: A) the B) kind C) yellow D) planet

Of these words, a child is MOST likely to use visually based retrieval to read the word: A) she B) they C) somebody D) jacket

On average, do stepmothers or stepfathers appear to have more difficulty with their stepchildren? A) Stepmothers appear to have more difficulty. B) Stepfathers appear to have more difficulty. C) Stepmothers and stepfathers appear to have equal difficulty, with both having a great deal of difficulty. D) Stepmothers and stepfathers appear to have equal difficulty, with neither having a great deal of difficulty.

On the topic of continuous versus discontinuous development, learning theories: A) propose that development is continuous. B) propose that development is discontinuous. C) propose that development is continuous within the major stages of development. D) do not address the issue of continuity and discontinuity.

Parental investment theory can be used to explain: A) differences in rates of child abuse perpetrated against biological children versus stepchildren. B) imprinting. C) societal changes in views of women in the workforce. D) hostile attributional biases.

Parental use of psychological control tends to be reported most in which type of family? A) relatively poor B) relative wealthy C) nontraditional D) older parents

Parents who will be MOST likely to have children with poor self-esteem are those who regularly discipline their children with comments such as: A) "You are so irresponsible." B) "You should not have done that." C) "That was an irresponsible thing to do." D) "You need to be much more careful next time."

Participation in the experimental early-intervention programs in the 1960s had all of these effects EXCEPT: A) sustained increases in IQ scores. B) decreased use of the welfare system. C) decreased rate of assignment to special-education classes. D) rapid increases in IQ scores.

Psychologists have suggested that ethnic differences in parenting styles in the United States may be a result of differences in: A) the motives common in different environments. B) parental skills. C) child behavior. D) all of these factors.

Recent theorists have proposed that infant temperament is captured by several dimensions. Which of these items is NOT one of those dimensions? A) difficulty level B) rhythmicity C) irritable distress D) positive affect

Research examining the associations between IQ scores and outcomes such as income and occupational success has demonstrated that: A) IQ score is more closely related to individuals' occupational success than any other factor ever studied. B) regardless of the socioeconomic status of an individual's family of origin, individuals with high IQ scores always succeed. C) other factors, such as motivation and social skills, have little impact on economic success. D) people with comparable IQ scores tend to make similar amounts of money, despite variability in level of education.

Research has demonstrated that which parental practice is associated with less hostility in sibling relationships? A) being are warm and accepting B) treating the siblings differently C) leaning on children in times of marital conflict D) all of these practices

Research has suggested that in African American families, the authoritarian parenting style is associated with: A) higher academic competence. B) greater antisocial behavior. C) poorer social competence. D) poor receptiveness to parents' preferences and demands.

Research indicates that compared to preschool children who were securely attached as infants, those who were insecurely attached as infants tend to be: A) more aggressive. B) less withdrawn. C) better liked by their peers. D) All of these traits characterize those children.

Reza tends to base his self-worth on the approval he receives or does not receive from other people. When given a choice, he is likely to choose situations in which he can _____. He is considered to have an _____ orientation. A) be assured of success; entity/helpless B) be assured of success; incremental/mastery C) enjoy the challenge of a difficult problem; entity/helpless D) enjoy the challenge of a difficult problem; incremental/mastery

Rhonda believes that her intelligence can grow with experience. When Rhonda encounters failure, she would be expected to: A) work persistently to solve the problem. B) believe that her failure is due to a lack of ability. C) believe she is dumb. D) feel helpless.

Roger, who is 10 months old, is sitting on the floor of his room happily playing with his toys. The phone rings, and his mother leaves the room to get it. Roger begins to cry. Roger is experiencing: A) separation anxiety. B) loneliness. C) fear of strangers. D) jealousy.

Role taking refers to: A) adopting the perspective of another person. B) forming a solid identity. C) becoming intimate with another person. D) deciding on a career path.

Self-conscious emotions are different from other emotions in that they: A) relate to our consciousness of others' reactions to us. B) are more easily discerned from facial expressions. C) develop earlier. D) are always focused on other people.

Selman proposed that changes in children's thinking about friendships are a result of changes in: A) their ability to take others' perspectives into account. B) how they are able to express their ideas. C) what they need from their friends. D) hormones and neurochemistry.

Separation anxiety typically declines in which of Bowlby's phases? A) reciprocal relationships B) attachment-in-the-making C) clear-cut attachment D) preattachment

Social cognitive theories are considered somewhat incomplete because they fail to: A) discuss the role of biological factors in development. B) see children as actively involved in their own development. C) fully consider cognitive factors. D) have any real-world implications.

Social learning theory emphasizes the importance of _____ as a mechanism of development. A) imitation B) punishment C) contexts D) reinforcement

Sociometrically popular children are more likely than average children to exhibit _____ aggression, but are less likely than average children to exhibit _____ aggression. Children who are perceived as popular increasingly use _____ aggression across adolescence. A) assertive; angry; relational and physical B) angry; assertive; relational C) assertive; angry; relational D) angry; assertive; relational and physica

Studies using Sameroff's environmental risk scale have demonstrated that: A) the number of risks in a child's environment is a better predictor of IQ score than any single risk alone. B) an unemployed head of household is the strongest risk factor for low IQ. C) maternal anxiety is the strongest risk factor for low IQ. D) environmental risks have only short-term effects on children's intellectual development.

The MOST accurate statement about the effects of divorce on children is that divorce has effects on: A) many child outcomes, both in the short and long term. B) many child outcomes in the short term, but few in the long term. C) a few child outcomes in the short term, and many in the long term. D) a few child outcomes in the short term, but none in the long term.

The ability to think on the spot is referred to as _____ intelligence. A) fluid B) general C) practical D) crystallized

The active role children play in their own development is a central focus of: A) the bioecological approach. B) all ecological theories of development. C) ethology. D) evolutionary psychology.

The aspect of emotional understanding that develops latest is understanding: A) of emotional ambivalence. B) that one can feel two negative emotions simultaneously. C) the difference between real and false emotions. D) the distinction between fear and anger.

The bidirectional nature of hostile parenting behaviors and hostile adolescent behaviors results in: A) an escalation of these behaviors. B) a reduction of influence on each other. C) relationship stability. D) none of these.

The correlational nature of the research on the influence of friendships on children's aggressive and disruptive behavior makes it difficult to know whether results reflect: A) individual selection or socialization. B) active participation or individual selection. C) socialization or peer influence. D) peer influence or self-management.

The direct and indirect influence that parents have on their children's standards, values, and ways of thinking is referred to as: A) socialization. B) discipline. C) emotional regulation. D) social referencing.

The ethnic identity component referred to as ethnic knowledge involves: A) understanding the behaviors, traits, customs, and so on that distinguish one's ethnic group. B) engaging in the behaviors that reflect the distinguishing characteristics of one's ethnic group. C) understanding that one will always be a member of one's ethnic group. D) labeling oneself as a member of one's ethnic group.

The existence of prodigies such as Mozart is evidence of the theory of intelligence developed by which scholar? A) Gardner B) Sternberg C) Binet D) Carroll

The exosystem involves the: A) settings in which the child is not a direct participant. B) temporal dimension. C) general beliefs, values, customs, and laws of the larger society. D) connections among the contexts in which the child directly participates.

The few studies that have examined the association between HOME scores and children's IQ scores in adoptive families have indicated that the associations for children who are adopted are _____ the associations found with children living with their biological parents. A) lower than B) exactly the same as C) almost the same as D) greater than

The gender difference in _____ is NOT an important contributor to the difference in rates of depression in adolescent females and males. A) academic achievement B) likelihood of rumination C) concern with physical appearance D) difficulty with the biological changes of adolescence

The goal of the ego is to: A) link the individual to the external world. B) maximize the individual's pleasure. C) control the individual's behavior on the basis of moral beliefs. D) seek security for the individual.

The initial signs of fear develop at approximately _____ months of age. A) 6 to 7 B) 2 to 3 C) 4 to 5 D) 8 to 9

The multiple intelligences theory includes _____ intelligence. A) interpersonal B) fluid C) rote memory D) normal

The notion that children's later adjustment depends on how well-suited adults' parenting style is to their children's temperament is referred to as: A) goodness of fit. B) environment over biology influence. C) easy temperament effect. D) attachment of the child.

The study by Judy Dunn discussed in the text demonstrated that discussions of emotions with family members at ages 2 and 3 were associated at age 6 with: A) understanding of others' emotions. B) worrying and anxiety. C) secure attachment. D) emotional intensity.

There is a slight tendency for African Americans to have higher self-esteem than European Americans because African Americans: A) tend to have a stronger ethnic identity than European Americans. B) are less likely to be gay or lesbian. C) are more likely to live in impoverished neighborhoods. D) All of the reasons listed are equally likely.

Visually based retrieval is a method used to: A) identify words. B) decode words. C) match letters to their sounds. D) do none of these.

What can parents do to help their children successfully resolve Erikson's basic trust vs. mistrust stage? A) be consistent and warm in their caretaking B) help the children have successful experiences C) not be highly controlling D) instill socially acceptable behaviors

When considering the possibility and direction of causality between quality of parenting and peer acceptance, the text states that the MOST likely possibility is that: A) the causal links are bidirectional. B) there is a third variable, such as children's temperament, that causes both parenting behaviors and peer acceptance. C) quality of parenting causes peer acceptance. D) there is no causal relationship between quality of parenting and peer acceptance.

Which ability is NOT a component of self-discipline? A) ability to read others' intentions B) ability to follow rules C) ability to avoid impulsive reactions D) ability to inhibit actions

Which behavior during the Strange Situation is characteristic of infants who are classified as insecure/avoidant? A) ignoring mother when she returns to room B) displaying severe distress when mother leaves room C) clinging to mother rather than playing with toys D) while playing, looking back to check on mother

Which child is probably the BEST at comprehending what he reads? A) Abraham, who rereads passages he does not understand B) Brian, who spends a great deal of cognitive resources on sounding words out C) Carlos, who reads all material quickly D) Drew, who reads infrequently

Which concept is MOST closely related to a hostile attributional bias? A) entity theory B) incremental theory C) performance goals D) learning goals

Which condition is NOT more common among children and adolescents who are maltreated than among their peers? A) self-reliance and independence from teachers B) problems with peer relationships C) less secure attachments with parents D) eating disorders

Which condition would be the MOST interesting to an ethological theorist? A) aggression B) role taking C) societal value placed on independence D) divorce

Which dimension is NOT considered to be part of temperament? A) emotional intelligence B) activity level C) positive affect D) rhythmicity

Which dimension is probably LEAST affected by cultural norms and practices? A) types of emotions experienced B) expression of anger C) amount of crying by infants D) feelings of pride

Which element is a key factor in preschoolers' choices of friends? A) proximity B) popularity C) race of child D) similarity of interests

Which factor does NOT increase an adolescent's risk of becoming pregnant? A) living with both biological parents B) having an older adolescent sibling who is sexually active C) having a mother who is cold and uninvolved D) having friends who are sexually active

Which hypothesis regarding adolescents' peer relationships and online social communication has received the LEAST support from research? A) Online communication impairs the quality of existing friendships. B) Online communication is beneficial for lonely and depressed youths. C) In terms of the impact of online communication on peer relationships, the "rich-get-richer." D) Online communication enhances the closeness of peer relationships.

Which is NOT a characteristic of children who use media screens heavily? A) more advanced social skills B) poorer grades C) higher levels of obesity D) lower arousal levels when viewing violence

Which of the following statements about exceptionally gifted children is true? A) Exceptionally gifted children are more likely to be exceptional in a single area than in a wide range of areas. B) Exceptionally gifted children tend not to make outstanding contributions during adulthood. C) Exceptionally gifted children tend to be low in energy level. D) Exceptionally gifted children tend to need to learn with the help of adults.

Which of these improves children's adjustment to a parent's remarriage? A) all of the children being full siblings B) the children being older C) the stepparent being a stepmother D) all of these

Which of these stimuli is LEAST likely to elicit a smile in a 7-month-old infant? A) a smiling stranger B) an interesting object C) being able to control a particular event D) a parent's tickle on the tummy

Which parental characteristic is LEAST likely to be associated with high self-esteem in children? A) rigid B) accepting C) firm D) involved

Which piece of evidence does NOT support the existence of "g"? A) Some tests of intelligence increase steadily with age, whereas others do not. B) Overall scores on intelligence tests correlate positively with achievement test scores. C) Intelligence tests correlate with people's knowledge of subjects they have not studied in school. D) Children who do well on one intellectual task tend to do well on other intellectual tasks.

Which property is NOT a goal theorized by Erikson to be important? A) differentiation B) trust C) identity D) initiative

Which scenario is an example of a parent serving as social manager in the socialization of generosity? A) Tanya's mother signs her child up for volunteer work at the local hospital after school. B) Frank's dad explains to his child how important it is to give to people who have less than them. C) Hannah's mom often makes food for a neighborhood mother whose husband is ill. D) Michael's dad tells his children that they need to share their toys when their friends play at their home.

Which situation is the MOST common custody arrangement following divorce? A) custody by mothers B) custody by fathers C) joint physical custody D) custody by another family member

Which state is an example of an internalizing problem? A) loneliness B) delinquency C) substance abuse D) aggression

Which statement BEST reflects research on the long-term benefits of friendships? A) Children with friends in elementary school are better adjusted on a variety of measures in middle childhood and adulthood. B) The benefits of having many unreciprocated friendships can outweigh the benefits of having a single reciprocated best friend. C) Having reciprocated best friendships causes children to exhibit fewer problems in middle childhood. D) Having reciprocated best friendships causes children to exhibit fewer problems in adulthood.

Which statement about children's friendships is true? A) Openness between friends enhances creativity. B) Friendships do not help children who are being victimized by other peers. C) Higher levels of gossip in friendships are associated with poor developmental outcomes. D) All of these statements are true.

Which statement about depression in adolescence is true? A) Adolescents who are depressed frequently exhibit behavioral problems such as aggression and substance abuse. B) Genetic factors rarely contribute to depression. C) Poorer adolescents are especially prone to nonclinical depression but not to clinical depression. D) All of the statements are true.

Which statement about how parents behave toward attractive and unattractive infants is true? A) Parents of attractive infants are more affectionate toward and pay more attention to their infants than do parents of unattractive infants. B) Parents of attractive infants are less affectionate toward and pay less attention to their infants than do parents of unattractive infants. C) Parents of attractive infants and parents of unattractive infants behave in a similar manner toward their infants, and this remains the same as children get older. D) Parents of attractive infants and parents of unattractive infants behave in a similar manner toward their infants, but this changes as children get older.

Which of the following would be included in Bronfenbrenner's exosystem? A child's preschool. Parental contact with a child's teacher. A mother's workplace. Government policies concerning maternity leave.

A mother's workplace.

Which statement about parental conflict following divorce is true? A) Fathers tend to be less involved with their children when there is parental conflict. B) If adolescents feel that they can act as intermediaries between their parents, they tend to feel empowered, and thus are at decreased risk of engaging in problem behaviors. C) Conflict tends to decrease soon after the divorce is finalized. D) When children witness violence between their parents, they are less likely to use violence with their own partners when they are older.

Which statement about self-esteem is NOT true? A) High self-esteem may have negative consequences for some individuals. B) Low self-esteem is associated with being born to a teenage mother. C) Low self-esteem predicts weak economic prospects. D) Heredity contributes to self-esteem.

Which statement about sibling relationships is true? A) Siblings with parents who get along well tend to get along better with each other than do siblings with parents who fight with one another. B) Siblings in divorced families tend to get along better than those in nondivorced families, as they tend to count on each other for support. C) Perceived differential treatment by parents is typically not problematic in sibling relationships when it is the younger child who receives the better treatment. D) Although children may be annoyed when parents favor their siblings, differential treatment is unlikely to affect sibling relationships.

Which statement about the association between the intellectual quality of the family environment and children's IQ scores is NOT true? A) There is a confirmed causal relation between the intellectual quality of the family environment and IQ score. B) IQ score is positively correlated with the intellectual quality of the family environment throughout childhood. C) The intellectual quality of the family environment at an early age is associated with IQ score at a later age. D) If the intellectual quality of the family environment decreases, IQ score tends to decrease as well.

Which statement about the friendships of children under the age of 2 is true? A) They appear to be able to select, prefer, and have more positive interactions with some children over others. B) They show some preference for playing with some children but show no other differential behavior toward these preferred playmates. C) They show more positive affect toward some children but do not appear to be more likely to seek them out as playmates. D) They are incapable of having a preferred playmate.

Which statement about the origins of cultural differences in emotion is true? A) Parental socialization plays a large part in the development of emotions that are appropriate to the culture. B) Differences in emotional experience appear to be nearly entirely due to environmental, as opposed to genetic, differences. C) Differences in emotional expression appear to be largely due to genetic differences. D) Emotional experiences have equivalent meanings across cultures.

Which statement is NOT an example of a maladaptive belief that is associated with depression? A) "My mother drives me crazy." B) "Nothing in this world is fair." C) "Nothing I can do will fix this problem." D) "I'm worthless."

Which statement is an example of an active effect of the genotype on a child's scientific understanding? A) Sally is interested in science, so she joins the science club at school. B) Gabriel loves to go to the science museum, so his parents take him often. C) Charlotte is curious about scientific phenomena, so her parents explain many scientific phenomena to her. D) Blake's parents love to read about science, so they have many science books and magazines in their home.

Which statement is true about sexual identity or orientation? A) Identical twins are more similar in sexual identity than are fraternal twins. B) Sexual identity is thought by current psychological researchers to be a choice. C) Individuals become attracted to the sex that they feel is most similar to them. D) Sexual orientation is considered to be entirely determined by genetic factors.

Which statement supports the distinction between fluid and crystalized intelligence? A) Knowledge of word meanings is correlated with knowledge of arithmetic problems to a higher degree than to speed of information processing. B) Intelligence tests correlate with people's knowledge of subjects they have not studied in school. C) Children who do well on one intellectual task tend to do well on other intellectual tasks. D) Speed of neural transmission is positively correlated with brain volume.

Which statement would MOST likely be made by a theorist who takes a functionalist approach to understanding emotional development? A) The purpose of anger is to initiate movement to eliminate an obstacle to one's goal. B) Developmental changes in the experience of joy/pleasure are due to accumulating social experiences. C) Distinct emotions are innate and present from early in life. D) There is a direct link between the inner emotional state of fear and the facial expression that accompanies it.

Which theorist focuses on infants' accumulating social interaction and their expanding ability to understand their experiences as the explanation for the developmental change from primitive to more advanced forms of emotion during the early years of life? A) Alan Sroufe B) Joseph Campos C) Carroll Izard D) Charles Darwin

While Alex is swinging on the school playground's monkey bars, he kicks Michael on the shoulder. If Michael has a hostile attributional bias, he will believe: A) Alex kicked him intentionally. B) Alex kicked him accidentally. C) he got in Alex's way. D) he deserved to be kicked.

Who is the MOST common perpetrator of child maltreatment? A) mothers B) fathers C) stepparents D) teachers and paid caregivers

With respect to the nature of children and development, theories of social cognition emphasize: A) self-socialization. B) reinforcement and imitation. C) the stages children progress through as they develop. D) the contexts of which children are a part.

_____ is an example of a weapon against the negative effects of media on children that occurs at the microsystem level. A) Parental control of children's access B) Legal controls C) Nonviolent media D) Regulation of advertising

_____ is an example of the way in which children play an active role in their own development. A) Reciprocal determinism B) Behavior modification C) Operant conditioning D) Systematic desensitization

_____ is involved in phonological recoding skills. A) Sounding out B) Visually based retrieval C) Mental model production D) Comprehension monitoring

_____ is part of the macrosystem. A) The societal belief that men should be breadwinners B) A father's job loss C) The societal shift in the employment status of women over the past decade D) A mother's practice of taking her daughter to work on Take Your Daughter to Work Day

_____ is part of the mesosystem. A) Parents' contact with a child's soccer coach B) Societal importance placed on athletic prowess of boys C) A child's soccer team D) A father's job as a truck driver

An emotion is best defined as: An experience-independent feeling generated by internal processes and reactions. An innately-driven neural response to an event. A subjective feeling brought about by a particular experience. A complex, coordinated reaction to significant events.

A complex, coordinated reaction to significant events.

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding heritability and intelligence: About 50% of the variance in intelligence within a given individual is due to genetics. About 50% of the variance in intelligence within a given population is due to genetics. The heritability quotient for intelligence is 0.5. Identical twins reared together tend to show more similar intelligence levels than identical twins reared apart.

About 50% of the variance in intelligence within a given individual is due to genetics.

Which of the following is NOT true of Freud's theory? His theory supports discontinuous development. He emphasized the importance of emotional relationships. He emphasized the influence of children's sexual nature on behaviour and relationships. All of these statements are true of Freud's theory.

All of these statements are true of Freud's theory.

Compared to other parenting styles, this parenting style is associated with children who have low self-confidence and higher rates of unhappiness. It is also associated with higher rates of alcohol problems in adolescence. Permissive Authoritarian Rejecting-Neglecting Authoritative

Authoritarian

Once children become pretty good at reading, they stop focusing on instruction for reading and focus instead on gaining information by reading, so-called "reading to learn" rather than "learning to read". At approximately what grade does this start to happen? Approximately Grade 7. Approximately Grade 3. Not until high school do children really learn anything from what they read. Approximately Grade 1.

Approximately Grade 3.

A 4-month-old infant is habituated to pictures of people expressing surprise. The infant is then presented with a picture of a person expressing happiness. The infant is likely to: A) display no renewed interest in the pictures, as infants this young are unable to differentiate between emotions. B) dishabituate to the new picture but not comprehend the difference in meaning between the first set of pictures and the new picture. C) dishabituate to the new picture and comprehend the emotional meaning of the facial expressions. D) cry, as the happy face is likely to elicit fear in an infant this age.

A passive effect of genotype on environment occurs as a result of the: A) child's influence over other people's behavior. B) overlap between a child's genotype and the genotypes of his or her biological parents. C) child seeking out environments that are consistent with his or her genotype. D) adoption agency's choice of parents for a newborn.

A person who believes that intelligence is fixed is considered by Dweck and her colleagues to have a(n) _____ theory of intelligence. A) learning B) entity C) incremental D) mastery

A typical sequence of actions used to organize repeated events is referred to as a: A) mental model. B) script. C) strategy. D) scheme.

According to Carroll's integration of theories of intelligence, which properties influence a person's skill at a particular type of problem? A) fluid and crystallized intelligence B) "g," moderately general abilities, and specific processes C) general intelligence D) primary mental abilities

According to Erikson, if adolescents do not successfully develop a core sense of identity, they will experience: A) mistrust. B) role confusion. C) isolation. D) shame and doubt

According to Erikson, when parents support their toddlers' development of self-control without instigating a loss of self-esteem, toddlers will develop a sense of: A) industry. B) autonomy. C) trust. D) initiative.

According to Freud's theory, infants fear: A) delay of gratification. B) loss of love. C) potty training. D) hunger.

According to Freud, _____ leads children to the emergence of the superego. A) coping with the intense sexual desires of the genital stage B) coping with the intense sexual desires of the phallic stage C) need to suppress immediate gratification in the anal stage D) need to suppress immediate gratification in the phallic stage

According to Freud, children begin to identify with their same-sex parent in the _____ stage. A) genital B) phallic C) latency D) anal

According to Freud, in every stage, children: A) must channel their psychic energy outside of their body. B) face conflicts related to a particular erogenous zone. C) constrain the id with the superego. D) do all of these.

According to Selman, young children's thinking about other people is: A) surprisingly abstract. B) egocentric. C) complex. D) unrelated to their level of cognitive development.

An IQ of 92.5 indicates that the individual: A) is more intelligent than most of his peers. B) is one-half a standard deviation below the mean for his age group. C) has an intelligence score higher than only 16 percent of his peers. D) is of average intelligence.

An infant's level of rhythmicity is indicated by: A) how distressed the infant becomes in new situations. B) the consistency of the daily sleeping schedule. C) how long the infant looks at an interesting object. D) degree of cooperativeness.

As a young child, Riley exhibited intense negative emotions and had a great deal of trouble controlling them. Chris, on the other hand, was even-keeled and predictable. As adults, Riley is likely to be: A) more academically successful than Chris. B) less socially competent than Chris. C) more prone to phobias than Chris. D) similar to Chris, as the qualities exhibited in young childhood rarely carry over to adulthood.

As children become adolescents, their self-esteem increasingly becomes based on: A) their academic achievement. B) their own internalized standards. C) peers' evaluations. D) their appearance.

At 4 years old, Doug is told a story about Jimmy, a boy whose favorite toy has just been broken. When Doug is asked what Jimmy is feeling, Doug is likely to indicate: A) happiness. B) sadness. C) shame. D) that he is unable to predict Jimmy's emotion.

At what age are children capable of showing preference for some children over others? A) infancy B) toddlerhood C) early childhood D) late childhood

Authoritarian parents are those who: A) are abusive. B) are highly demanding and unresponsive. C) have little interest in disciplining their children. D) are attentive and consistent in their discipline.

Baby Rachel sucks her thumb and rubs the ribbons in her baby doll's hair in response to fear-provoking situations. Baby Rachel is engaging in: A) gaze aversion. B) self-soothing. C) emotional restriction. D) mental distraction.

Bandura's theory did all of the following EXCEPT: A) emphasize the role of cognitive aspects of learning. B) hold that direct reinforcement is required for learning. C) focus on the role of observations of others. D) acknowledge the active role children play in their own development.

Bowlby proposed that attachment: A) occurs toward the first moving person an infant sees. B) is rooted in evolution. C) is necessary for identity development. D) has at its center the notion of a needy, dependent infant.

Children of which type of parents tend to be the most well-adjusted in terms of competence, antisocial behavior, and self-confidence? A) permissive B) authoritative C) rejecting-neglecting D) authoritarian

Children recognize themselves in the mirror starting at approximately what age? A) 12 months old B) 18 months old C) 24 months old D) 36 months old

Children who are the target of their peers' aggression and demeaning behavior are referred to as: A) rejected. B) victimized. C) withdrawn. D) wimps.

Children whose parents use which parenting style following a divorce are MOST likely to adjust well to the divorce? A) authoritarian B) authoritative C) permissive D) rejecting-neglecting

Children's preference for same-sex friends emerges in: A) toddlerhood. B) preschool. C) elementary school. D) middle school.

Chinese parents frequently try to induce _____ in their children. A) embarrassment B) shame C) guilt D) pride

Clear peer-group dominance hierarchies begin at what age? A) toddlerhood B) preschool age C) middle childhood D) late childhood

Compared to parents of children with low social competence, parents of children who are socially competent are more likely to believe that: A) their children's level of social competence is something they were born with. B) they should take an active role in teaching their children social skills. C) any social problems their children have are due to the children's nature. D) they are not responsible for providing their children with opportunities for peer interaction.

Compared to younger parents, older parents tend to have all of these characteristics EXCEPT: A) less stress. B) more children. C) greater financial resources. D) more positivity in their parenting.

Crystallized intelligence refers to: A) the ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks. B) factual knowledge about the world. C) the ability to think on the spot. D) individuals' memory span.

Dawn, who is 3 years old, wants a toy that her friend is holding. Without regard for her friend's feelings or her parents' rules about taking other children's toys, Dawn uses all her strength to pull the toy from her friend's hands. Freud would assert that Dawn is primarily being led by her: A) superego. B) id. C) ego. D) conscience.

Does heredity contribute to individuals' self-esteem? A) Yes, by directly coding for level of self-esteem. B) Yes, at least partly by influencing aspects of the self, such as physical appearance, athletic ability, and intellectual abilities, which then influence self-esteem. C) No, heredity does not influence self-esteem. D) There is no way to examine the contribution of heredity to self-esteem.

Higher levels of mathematics anxiety are associated with: A) being a boy. B) parents and teachers who are anxious about their own mathematical ability. C) lower levels of activity in particular parts of the brain when individuals are presented with mathematics problems. D) all of these.

Elementary school children are less likely to be afraid of monsters than preschool children because older children have: A) better night vision. B) a better understanding of reality. C) better language skills. D) more coping skills.

Emil, who is 4 years old, has a doctor's appointment today and he knows he will need to get a shot. Which behavior is Emil LEAST likely to do in response to this negative situation? A) have a temper tantrum B) realize that this situation cannot be controlled and try to distract himself by thinking about the lollipop he will get following the shot C) refuse to stop playing with his toys as his mother is trying to get him ready to go to the doctor's office D) tell his mother he does not need the shot

Erikson theorized that a negative identity is one that: A) is based on little exploration of choices. B) represents the opposite of what is valued by one's parents. C) is in "time-out." D) is focused on the expectation of few choices and a poor self-image.

Erikson's stages are characterized by: A) the personality structure that emerges during the particular stage. B) a specific crisis that must be resolved. C) the erogenous zones in which the psychic energy is focused. D) a particular manner of responding to reward and reinforcement.

Ethological theorists hypothesize that the play preferences of males and females are due to: A) parents' encouragement. B) evolved predispositions. C) imprinting. D) the desire to be like others of the same sex.

Extensively discussing emotional problems with a peer is referred to as: A) rumination. B) co-rumination. C) reiteration. D) co-reiteration.

Feelings of _____ include a focus on oneself. A) guilt B) shame C) both guilt and shame D) neither guilt nor shame

For Chinese American and Chinese children, which parenting practice(s) is(are) related to negative outcomes? A) scolding, shame, and guilt B) physical punishment C) both physical punishment and scolding, shame, and guilt D) neither physical punishment nor scolding, shame, and guilt

For parents who have been separated for a while, which pattern is the LEAST common? A) continued conflict B) mutually helpful parenting C) rare contact D) economic stress

Freud's oral stage corresponds with which of Erikson's stages? A) initiative vs. guilt B) basic trust vs. mistrust C) autonomy vs. shame and doubt D) industry vs. inferiority

Friendship groups that children form or voluntarily join are referred to as: A) societies. B) cliques. C) crowds. D) teams.

From responses to the Adult Attachment Interview, individuals were classified into all of these groups EXCEPT: A) dismissing. B) disorganized/disoriented. C) preoccupied. D) autonomous.

Gardner's theory of intelligence proposes that intelligence is composed of: A) fluid and crystallized intelligence. B) eight intelligences. C) a hierarchy of "g," abilities, and processes. D) primary mental abilities.

Higher levels of cortisol are: A) associated with lower levels of depression. B) associated with extreme fearful responses. C) associated with easy temperamental characteristics. D) typically caused by maltreatment.

Higher-SES parents are more likely than lower-SES parents to view themselves as: A) providers. B) teachers. C) disciplinarians. D) all of these.

How is parental gatekeeping associated with children's peer relationships? A) High levels of gatekeeping, including control of peer interactions, are associated with high social competence. B) Active gatekeeping that does not include control of peer interactions is associated with high social competence. C) Active gatekeeping that does not include control of peer interactions is associated with low social competence. D) Any gatekeeping at all is associated with low social competence.

Identity diffusion refers to individuals who: A) have achieved a coherent and consolidated identity. B) are not making progress toward making commitments. C) have established an identity based on the choices of their parents. D) are exploring various choices, but have not yet made commitments to them.

If the id, as theorized by Freud, could speak, which statement would it be MOST likely to say? A) "Let's consider our options." B) "I want it NOW!" C) "That's not the right thing to do." D) "That's going to cause problems in the future."

Imagine that researchers interested in the possible bidirectional influence of children's aggression and parental use of punitive discipline examined these two variables when a group of children was at each of three ages: 4 years old, 8 years old, and 12 years old. Which finding would be the BEST support for the bidirectional influence of these variables? A) Greater punitive discipline at age 4 was associated with greater punitive discipline at age 8, which was associated with greater aggression at age 12. B) Greater aggression at age 4 was associated with greater punitive discipline at age 8, which was associated with greater aggression at age 12. C) Greater aggression at age 4 was associated with greater aggression at age 8, which was associated with greater punitive discipline at age 12. D) Less punitive discipline at age 4 was associated with greater aggression at age 8, which was associated with greater aggression at age 12.

In Freud's theory, the biologically based, instinctual drives that inspire behavior, thoughts, and feelings are referred to as: A) motivational orientation. B) psychic energy. C) erogenous zones. D) intuition.

In Western cultures, self-esteem tends to be related to _____; in Asian cultures, it tends to be related to _____. A) contributing to the welfare of the group; affirming the norms of social interdependence B) individual accomplishments; contributing to the welfare of the group C) individual accomplishments; individual accomplishments D) contributing to the welfare of the group; contributing to the welfare of the group

In a study conducted in 1986, in comparison with U.S. infants, Japanese infants appeared to be _____ likely to be securely attached, _____ likely to be insecure/resistant, and _____ likely to be insecure/avoidant. A) as; less; more B) as; more; less C) less; more; more D) more; less; less

In defining a parent's parenting style, an important dimension is the degree of: A) socioeconomic health. B) control. C) indirect socialization. D) respect.

In regard to low-income parents and the effect of social support on parenting practices, social support appears to: A) be more beneficial for those who live in the poorest, most dangerous neighborhoods than it is for other low-income parents. B) be less beneficial for those who live in the poorest, most dangerous neighborhoods than it is for other low-income parents. C) have an equally large benefit regardless of the type of neighborhood in which the parents live. D) have nearly no benefit regardless of the type of neighborhood in which the parents live.

In regard to the ability of young children to identify emotions, young children are: A) essentially unable to identify others' emotions. B) best at identifying happiness, and they have difficulty differentiating among negative emotions until they are older. C) best at identifying sadness, and they have difficulty differentiating among positive emotions until they are older. D) able to differentiate among positive emotions and among negative emotions equally well.

Psychoanalytic theories view development as driven by: A) external factors. B) biological maturation. C) the multiple contexts in which children develop. D) children's active shaping of their own development.

In the Strange Situation, baby Olivia clings to her mother, plays little with the toys in the room, and is extremely distressed when her mother leaves the room. When her mother returns to the room and picks her up, Olivia arches her back to get away from her mother. Olivia falls into which attachment category? A) disorganized/disoriented B) insecure/resistant C) secure D) insecure/avoidant

Infants respond preferentially to familiar caregivers in which of Bowlby's phases? A) reciprocal relationships B) attachment-in-the-making C) clear-cut attachment D) preattachment

Insecure/resistant infants are also referred to as: A) avoidant. B) ambivalent. C) disorganized. D) secure.

Intelligence tests are best used with children who are at least _____ old. A) 6 months B) 5 years C) 2 years D) 10 years

Internal working models of attachment: A) persist throughout childhood, but not into adulthood. B) involve individuals' feelings about being worthy or unworthy of love. C) are possessed only by securely attached individuals. D) are entirely due to biology.

Interventions with rejected children have typically: A) encouraged parents to reprimand children when they are aggressive or particularly withdrawn with their peers. B) taught children specific social skills. C) coached children to try to influence the peer group to choose activities in which the rejected children feel competent. D) encouraged the rejected children's peers to understand why the children are aggressive or withdrawn.

Intimate disclosure to parents is lowest and to peers is highest during what developmental period? A) 6th grade B) 10th grade C) college D) single adulthood

John Watson was the founder of: A) psychoanalysis. B) behaviorism. C) information-processing approaches. D) imprinting.

Kylie has a difficult temperament. Her parents' child-rearing practices: A) will have little impact on her later social adjustment. B) may become less benign and more punitive over time. C) are unlikely to change her behavior. D) All of the answers are correct.

Melissa, the mother of two children, remembers her childhood as difficult. When asked about it, she discusses her past in a consistent and cohesive manner, but reports that although there were some happy times, her parents were not always supportive. Which statement about Melissa is likely to be true? A) Her children are unlikely to be securely attached to her. B) She would most likely be classified into the autonomous adult attachment group. C) She probably experienced physical abuse at the hands of her parents. D) All of these statements are likely to be true.

Michael is an adolescent whose parents have always expected him to become a lawyer. Without considering any other options throughout high school or college, Michael applies to law school. Erikson would say Michael has made what type of identity choice? A) confusion B) foreclosure C) moratorium D) achievement

Middle-childhood cliques tend to include _____ children, with boys' groups being _____ girls' groups. A) 3 to 10; smaller than B) 3 to 10; larger than C) 3 to 10; similar in size to D) 8 to 12; larger than

Nursery rhymes are particularly good at fostering which prereading skill? A) comprehension monitoring B) phonemic awareness C) understanding multiple perspectives D) learning that words have spaces between them

Observations by Freud and Dann of the group of six German-Jewish children who were orphaned during Hitler's regime and then were sent to live together in a shelter in Britain demonstrated that: A) separations from consistent caregivers have no lasting effects for relationships with adults when supportive peer relationships exist. B) relationships with peers can help young children develop some of the social and emotional capacities usually developed in the context of parent‒child relationships. C) separations from consistent caregivers cause children to become delinquent and psychotic. D) peer relationships can more than compensate for a lack of caregiver‒child attachment, since peers can share greater intimacy and trust.

Of aggressive-rejected children and withdrawn-rejected children, which are at risk of internalizing problems in the long term? A) neither aggressive-rejected children nor withdrawn-rejected children B) both aggressive-rejected children and withdrawn-rejected children C) only aggressive-rejected children D) only withdrawn-rejected children

Of these children, who is LEAST likely to experience separation anxiety in the situation described? A) 8-month-old Gianna is placed in a car seat by her parent who then disappears from her view B) 13-month-old Nolan walks away from his parent into another room C) 18-month-old Evan is playing on the floor when his parent leaves the room D) 15-month-old Cecile is placed into her crib by her parent who then leaves the room

Of these emotions, which is identified latest by children? A) disgust B) shame C) happiness D) anger

Of visually based retrieval and phonological recoding, which is(are) a direct way of identifying words? A) both visually based retrieval and phonological recoding B) only visually based retrieval C) only phonological recoding D) neither visually based retrieval nor phonological recoding

On which point do Freud and current developmental psychologists disagree? A) existence of infantile amnesia B) effect of repression on early memory C) importance of close early relationships D) idea that much of human behavior stems from unconscious processes

One current hypothesis about why there are socioeconomic differences in parenting practices is that: A) genetic differences between lower-SES families and higher-SES families enable lower-SES families to cope with difficulties more easily. B) the increased stress that lower-SES parents experience causes them to have less time and energy for complex child-rearing issues than do higher-SES parents. C) higher-SES parents are more concerned about protecting their children from harm than are lower-SES parents. D) the jobs common to higher-SES families require a greater degree of conformity than the jobs common to lower-SES families.

One of the most notable contributions of social cognitive theories is that they: A) can advise parents on how to deal with children's problematic behavior. B) view the effect of children's social experience as dependent on their interpretations of the experiences. C) focus on the role of the unconscious. D) concentrate on the influence of biological factors on development.

Parental investment theory explains the higher rate of murder committed by stepfathers against stepchildren than of murder committed by fathers against biological children in terms of the difference in: A) time spent with the children. B) genetic similarity. C) attachment. D) societal endorsement.

Parents who are high in warmth and high in control are considered to exhibit which parenting style? A) permissive B) authoritative C) rejecting-neglecting D) authoritarian

Parents who maltreat their children: A) always have a dependency on alcohol or illegal drugs. B) tend to have poor social support. C) are usually fathers. D) are always poor.

Part of the definition of temperament is that individual differences are: A) entirely genetic. B) biologically based. C) environmentally based. D) unrelated to genetics.

Phoebe is in eighth grade and is 13 years 6 months old. Nancy is also in eighth grade and is 13 years 7 months old. Trina is in ninth grade and is 13 years 8 months old. Research would indicate that: A) Nancy's IQ score will be higher than the IQ scores of Phoebe and Trina. B) Nancy's IQ score will be closer to Phoebe's IQ score than to Trina's IQ score. C) Trina's IQ score will be closer to Phoebe's IQ score than to Nancy's IQ score. D) Nancy's IQ score will be equally close to Phoebe's and Trina's IQ scores.

Recent studies of the connection between specific genes and aspects of temperament have demonstrated that: A) most temperamental capacities have no genetic component. B) genetic temperamental tendencies are sometimes more likely to be expressed when the family environment is suboptimal and sometimes when it is optimal. C) individual differences in positive emotions tend to be more genetically based than are individual differences in negative emotions. D) Recent studies have demonstrated all of these.

Rejected children are more likely than better-liked children to: A) have a goal to get along with other children. B) attribute hostile intent to others. C) suggest varied strategies for resolving difficult social situations. D) refrain from threatening popular children when asked to solve a conflict with a peer.

Research suggests that, in comparison to young adults exploring commitments in depth, those exploring commitments in breadth tend to be: A) less likely to have unprotected sex. B) more likely to abuse drugs. C) less prone to negative emotionality. D) more conscientious.

SES refers to: A) sociometric status. B) socioeconomic status. C) stable economic status. D) stable educational status.

Sandra Scarr has proposed three processes by which an individual's genes are associated with the type of environment he or she encounters. The _____ process proposed by Scarr is NOT relevant for children who are adopted outside their biological family. A) active B) passive C) evocative D) inductive

Social referencing refers to: A) the ability to understand others' emotions. B) the use of a caregiver's cues to decide how to respond to an ambiguous situation. C) smiles directed at people rather than at objects. D) patterns of sociability and emotionality learned from significant others.

Sociometric status refers to how: A) wealthy a child's family is. B) well accepted a child is by the peer group. C) many friends a child has. D) many reciprocal best friends a child has.

Sternberg is the founder of which theory of intelligence? A) multiple intelligences B) theory of successful intelligence C) "g" D) three-stratum

Sternberg's theory of intelligence proposes that intelligence: A) includes varied intelligences, from linguistic and spatial to interpersonal and intrapersonal. B) involves the ability to achieve success in life. C) is composed of only a single, general intelligence. D) is immutable.

Sternberg's theory of intelligence views traditional theories of intelligence as: A) too narrow. B) not capable of being properly measured. C) including an insufficient number of intelligences. D) including only observable behaviors.

Ten-year-old Kyle is sociable, athletic, and humorous, but he is also aggressive and disruptive. His peers view him as conceited. He would MOST likely be categorized as: A) rejected. B) controversial. C) popular. D) average.

The "terrible twos" are an indication of: A) insecure attachment. B) self-awareness. C) negative identity. D) parental insensitivity.

The Flynn effect is believed to be caused by: A) genetics. B) changes in environment. C) the highest IQ individuals. D) gender differences.

The children in Gavin's class are asked to name the children they like the most and the children they like the least. Many of Gavin's classmates list him as one of the children they like the least, and few list him as one of the children they like the most. Gavin would be classified as: A) neglected. B) rejected. C) controversial. D) popular.

The chronosystem involves the: A) settings in which the child is not a direct participant. B) temporal dimension. C) general beliefs, values, customs, and laws of the larger society. D) activities, roles, and relationships in which the child directly participates.

The clique to which adolescents belong is _____; the crowd to which adolescents belong is _____. A) their choice; their choice B) their choice; assigned to them by their peer group C) assigned to them by their peer group; their choice D) assigned to them by their peer group; assigned to them by their peer group

The development of emotional regulation is characterized by all of these patterns of change EXCEPT a(n): A) decrease in reliance on other people. B) decrease in the experience of negative emotions. C) increase in the use of planful problem solving. D) increase in the use of effective regulating strategies.

The differences in the responses of Japanese and American preschoolers when they were asked what they would do if they were hit or saw another child knocking down their block tower may be related to the higher value American culture places on: A) interdependence. B) self-assertion. C) maintaining harmonious interpersonal relationships. D) emotional control.

The effects of _____ on differences in temperament across cultural groups _____ been supported by scientific evidence. A) neither cultural practices nor genetic factors; has B) both cultural practices and genetic factors; have C) cultural practices; have not D) genetic factors; have not

The family is part of which level of the bioecological model? A) mesosystem B) microsystem C) macrosystem D) chronosystem

The group of individuals that is LEAST likely to achieve a coherent identity includes those: A) who have parents who emphasize autonomy. B) whose parents exert psychological control. C) who attend high-quality schools. D) whose culture instructs them to set their own goals.

The id is ruled by: A) the conscience. B) the pleasure principle. C) conscious impulses. D) the reality principle.

The influence of the shared environment _____ with age; the influence of the nonshared environment _____ with age. A) remains stable; increases B) decreases; increases C) increases; decreases D) decreases; remains stable

The influence that children have on their parents' parenting behaviors because of their appearance is _____. The influence that children have on their parents' parenting behaviors because of their own behavior is _____. A) passive; passive B) passive; active C) active; passive D) active; active

The large-scale study of the effects of child care that was funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Development demonstrated which finding about the effects of amount of child care on the social behavior of children from working- and middle-class families? A) The amount of child care was not associated with children's social behavior. B) The risk of children exhibiting problem behaviors increased with more hours in child care. C) Long hours spent in day care caused aggression and social withdrawal. D) Extensive time in child care was more detrimental to children from very low-income, high-risk families.

The lessening of rules in a particular family for each subsequent child is an example of the: A) shared environment. B) nonshared environment. C) evocative effect. D) passive effect.

The majority of early-intervention programs in the 1960s that were designed to enhance the intellectual development of poor children: A) were well-planned, large-scale programs. B) initially increased children's IQ scores substantially. C) were ineffective in preventing assignment to special-education classes and decreasing the likelihood of being held back a year in school. D) had long-term effects on IQ scores.

The process of keeping track of one's own understanding of text is referred to as: A) mental modeling. B) comprehension monitoring. C) the strategy-choice process. D) phonological processing.

The process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are necessary for their role in their culture is referred to as: A) evolution. B) socialization. C) bioecology. D) family dynamics.

The program implemented by Bugental in an experimental effort to prevent child maltreatment focused particularly on the: A) mesosystem. B) microsystem. C) exosystem. D) chronosystem.

The promising child maltreatment intervention program described in the text focused on: A) parents' substance abuse. B) parents' interpretations of their children's behavior. C) social support. D) children's temperaments.

The recent study by Kerr and colleagues that examined the associations between adolescents' reports of externalizing and internalizing problems and their parents' parenting style found: A) no association between internalizing problems and parenting style. B) high levels of externalizing problems predicted a decline in authoritative parenting 2 years later. C) a decrease in authoritative parenting predicted high levels of internalizing problems 2 years later. D) that the associations are bidirectional.

The relation between peer rejection and aggression is: A) unsupported by experimental studies. B) bidirectional. C) primarily in one direction; aggressive children tend to be rejected by their peers. D) primarily in one direction; children who are rejected by their peers are more likely to become aggressive.

The self refers to: A) one's physical appearance. B) one's thoughts and attitudes about oneself. C) one's personality and intelligence. D) all of these traits.

The study of parent‒child attachment was prompted by: A) interviews with parents of children with Down syndrome. B) observations of children growing up in orphanages in the 1940s. C) studies of aggression in monkeys. D) an analysis of children who were physically abused by their parents.

To facilitate children's physical growth, Project Head Start provides: A) maternal vocational training. B) medical and dental care and nutritious meals. C) stimulating day-care environment. D) marriage counseling.

Twins Sheree and Caitlin, who are 3 years old, each just successfully completed a jigsaw puzzle. Sheree's puzzle was simple, and she completed it easily. Caitlin's puzzle was more difficult, and it took a lot of effort for her to complete it. Which twin is more likely to experience pride in her accomplishment? A) Sheree is more likely than Caitlin to experience pride. B) Caitlin is more likely than Sheree to experience pride. C) Sheree and Caitlin are equally likely to experience pride. D) Neither Sheree nor Caitlin is likely to experience pride because they are both too young.

What role does the sociocultural context play in family dynamics? A) Although the sociocultural context can influence the individual members of the family, it rarely has an impact on interactions within the family. B) The sociocultural context can influence individual family members and the interactions within the family. C) Family dynamics is particularly interested in the ways that the interactions within the family influence the sociocultural context, rather than vice versa. D) The role of the sociocultural context has not been addressed by researchers interested in family dynamics.

When asked to explain how they arrived at an incorrect answer to a mathematical problem, children who demonstrate gesture‒speech mismatches: A) are more likely to be developmentally delayed. B) tend to have a heightened readiness to learn from instruction. C) have less variability in their thought than do other children. D) learn less from instruction than do children whose speech and gestures are consistent.

When having a negative experience, children's stress reactions: A) are higher when a best friend observes the event. B) are more stable when a best friend is present for the experience. C) do not differ according to the presence of a best friend, but do differ according to the presence of unfamiliar peers. D) display none of these patterns.

Which arithmetic strategy is typically the fastest? A) decomposition B) retrieval C) counting from 1 D) counting from the larger addend

Which assertion about attachment behaviors in different cultures is true? A) Attachment is biologically driven, and thus infants in all cultures display the same types of attachment behaviors and are classified into the same major attachment groups. B) Although infants of many cultures can be classified into the major attachment categories, some cultures show quite different patterns. C) Infants in all other cultures show entirely different patterns of attachment behavior and cannot be classified into the same groups as infants in the United States. D) Attachment behaviors are entirely dependent on culture, and the Strange Situation can only be used to classify infants in the United States.

Which behavior is an example of the use of a display rule? A) Maddie covers her eyes when she is feeling shy. B) Damon tries not to look scared on the roller coaster. C) Jasmine stops her temper tantrum because her mother threatens punishment. D) Warren looks at his grandmother to see if she looks angry before he jumps off the couch.

Which condition is NOT a characteristic of difficult babies, as classified by Thomas and Chess? A) irregular body functions B) difficult at first but became easier with time C) slow to adjust to new situations D) intensely emotional

Which description BEST expresses the issue on which the concern about the "digital divide" is centered? A) children from different backgrounds having progressively less opportunity to interact as computer use becomes more common B) difference in the access to and knowledge of computers among children from different economic backgrounds C) decreased computer use by children as their families' economic health decreases with job loss and/or homelessness D) all of these

Which emotion is self-conscious? A) anger B) shame C) fear D) sadness

Which factor MOST impedes researchers' ability to fully understand the association between attachment security during infancy and later functioning? A) difficulty with conducting longitudinal studies B) the stable nature of the quality of parent‒child interactions C) developmental changes in attachment characteristics D) changes in family dynamics over the course of the child's development

Which factor associated with child maltreatment is NOT within the microsystem? A) parental alcohol dependence B) community violence C) children who are handicapped D) abusive spousal relationship

Which factor is NOT associated with higher levels of depression or depressive symptoms? A) being a girl B) being of higher socioeconomic status C) thinking about the negative consequences of one's symptoms D) having a mother who is depressed

Which family is MOST likely to raise a child who is socially skilled, understands others' emotions, and is generally well adjusted? A) family in which negative emotions are particularly prevalent B) family in which positive emotions are particularly prevalent C) family in which an equal level of positive and negative emotions are expressed D) family in which all negative emotions in the home involve the adults and not the children

Which guideline is a minimum standard for child-care centers recommended by organizations such as the American Academy of Pediatrics? A) child-to-caregiver ratio of 7:1 for infants B) child-to-caregiver ratio of 7:1 for 3-year-olds C) maximum group size of 14 for infants D) maximum group size of 21 for 3-year-olds

Which label describes a type of rejected child? A) assertive-rejected B) withdrawn-rejected C) unattractive-rejected D) anxious-rejected

Compared to low-SES parents, higher-SES parents: A) are more punitive. B) are more likely to be authoritarian. C) elicit more talk from their children. D) encourage conformity to a greater degree.

Which observation MOST accurately describes the association between family income and peer acceptance? A) Family income is unassociated with children's peer acceptance. B) Children from low-income homes are more likely to be rejected than children from middle-income homes. C) Children from low-income homes are less likely to be rejected than children from middle-income homes. D) Children from low-income homes are both more likely to be rejected and more likely to be popular than children from middle-income homes.

Which of the following statements does NOT describe an effect of media violence on children? A) Media violence heightens viewers' psychological arousal. B) Media violence increases viewers' emotional sensitivity to violence. C) Media violence teaches new behaviors and inspires imitation. D) Media violence increases accessibility of viewers' own aggressive thoughts and tendencies.

Which of these stimuli is LEAST likely to elicit a smile in a 2-month-old infant? A) a smiling stranger B) an interesting object C) being able to control a particular event D) a parent's tickle on the tummy

Which parental practice in response to a child doing something wrong is likely to influence the child to feel shame over guilt? A) telling the child that he or she did a mean thing, rather than that he or she is mean B) publicly humiliating the child C) helping the child to understand the consequences of his or her actions for others D) communicating respect and love in disciplinary situations

Which parenting practice is associated with more mature identity formation? A) control B) warmth C) discouraging individuality D) all of these

Which portion of the Strange Situation MOST indicates the quality of the attachment bond? A) separations from the caregiver B) reunions with the caregiver C) interactions with a stranger D) contact with novel objects

Which result is NOT a consequence of divorce on children? A) increased delinquency B) decreased rate of divorce in adulthood C) decreased income in adulthood D) decreased social competence

Which scenario describes a social smile? A) Newborn Timmy smiles during his sleep. B) At 3 months, Indira smiles when her father talks to her. C) Alexa smiles at 1 month when her mother strokes her cheek. D) All of the scenarios describe a social smile.

Which statement BEST represents developmentalists' view of emotions and cognitions? A) Emotion is a part of cognition. B) Cognition is a part of emotion. C) Emotion usually occurs before cognition. D) Emotion and cognition are entirely separate; they typically occur independently.

Which statement BEST represents developmentalists' view of emotions and feelings? A) Emotions are a part of feelings. B) Feelings are a part of emotions. C) Emotions and feelings are synonyms; they have the same meaning. D) Emotions and feelings are entirely separate; neither is part of the other.

Which statement about Selman's stage theory of role taking is true? A) Before adolescence, children are unable to acknowledge the existence of perspectives different from their own. B) Children's progress through the stages is strongly related to their progress through Piaget's stages. C) Although the theory describes stages, Selman believed that most individuals progress through these changes in a continuous fashion. D) By approximately age 10, children can assess whether another person's view is typical of most people in their social group.

Which statement about adolescents' involvement with romantic partners is true? A) Older adolescents are more likely than younger adolescents to choose romantic partners on the basis of characteristics that bring status. B) Adolescents' first romantic partners tend to be members of their mixed-sex cliques. C) The quality of adolescents' romantic relationships appears to be unassociated with the quality of their relationships with parents. D) Having a romantic relationship, even one of high quality, is associated with decreased feelings of self-competence.

Which statement about children and stepfathers is true? A) Relationships between children and stepfathers tend to be better when there are stepsiblings living with the family as well. B) Children with stepfathers tend to have higher rates of disruptive problem behaviors than do children in intact families. C) Conflict between children and biological fathers is more common than conflict between children and stepfathers. D) Stepfathers rarely contribute to supervision of their stepsons.

Which statement about children's temperament and parenting style is true? A) Temperament is almost entirely biological, so parenting style has little influence on it. B) Children with similar temperaments exhibit different patterns of adjustment depending on their family environment. C) Children's temperament has little influence on parents' child-rearing practices. D) None of the statements is true.

Which statement about co-rumination in friendships is true? A) There are gender differences in the content, but not in the amount, of co-rumination in boys' and girls' friendships. B) Girls who are anxious or depressed are more susceptible to the negative effects of co-rumination. C) Co-rumination leads to increased conflict and decreased feelings of intimacy in friendships. D) All of these statements are true.

Which statement about infant smiling is true? A) All infant smiling is reflexive. B) Infants' smiling induces parents to have more positive social interactions with them. C) Young infants rarely smile at strangers. D) Infants are unlikely to smile at auditory stimuli.

Which statement about infants' negative emotions is true? A) Infants' negative emotions are easily interpreted. B) Infants' negative emotions often seem incongruent with the situation. C) Infants show a wide variety of highly discernible facial expressions. D) Infants display only generalized distress.

Which statement about intermittent reinforcement is true? A) Intermittent reinforcement is effective only with adults. B) Behaviors supported by intermittent reinforcement are difficult to extinguish. C) Intermittent reinforcement is the key to behavior modification. D) The discipline strategy of "time out" is based on intermittent reinforcement.

Which statement about the age at which same-sex attractions first become noticed by gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals is true? A) Males and females do not differ in the age at which same-sex attractions are first recognized. B) Males typically notice same-sex attractions at an earlier age than do females. C) Females typically notice same-sex attractions at an earlier age than do males D) Bisexual individuals typically notice same-sex attractions at an earlier age than do gay and lesbian individuals.

Which statement about the association between race and IQ is true? A) Differences between African American and European American children are greater than differences within each group. B) Much of the difference between the average IQ score for African American children and the average IQ score for European American children can be accounted for by differences in social class. C) Few European American children have IQ scores lower than the average African American child, and few African American children have IQ scores higher than the average European American child. D) There are no differences in the IQ scores of African American and European American children.

Which statement about the behaviors associated with peer acceptance in different cultures is true? A) They are almost entirely consistent across cultures. B) They are similar across cultures, but they are influenced by cultural norms. C) They are vastly different across cultures. D) Peer acceptance has not been examined cross-culturally, so this information is not known.

Which statement about the effect of parents' differential treatment of siblings on the siblings' relationships with each other is true? A) Children rarely detect true differences in parental treatment, and thus it has little effect on their relationships with their siblings. B) Differential treatment is more likely to be a problem in early and middle childhood than in early adolescence, when adolescents can view it as justified. C) Differential treatment is more likely to be a problem in early adolescence than in early and middle childhood, because adolescents' relationships are more emotionally charged than are the relationships of younger children. D) Children can detect differential treatment and it is equally problematic for children of all ages.

Which statement about the impact of divorce on children's functioning is true? A) The majority of children whose parents divorce suffer long-term problems as a consequence. B) Although divorce has negative consequences for some children, most children do not suffer long-term problems as a consequence. C) Although there are some short-term consequences, there are almost no long-term consequences of divorce. D) There are no short-term or long-term consequences of divorce.

Which statement about the rates of depression in adolescence is true? A) The rate of clinical depression is approximately double the rate of nonclinical depression. B) The rate of nonclinical depression is at least 10 percent. C) The rate of clinical depression is higher for females than for males, but the rate of nonclinical depression is higher for males than for females. D) The rate of clinical depression is approximately 32 percent.

Which statement is NOT part of Bowlby's conception of the primary caregiver as a secure base? A) enables child to learn about the world B) is a source of entertainment and learning C) provides a sense of assurance D) serves as a safe place when an infant feels scared

Which statement is an example of reciprocal determinism? A) A child becomes fearful of snakes after being bitten by one. B) A child who tends to treat others with kindness influences her peers' behavior, which in turn influences the child. C) A child with poor academic self-efficacy is more likely than other children to withdraw from school work. D) A child continues to throw temper tantrums because he gets what he wants as a result.

Which statement is supported by Mischel's findings on delay of gratification? A) Preschoolers' ability to delay gratification does not predict adjustment beyond preschool. B) The ability to delay gratification is related to SAT scores and rational thinking in adolescence. C) The ability to delay gratification is based primarily on parental socialization. D) Delay of gratification cannot be reliably tested until approximately age 8.

Which statement is the BEST advice to give parents who would like to foster positive emotional development in their children? A) Demonstrate that others experience the emotions that children themselves feel by expressing a wide variety of intense emotions. B) Teach children about the circumstances in which emotions should and should not be expressed and the consequences of expressing and not expressing them. C) Ensure that children will be able to relate to the discussion by talking to children about anger during a serious family conflict. D) Discuss the futility of displaying negative emotion so that children will understand parents' disapproval of these displays.

Which statement regarding parent‒child relationships in adolescence is NOT true? A) Parents are a primary source of support for the majority of adolescents. B) Conflict between parents and adolescents continues to escalate from early adolescence through late adolescence. C) Adolescents tend to come to believe that parents should have less authority over them. D) Higher levels of conflict are more common for early-developing children.

Which test could be given to a child to measure numerical mathematical representation? A) counting from 1 to 30 B) placing numbers on a number line C) adding 2 + 2 and 3+ 3 D) all of these

Which theorist claimed that he could train any child to become any kind of specialist, regardless of the characteristics of the child's ancestors? A) Skinner B) Watson C) Freud D) Bandura

Which trends tend NOT to be true of middle-childhood cliques? A) Members are similar in their degree of academic motivation. B) Membership is stable over the long term. C) Members are of the same sex and race. D) Members who are central to the clique are likely to be cooperative and studious.

With age, the IQ scores of adopted children and their biological parents become _____ correlated, and the IQ scores of adopted children and their adoptive parents become _____ correlated. A) more; more B) more; less C) less; more D) less; less

With his information-processing theory of social problem solving, Kenneth Dodge is particularly interested in children's: A) ability to take the perspective of others. B) use of aggression as a strategy. C) propensity to learn from others' rewards and punishment. D) reactions to failure.

With increasing age, adolescents: A) are less likely to belong to multiple cliques. B) look more to individual relationships than to groups to fulfill their social needs. C) are less likely to be part of a crowd. D) tend to have less stable cliques.

____ is NOT an example of the metacognitive knowledge that plays a role in writing. A) Recognizing that readers may not have the same knowledge as the writer B) Continuously updating one's understanding of the verbal description C) Understanding the need to plan D) Understanding the need for revision

_____ decreases the likelihood that an infant will experience separation anxiety in a particular situation. A) Being between the ages of 11 and 13 months B) Crawling away from a parent (rather than the parent departing) C) Living in a non-Western culture D) All of these

_____ is an example of an aspect of SES that occurs at the level of the exosystem. A) Government policies B) Employment status of parents C) Neighborhood D) Changes in types of jobs over time

_____ is considered to be part of emotional intelligence. A) Processing speed B) Ability to control impulses C) Reasoning D) Verbal fluency

Compared to nonfriends, preschool-age friends have _____ levels of conflict, and their conflict is resolved _____ equitably. A) lower; more B) lower; less C) greater; more D) greater; less

A hostile attributional bias is a likely result of: A) poor perceived self-efficacy. B) a maladaptive pattern of reinforcement and punishment. C) physical abuse. D) an entity theory of aggression.

A person who believes that intelligence can grow as a function of experience is considered by Dweck and her colleagues to have a(n) _____ theory of intelligence. A) learning B) entity C) incremental D) mastery

A person's beliefs about how well he or she can control his or her behavior, thoughts, and emotions in order to achieve a desired goal are referred to as: A) reciprocal determinism. B) self-esteem. C) perceived self-efficacy. D) intelligence.

According to Erikson, successful resolution of the industry vs. inferiority crisis involves: A) achieving a core sense of identity. B) developing a conscience. C) mastering important skills and cooperating with others. D) identifying with one's powerful parent.

According to Freud, children's identification with the same-sex parent begins when: A) they imprint onto him or her. B) their biological urges come into play. C) they must repress their sexual feelings for their opposite-sex parent. D) they internalize their parents' beliefs, values, and attitudes.

According to Freud, infantile amnesia results from: A) identification with the father. B) internalizing parents' beliefs, values, and attitudes. C) repression of anxiety-producing thoughts and impulses. D) parental insistence on delay of gratification and toilet training.

According to Freud, the phallic stage encompasses approximately what age(s)? A) ages 2 to 3 B) ages 3 to 6 C) ages 6 to 12 D) beginning of sexual maturation through adulthood

All of these are considered ways that parents socialize their children EXCEPT: A) direct instruction. B) indirect socialization. C) heredity. D) social management.

All of these concepts belong together EXCEPT: A) incremental theory. B) mastery orientation. C) performance. D) learning goals.

All of these factors increase the likelihood that an adolescent will be negatively influenced by a friend's behavior EXCEPT the: A) friend having high status in the peer group. B) adolescent having a high general susceptibility to peer influence. C) adolescent being under the age of 16. D) adolescent's parent being cold and detached.

An entity/helpless orientation refers to the: A) belief that intelligence can grow as a result of experience. B) belief that intelligence is fixed. C) tendency to attribute success and failure to enduring aspects of the self and to give up in the face of failure. D) tendency to attribute success and failure to amount of effort expended and to persist in the face of failure.

An individual's mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general that is based on early experiences with caregivers is referred to as his or her: A) attachment security. B) personal fable. C) internal working model. D) identity.

Approximately what percentage of mothers with children under the age of 6 was employed outside of the home in 2011? A) 22 percent B) 36 percent C) 64 percent D) 87 percent

As adolescents move into late adolescence, their sense of self is more likely to: A) place an emphasis on others' perceptions of them. B) involve confusion about contradictions in the self. C) reflect internalized values. D) all of these.

At approximately what age do children tend to define their friends, to a greater extent, in terms of taking care of one's needs, reducing loneliness, and sharing feelings? A) 5 years old B) 7 years old C) 9 years old D) 11 years old

Attachment theorists propose that insecurely attached children will: A) expect that peers can make up for the lack of warmth they receive at home. B) expect to be at the center of peer groups. C) be more likely to be hostile with peers. D) do all of these things.

Attachment theory was proposed by: A) Harlow. B) Ainsworth. C) Bowlby. D) Lorenz.

Ava is an adolescent who is particularly likely to rely on her parents to make important life decisions for her, and she feels very strongly that it is important to obey authority. Ava is MOST likely to have which identity status? A) diffusion B) moratorium C) foreclosure D) achievement

Bart, an 11-month-old, is playing on the floor of his room when his older brother steers a remote-control car (that Bart has never seen) toward him. Bart immediately looks up at his father, who is on the verge of yelling, "Stop, it's going to hit Bart." Bart then breaks into quickly flowing tears. Bart has engaged in: A) emotional regulation. B) self-socialization. C) social referencing. D) display rules.

Compared to children who were insecurely attached as infants, children who were securely attached as infants are more likely to demonstrate: A) intensely close romantic relationships as adults. B) anxiety and depression. C) concern for others. D) all of these.

Behavior modification is a(n): A) way to help children overcome a hostile attributional bias. B) approach used to help people conquer their fears. C) form of therapy that is useful for changing undesirable behaviors. D) treatment to cure autism.

Binet postulated that intelligence: A) consists of factual knowledge about the world. B) develops with age, and thus there are few differences among same-age individuals. C) is composed of high-level abilities. D) is not associated with everyday matters, such as school performance.

By definition, pretend play involves: A) imaginary companions. B) taking the role of another person or character. C) symbolic actions. D) cooperating with another child.

Carroll's proposed resolution to the various theories of intelligence involves a: A) focus on the differentiation between knowledge and capacity. B) proposal to include additional abilities, such as social understanding and knowledge of one's strengths and weaknesses. C) hierarchical model of intellectual ability and processes. D) all of these.

Charlie is a happy child who plays well with other children and gets angry only rarely. Which scenario is MOST likely also to be true of Charlie? A) Charlie is from a wealthy family. B) Charlie is from a poor family. C) Charlie is securely attached to his parents. D) Charlie is insecurely attached to his parents.

Children of which type of parents tend to have disturbed attachment relationships as infants and a wide range of problems in adolescence, including promiscuous sexual behavior, substance abuse, and depression? A) permissive B) authoritative C) rejecting-neglecting D) authoritarian

Children tend to identify themselves according to their ethnic group between the ages of: A) 2 and 4. B) 3 and 6. C) 5 and 8. D) 7 and 10.

Children who are nominated by a number of peers as liked and by other peers as disliked are categorized as: A) rejected. B) average. C) controversial. D) neglected.

Children who are perceived by their peers as popular tend to: A) be the same kids who are sociometrically popular. B) be sociometrically rejected. C) increase their use of relational aggression across early adolescence. D) be less aggressive than those who are sociometrically popular

Children who exhibit _____ are LEAST likely to be socially competent. A) control of emotions B) planning of strategies to resolve upsetting situations C) avoidance of stressful situations altogether D) delay of gratification

Children with ADHD: A) tend to be of below-average intelligence. B) typically show severe emotional disturbances. C) have difficulty inhibiting impulses to act. D) are more likely to be female.

Children with cross-racial or cross-ethnic friendships tend to be: A) of low peer-group status. B) prone to disruptive behavior. C) socially competent. D) no different from children with only same-race and same-ethnicity friends.

Children's choices of friends exhibit which pattern? A) "Absence makes the heart grow fonder." B) "Opposites attract." C) "Birds of a feather flock together." D) "Easy come, easy go."

Children's long-term adjustment appears to be caused in part by: A) their sociometric status. B) the quality of their social behavior. C) both their sociometric status and the quality of their social behavior. D) neither their sociometric status nor the quality of their social behavior.

Children's understanding that they will always be a member of their ethnic group is referred to as ethnic: A) identity foreclosure. B) -role behaviors. C) constancy. D) rigidity.

Compared to European American infants, Chinese and Chinese American infants cry and smile to a(n) _____ extent in response to evocative events. A) much greater B) slightly greater C) lesser D) equal

Compared to Freud's theory, Erikson's theory: A) has fewer stages. B) is more focused on the influence of sexual pleasure on development. C) has an enlarged scope. D) views development as more continuous.

Compared to average children, those categorized as neglected tend to be: A) more aggressive. B) more disruptive. C) less sociable. D) more anxious about social interactions.

Compared to boys in late elementary school, their female peers report that their friendships: A) are less likely to make them feel important and special. B) are less likely to provide help and guidance. C) have similar levels of conflict. D) have similar quality of resolutions to conflict.

Compared to other children, homeless children are: A) more likely to have serious behavior problems, but are not more likely to be withdrawn. B) more likely to be withdrawn, but are not more likely to have serious behavior problems. C) more likely to have serious behavior problems and are more likely to be withdrawn. D) neither more likely to have serious behavior problems nor more likely to be withdrawn.

Compared to other children, those who regulate their emotions well and are academically competent have parents who respond to their children's negative emotions with: A) teasing. B) disregard. C) support. D) threats.

Compared to supportive parents, parents who react in an unsupportive manner when their children are upset are more likely to have children who are: A) emotionally competent. B) socially competent. C) prone to aggression. D) successful in school.

Compared to their peers, the central figures in school-age children's cliques tend to be all of these EXCEPT: A) studious. B) leaders. C) dominant. D) cooperative.

Considering the research on the influence of schooling on IQ, which statement would be the BEST advice to give to a state board of education? A) Have children start first grade when they are 7 years old rather than the traditional age of 6 years. B) Allow parents to push a child ahead one or two grades if they believe the child is ready. C) Lengthen the school year by shortening the summer vacation. D) Create grades 13 and 14 to extend the number of years in high school.

Crystallized intelligence includes which skill? A) speed of neural transmission in the brain B) ability to determine the next item in a sequence C) knowledge of the periodic table D) capacity to solve novel puzzles

During which stage does the ego develop? A) phallic B) latency C) oral D) anal

Erikson believed that which state is a beneficial identity state? A) confusion B) foreclosure C) moratorium D) all of these states

Erikson theorized that successful resolution of the conflict of identity versus identity confusion involves an identity that is: A) positive. B) diffused. C) integrated. D) foreclosed.

Ethological theorists draw a parallel between imprinting in other animals and _____ in humans. A) the extended period of immaturity B) play preferences of males and females C) innate visual preferences for an oval shape with more components in the top half D) the critical period for attachment

Even though his parents have explained to him that it is dishonest and therefore wrong to tell lies, Zachary once again lies to his sister about where her favorite blanket is. Shortly after doing so, he feels intensely sorry for what he has done. According to Erikson's theory, Zachary appears as if he has successfully resolved which crisis? A) autonomy vs. shame and doubt B) industry vs. inferiority C) initiative vs. guilt D) basic trust vs. mistrust

Evolutionary psychology would be MOST likely to support which piece of advice to pregnant women? A) Provide fetuses with as much extra stimulation as possible while they are still in the womb: play loud music, shine bright lights, and eat particularly spicy foods. B) Provide fetuses with as little stimulation as possible while they are in the womb by remaining in quiet, dark places and avoiding strongly flavored foods. C) Allow a natural level of stimulation to fetuses while they are in womb: do not bombard the fetus with extra stimulation but also do not overly restrict stimulation. D) Do everything possible to deliver the baby several weeks early so that the infant can get a head start on the stimuli typical of contemporary human culture.

Flora is 3 years old and is a member of an ethnic minority group. Flora is LEAST likely to: A) engage in some behaviors characteristic of the ethnic group. B) label herself with the name of the ethnic group. C) understand that she will always be a member of the ethnic group. D) possess simple knowledge about the ethnic group.

For May, an Asian American child in the United States, which variable is likely to be the LEAST important factor in her selection of friends? A) similarity in age B) being of the same sex C) being of the same race D) similarity in interests

Freud's stages are characterized by: A) the context that is important during that time period. B) a specific crisis that must be resolved. C) the erogenous zones in which the psychic energy is focused. D) a particular manner of responding to reward and reinforcement.

Harlow and colleagues' studies with infant rhesus monkeys reared in isolation demonstrated that, compared to monkeys reared normally with their mothers, those reared in isolation and then placed with other monkeys: A) rose into leadership positions. B) died early of unusual infections. C) were unable to communicate effectively with other monkeys. D) had intense attachments to the other monkeys.

If the superego, as theorized by Freud, could speak, which statement would it be MOST likely to say? A) "Let's consider our options." B) "I want it NOW!" C) "That's not the right thing to do." D) "That's going to cause problems in the future."

In a study that examined the amount of time male and female newborns looked at human faces and at mobiles, results demonstrated that: A) both male and female infants primarily looked at mobiles. B) both male and female infants primarily looked at faces. C) male infants looked longer at mobiles and female infants looked longer at faces. D) female infants looked longer at mobiles and male infants looked longer at faces.

In regard to the association between children's behaviors and child maltreatment, children who are maltreated: A) do not differ in temperament from other children. B) are so poorly behaved that they are to blame for their maltreatment. C) are more likely to have difficult temperaments than are other children. D) are likely to have easygoing temperaments and thus have difficulty defending themselves against the abuse.

In regard to the influence of practical intelligence on occupational success, people high in practical intelligence tend to have: A) less occupational success than others. B) more occupational success than others, but this effect largely disappears once IQ score is taken into account. C) more occupational success than others, and this effect remains even once IQ score is taken into account. D) There is no association between practical intelligence and occupational success.

In the Strange Situation, baby Jacob plays actively with the toys in the room, occasionally looking back to check on his mother, and is mildly distressed when his mother leaves the room, but he is easily comforted by her return. Jacob falls into which attachment category? A) disorganized/disoriented B) insecure/resistant C) secure D) insecure/avoidant

In the United States in 2010, approximately what percentage of children under 18 years of age lived in poverty? A) 7 B) 11 C) 22 D) 27

In which group are youth's adjustment and problem behaviors MOST negatively affected by their parents' divorce? A) younger children B) older children C) adolescents D) college-age youth

Individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self-regulation that occur early in life are referred to as: A) personality. B) socialization. C) temperament. D) emotional regulation.

Individuals in the anal stage are focused on conflict surrounding: A) breastfeeding. B) parents' choice of intellectual pursuits for the child. C) toilet training. D) the conscience.

Janie, who is 3 years old, is pretending to write. Her mother asks her to write the word "birds" on a red piece of paper and then the word "squirrel" on a blue piece of paper. It is MOST likely that both papers will have some _____, and _____. A) legible letters; the red paper will have more letters than the blue paper B) legible letters; the red and blue papers will have the same number of letters C) horizontal marks; the red paper will contain more marks than the blue paper D) horizontal marks; the red and blue papers will contain the same number of marks

Lia is less emotionally competent than other children her age, a problem that causes her much difficulty with her peers. Which circumstance is NOT a possible cause of Lia's poor emotional competence? A) Lia's parents express a great deal of negative emotion in their home. B) Lia's parents feel unable to cope with her negative emotions. C) Lia's parents commonly talk to her about emotions. D) None of the answers is correct.

Making an outline is an example of: A) comprehension monitoring. B) mental modeling. C) a strategy. D) phonological processing.

Mary Ainsworth's observations of families in Uganda and in the United States led her to the conclusion that information about infants' attachments to their caregivers can be obtained from observations of infants': A) smiling directed at their caregivers. B) verbal and nonverbal communication with their caregivers. C) reactions to separations from their caregivers. D) crying in the presence of their caregivers.

Mateo has limited contact with his noncustodial father, who lives across the country from him. His father is supportive and authoritative when Mateo does have contact with him. Mateo's peer, Ayden, has frequent contact with his own noncustodial father, who is permissive and disruptive. How are Mateo and Ayden likely to fare in terms of their adjustment and school achievement? A) Mateo and Ayden will likely be similarly well adjusted, because contact with noncustodial fathers is beneficial for adjustment. B) Ayden will likely be better adjusted than Mateo, because the frequency of contact with noncustodial fathers is more important than the quality of the contact. C) Mateo will likely be better adjusted than Ayden, because the quality of contact with noncustodial fathers is more important than the frequency of the contact. D) Mateo and Ayden will likely be similarly poorly adjusted, because both high quality and high quantity of contact with noncustodial fathers are necessary.

Maternal employment appears to: A) have an equally positive effect on boys and girls. B) have an equally negative effect on boys and girls. C) be more likely to be beneficial for girls than for boys. D) be less likely to be beneficial for girls than for boys.

Maternal employment is more likely to have negative effects on children when: A) children have adequate supervision. B) mothers begin working when children are one year old. C) mothers are stressed. D) mothers want to work.

Newborns' emotions are MOST frequently regulated in which way? A) by intentionally averting their gaze in distressing situations B) through self-soothing C) through other people's attempts to soothe and distract the baby D) by initiating the "fight or flight" response

Of phonemic awareness and mastery of letter names, _____ is causally related to later reading achievement. A) neither phonemic awareness nor mastery of letter names B) both phonemic awareness and mastery of letter names C) only phonemic awareness D) only mastery of letter names

Of these children, which child is LEAST likely to grow up to be emotionally and socially competent? A) Buddhist child living in Nepal whose parents criticize him when he expresses negative emotion B) African American child living in a dangerous neighborhood whose parents encourage angry responses to conflict C) Japanese child who frequently expresses intense negative emotion D) European American child who has a firm understanding of her own and others' emotions

Of these reading strategies, the arithmetic strategy of recalling answers from memory is MOST similar to: A) mental modeling. B) phonological recoding. C) visually based retrieval. D) the strategy‒choice process

Of these words, a child is LEAST likely to use visually based retrieval to read the word: A) cat B) mommy C) grandma D) boy

Of these words, a child is MOST likely to use phonological recoding to read the word: A) at B) book C) pencil D) dog

On the issue of continuous versus discontinuous development, theories of social cognition: A) view development as continuous. B) view development as discontinuous. C) vary as to whether they view development as continuous or discontinuous. D) see the issue of continuity versus discontinuity as irrelevant

Operant conditioning relies on the expectation that individuals: A) can reduce their fear of objects or experiences if they are repeatedly exposed to them. B) are programmed to imitate others' behaviors and reactions. C) tend to repeat behaviors that lead to favorable outcomes and stop behaviors that result in unfavorable outcomes. D) are able to think and reason about their behaviors.

Parents who are low in support and low in control are considered to exhibit which parenting style? A) permissive B) authoritative C) rejecting-neglecting D) authoritarian

Pria's friends love to gossip, and they wish Pria would gossip more than she currently does. According to operant conditioning, which scenario is likely to increase Pria's gossiping? A) Her friends yell at her when she is not gossiping and threaten that they will not be friends with her if she does not gossip more. B) Her friends stop talking to her altogether. C) Her friends pay lots of attention to her when she is gossiping and walk away when she is not gossiping. D) Her friends explain to her why they want her to gossip more and ask her to please do so.

Psychoanalytic theories emphasize: A) social reasoning. B) external factors as sources of development. C) discontinuity of development. D) the importance of cognitive factors in development.

Regarding change in the rate of births to unmarried women, between 1990 and 2005, the rate: A) rose for women in all age groups. B) fell for women in all age groups. C) fell for women under the age of 19 and remained stable for women 20 and older. D) fell for women under the age of 19 and increased for women 20 and older.

Relational aggression includes all of these behaviors EXCEPT: A) withholding friendship. B) spreading rumors. C) physical harm. D) exclusion of others.

Research by Dweck and colleagues on the association between individuals' theories of intelligence and their math achievement demonstrated that: A) ability-focused praise had a positive influence on math achievement. B) 7th-grade students with an entity theory of intelligence had stable math scores over 2 years. C) teaching students to modify their theory of intelligence can lead to an improvement in their grades. D) all of these are true.

Research has suggested which assertion in regard to the effect of parenting style for Chinese and Chinese American children? A) Parents who demand unquestioning obedience to parents are likely to have rebellious children. B) Authoritative parenting appears to be associated with increased academic success. C) Parental control, including the use of scolding and shame, appears to have few negative effects. D) Research has suggested all of these assertions.

Research on the effect of having friendships on victimized children's adjustment indicated that: A) victimized children rarely have friends. B) whether or not victimized children's friendships are reciprocal is irrelevant to the importance of the friendship for adjustment. C) friends can serve as buffers against unpleasant experiences. D) victimized children who have friends who are well liked by their peers feel even more socially isolated than victimized children whose friends are less well liked.

Research on the physiological bases of temperament has demonstrated that _____ are associated with temperament? A) heart rate and respiratory characteristics but not brain activation patterns B) brain activation patterns but not heart rate and respiratory characteristics C) both brain activation patterns and heart rate and respiratory characteristics D) neither brain activation patterns nor heart rate and respiratory characteristics

Sandra Scarr has proposed three processes by which an individual's genes are associated with the type of environment he or she encounters. Which of Scarr's processes involves children's influence on other people's behavior? A) active B) passive C) evocative D) inductive

Sandra, who has depressive symptoms that are not severe enough to be classified as major depression, is experiencing: A) insignificant depression. B) clinical depression. C) nonclinical depression. D) depressive disorder.

Self-esteem refers to one's: A) sense of identity. B) evaluation of the self. C) overall evaluation of the self and the feelings about that evaluation. D) feelings about oneself.

Separation anxiety is first exhibited in which of Bowlby's phases? A) reciprocal relationships B) attachment-in-the-making C) clear-cut attachment D) preattachment

Seth and his preschool friend frequently dump all the books off the bookshelf in the classroom. One day, Seth observes his friend being punished by their preschool teacher after she saw his friend dumping the books. After seeing his friend punished, Seth never again dumps books off the bookshelf. Seth has learned through: A) imitation. B) punishment. C) vicarious reinforcement. D) reciprocal determinism.

Sexual-minority individuals who feel ambivalent about their same-sex attractions, but are starting to have limited contact with gay or lesbian individuals, are in which stage of the coming-out process? A) identity integration B) first recognition C) test and exploration D) identity acceptance

Social smiles tend to emerge by the _____ month of life. A) first B) second C) third D) fourth

Some researchers believe that self-conscious emotions do not emerge until the second year of life because these emotions depend on children's understanding that: A) other people experience emotions as well. B) important others can evaluate them. C) they themselves are entities distinct from other people. D) guilt is an appropriate reaction to bad behavior.

Status in preschool peer groups is MOST likely to involve: A) intelligence. B) family socioeconomic status. C) dominance during confrontations. D) athleticism.

Studies using Sameroff's environmental risk scale have demonstrated that: A) the fewer risks in a child's environment, the lower the child's IQ score tends to be. B) mothers' high school completion status has no impact on children's IQ score. C) environmental risks have long-term effects on children's intellectual development. D) there is more stability in children's IQ scores than in their environments.

The Reijntjes and colleagues study in which adolescents played an online game and were either excluded or included by the other players demonstrated that: A) exclusion by unfamiliar peers had little impact on adolescents' feelings about themselves. B) online communication with friends reduced the impact of being excluded more than communication with unfamiliar peers. C) adolescents who engaged in text messaging with an unfamiliar peer recovered from exclusion to a greater extent than did those who did not engage in text messaging. D) adolescents who have poor self-esteem and poor peer relationships benefit from online communication to a lesser extent than do adolescents who have higher self-esteem and better peer relationships.

The acquisition of phonological recoding skills would enable a learner to: A) understand that the word "at" has both the sound "a" and the sound "t." B) fluently read the sentence "See the cat." C) sound out the word "cat." D) learn about the features of a cat from a sentence he or she reads about cats.

The age of the child is part of the _____ of the bioecological model. A) mesosystem B) microsystem C) chronosystem D) macrosystem

The association between peer rejection and _____ behavior tends to increase from childhood to adolescence. A) aggressive B) considerate C) withdrawn D) humorous

The behavior that is NOT part of Freud's concept of and resolution of the Oedipus complex is boys': A) experience of sexual desire for their mothers. B) internalization of their fathers' values. C) desire to have an exclusive relationship with their fathers. D) view their fathers as rivals.

The bioecological model views development as due to: A) nature. B) nurture. C) the interaction between nature and nurture. D) nature when a person is young and nurture as the person gets older.

The central issue in Erikson's first stage is: A) developing high standards. B) achieving a sense of autonomy. C) developing a sense of trust. D) mastering skills important to the culture.

The change in genetic influence on intelligence with age is a result of: A) brain connections formed in adolescence. B) increasing freedom to choose one's own environments. C) both brain connections formed in adolescence and increasing freedom to choose one's own environments. D) neither brain connections formed in adolescence nor increasing freedom to choose one's own environments.

The concept of the personal fable refers to adolescents' inclination to: A) lie to their parents. B) boast about their abilities. C) regard their feelings as unique and special. D) believe they are invincible.

The divorce rate was between _____ in 2010. A) 10 percent and 20 percent B) 25 percent and 35 percent C) 40 percent and 50 percent D) 55 percent and 65 percent

The employment status of which of these mothers is LEAST likely to lead to negative outcomes for her children? A) Hildie, who is a stay-at-home mother but wants to work outside of the home B) Rita, who is employed outside of the home but wants to be a stay-at-home mother C) Francene, who wants to be and is employed outside of the home D) Rita's and Francene's situations are equally unlikely to lead to negative outcomes.

The genetic contribution to intelligence: A) remains stable across the life span. B) is strongest when individuals are young. C) becomes greater as individuals get older. D) is an artificial concept.

The likelihood of using visually based retrieval increases when: A) the words are longer. B) children become stronger at phonological recoding. C) children become bored with reading. D) the words are less regular in their letter-sound correspondences.

The macrosystem involves the: A) settings in which the child is not a direct participant. B) temporal dimension. C) general beliefs, values, customs, and laws of the larger society. D) activities, roles, and relationships in which the child directly participates.

The most commonly used intelligence test for children age 6 and older is the: A) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test for Children. B) Binet-Simon Intelligence Test. C) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. D) Thurstone Intelligence Test.

The multiple intelligences theory is supported by studies of: A) brain-damaged patients. B) prodigies. C) both brain-damaged patients and prodigies. D) neither brain-damaged patients nor prodigies.

The one-child-per-family policy in China served as a _____ for examining the effects of being an only child on children's development. A) laboratory experiment B) structured observation C) naturalistic experiment D) naturalistic observation

The parents of 2-year-old Joshua are frustrated with his screaming when he wants something. Which scenario is an example of intermittent reinforcement? A) His parents always give Joshua what he wants whether or not he screams. B) His parents always give Joshua what he wants only when he screams. C) Sometimes his parents give Joshua what he wants when he screams, and sometimes they refuse to give him what he wants when he screams. D) His parents never give Joshua what he wants when he screams.

The set of abilities that researchers have proposed are key to competent social functioning is referred to as: A) attachment. B) emotional regulation. C) emotional intelligence. D) empathy.

The strongest predictor of young elementary school students' ability to sound out and spell words is their kindergarten performance on measures of: A) letter name knowledge. B) phonological recoding. C) phonemic awareness. D) IQ.

The study by Calzo and colleagues reported in the text found that the most common age at which gay, lesbian, and bisexual adults reported that they had first recognized their feelings of same-sex attraction was between: A) 7 and 8 years. B) 8 and 10 years. C) 12 and 14 years. D) 14 and 16 years.

The study in which teams of 10-year-old children were asked to write a story about rain forests demonstrated that: A) boys were better able to cooperate with their peers in this context than were girls. B) boys were less able to cooperate with their peers in this context than were girls. C) stories written by teams of friends were of higher quality than were stories written by teams of nonfriends. D) stories written by teams of friends were of lower quality than were stories written by teams of nonfriends.

The study that followed 450 boys from impoverished neighborhoods until middle age demonstrated that _____ strongly predicted later social functioning. A) both IQ score and emotional intelligence B) IQ score but not emotional intelligence C) emotional intelligence but not IQ score D) neither IQ score nor emotional intelligence

The understanding that a person can have mixed feelings about something, as when a person is happy to receive a gift but is angry that it is not what was expected, develops at approximately what age? A) 5 years B) 8 years C) 10 years D) 12 years

Theorists who take a functionalist approach to understanding emotional development propose that emotions: A) have little impact on cognition. B) are innate and thus are unaffected by socialization. C) promote action toward a goal. D) do not emerge until a child has a sense of self.

Thomas and Chess labeled babies who took a long time to adjust to new experiences, tended to react negatively and intensely to stimuli and events, and were irregular in their eating and sleeping habits as: A) slow to warm up. B) easy. C) difficult. D) quick to calm down.

Thurstone portrayed intelligence as involving: A) "g." B) fluid and crystallized intelligence. C) seven primary mental abilities. D) 22 tertiary abilities.

To assess sociometric status, children are asked to list: A) their best friends. B) the popular and unpopular kids. C) the peers they like the best and the peers they like the least. D) the peers they like the least.

To be able to engage in social referencing, infants need to be able to: A) label emotions. B) understand the causes of emotions. C) comprehend the meaning of emotions. D) do all of these.

Twin and adoption studies have demonstrated that: A) there is no genetic component to temperament. B) temperament is entirely due to genetic factors. C) identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins on many aspects of temperament. D) stepsiblings are more similar than biological siblings on many aspects of personality.

Walter Mischel's procedure in which preschool children were asked to wait for a considerable amount of time in order to receive a greater number of treats was designed to assess which characteristic? A) intelligence B) attentiveness C) delay of gratification D) social competence

Watson employed _____ to create fear of a white rat in "Little Albert." A) systematic desensitization B) operant conditioning C) classical conditioning D) role taking

What conclusion have researchers interested in family dynamics come to in regard to development? A) It only applies to families with young children. B) It only applies to families with adolescents. C) It changes as children grow older. D) The child is at its center.

What did Charles Cooley conceive of as the "looking glass self"? A) Individuals perceive their level of physical attractiveness as how they appear in the mirror. B) Individuals are unable to see themselves realistically. C) Individuals' self-esteem is a function of how others perceive them. D) Individuals' peer acceptance is a function of how physically attractive they are.

What has been demonstrated by research on the links between specific genes and attachment behaviors? A) There is no clear evidence linking genes and attachment. B) Insecure attachments, but not secure attachments, have a strong genetic component. C) Certain genes cause individuals to be more sensitive to the quality of the environment. D) Links between adult attachment and infant attachment are a result of shared genetics.

When an experimenter surreptitiously places a dot of rouge on Deeana's face and then puts her in front of the mirror, she touches the spot on her face. Deeana is MOST likely to be at what age? A) 14 months old B) 17 months old C) 20 months old D) 11 months old

When an experimenter surreptitiously places a dot of rouge on Marlon's face and then puts him in front of the mirror, he touches the spot on his face. When the experimenter shows Marlon a photo of himself alongside photos of two other boys his age, Marlon does not recognize himself. Marlon is MOST likely to be at what age? A) 14 months old B) 17 months old C) 19 months old D) 24 months old

When asked about her best friend, Rasamee says, "My best friend is Annie. We do everything together. We both love to play four square, and we always play it together at recess. Annie lives near me, and she has so many fun toys that I love to play with." This description of Rasamee's friendship is MOST characteristic of children of what age? A) 2 years old B) 4 years old C) 7 years old D) 10 years old

When asked to solve the problem 6 × 3 = ? × 2, Arianna answers, "18." She probably does NOT yet have the concept of: A) multiplication. B) division. C) mathematical equality. D) generational integers.

When asked what 3 + 2 equals, Hillary puts up three fingers of one hand and two fingers on the other hand and counts "1, 2, 3, 4, 5." Hillary has used which arithmetic strategy? A) decomposition B) retrieval C) counting from 1 D) counting from the larger addend

When children were told a story about a child who felt one way but tried to hide her emotions and pretend to feel another way, approximately _____ percent of 3- and 4-year-olds and approximately _____ percent of 5-year-olds understood the difference between real and false emotions. A) 20; 20 B) 20; 50 C) 50; 80 D) 80; 100

When the presence of a trusted caregiver provides an infant or toddler with the ability to explore the environment, the child is using the caregiver as a: A) security object. B) dependent attachment figure. C) secure base. D) working model.

Which ability is typical of a 3-year-old child? A) identifying the causes of others' negative emotions B) labeling others' self-conscious emotions C) identifying the causes of others' positive emotions D) fully understanding how others' memories of past emotional events can trigger the same emotions

Which action is an example of psychological control? A) threatening to take away privileges B) requiring children to comply with demands without question C) discounting children's feelings D) engaging in reasoning

Which adolescent is MOST likely to be negatively influenced by his friends' behavior? A) Gary, who is extremely aggressive and who has aggressive friends B) Frank, who is mild mannered, shows no signs of aggression, and has aggressive friends C) Roger, whose parents are cold and detached, and whose friends use drugs D) Harry, whose parents monitor his activities and are receptive to his viewpoint, and whose friends use drugs

Which advice would be the BEST advice to give parents of a preschooler who want to help their child become a better reader in elementary school? A) Teach your child to break words into their component sounds. B) Teach your child that words have spaces between them and that reading is done from left to right. C) Teach your child to identify all upper- and lowercase letters. D) Allow your child to explore a variety of books on his or her own.

Which arithmetic strategy usually develops first? A) decomposition B) retrieval C) counting from 1 D) counting from the larger addend

Which aspect of temperament is particularly strong in adolescence? A) emotional regulation B) attentional reactivity C) incentive motivation D) All of the answers are correct

Which behavior is NOT considered an indicator that a child has a developing sense of self? A) displaying separation distress B) demonstrating joint attention C) turning toward a noise D) showing happiness when controlling objects

Which behavior is an indication that an infant has a sense of self? A) making independent movements B) crying C) separation distress D) talking

Which characteristic of families in the United States is NOT one that increased from the 1970s to the 2000s? A) age at which women had children B) percentage of children born to unwed mothers C) percentage of children living with two married parents D) percentage of mothers of school-aged children who work outside the home

Which child is MOST likely to benefit from remarriage by the mother? A) Linda, a 6-year-old girl B) Cathy, an 11-year-old girl C) Todd, a 6-year-old boy D) Frank, an 11-year-old boy

Which child is probably LEAST likely to exhibit adjustment problems? A) Charlie, whose parents are married and have high levels of conflict B) Gary, whose parents are divorced and have high levels of conflict C) Christopher, whose parents are divorced and have low levels of conflict D) Charlie and Gary are equally unlikely to exhibit adjustment problems.

Which concept is typical of a 3-year-old child's sense of self? A) involves comparisons of themselves with others B) includes global views of themselves that are not directly tied to specific behaviors C) is focused on observable features D) involves others' evaluations of them

Which description would NOT apply to the self-concept of a typical late-elementary-school child in comparison to the self-concept of a typical preschool child? A) more complex B) based to a greater extent on peer relationships C) more likely to involve positive illusions of abilities D) more likely to include social comparisons

Which emotion is identified earliest by children? A) disgust B) shame C) happiness D) anger

Which emotional regulation strategy would an older child be LEAST likely to attempt? A) trying to see negative things in a positive light B) mental distraction C) self-soothing D) thinking about the meaning of events in a different light

Which factor increases the level of support between siblings? A) marital conflict B) differential treatment by parents C) parental warmth D) All of these factors increase the level of support.

Which factor is NOT involved in the association between poverty and impaired intellectual growth? A) diet B) level of intellectual stimulation C) gender D) level of emotional support

Which factor is NOT on Sameroff's environmental risk scale? A) African American family B) rigidity of parents' beliefs about child development C) stepfather in home D) maternal anxiety

Which goal is NOT a motive to use a display rule? A) to prevent hurting someone's feelings B) to protect oneself from looking bad C) to get information about an ambiguous event D) to make someone else feel good

Which list is the chronological order (from earliest to latest) in which children are able to identify emotions in others? A) anger/fear, happiness, sadness, self-conscious emotions B) happiness, self-conscious emotions, sadness, anger/fear C) happiness, sadness, anger/fear, self-conscious emotions D) self-conscious emotions, anger/fear, happiness, sadness

Which methodology has NOT been used to classify young children on their temperamental style? A) laboratory observations B) parental reports of children in various contexts C) interviews of children D) brain activity assessment

Which mother is MOST likely to show sensitive behavior toward her new infant? A) Eileen, who is 17 years old B) Ursula, who is 22 years old and has few financial resources C) Hailee, who is 34 years old and has no other children D) Andrea, who is 34 years old and has two older children

Which parental practice in response to a child doing something wrong is likely to influence the child to feel guilt over shame? A) saying "You're a bad boy" B) publicly humiliating the child C) helping the child to understand the consequences of his or her actions for others D) removing expressions of love in disciplinary situations

Which parenting practice has been found to be associated with children being well-accepted by their peers? A) strong control B) low monitoring of activities C) reasoning D) negative emotions

Which personality structure is considered the conscience? A) ego B) id C) superego D) subego

Which piece of evidence is the BEST support for the causal effect of infant attachment security on later social functioning? A) Children who were securely attached as infants are more likely than other children to be socially and emotionally competent. B) When security of attachment changes because of stress in the home, parent‒child interactions at the time are associated with social and emotional competence at that age. C) Among children who functioned poorly during preschool, those who had a secure attachment during infancy were more socially and emotionally competent in middle childhood than were other children. D) None of the answers supports this effect.

Which scenario is an example of a parent's indirect socialization of generosity? A) Tanya's mother signs her child up for volunteer work at the local hospital after school. B) Frank's dad explains to his child how important it is to give to people who have less than them. C) Hannah's mom often makes food for a neighborhood mother whose husband is ill. D) Michael's dad tells his children that they need to share their toys when their friends play at their home.

Which situation is LEAST likely to contribute to an increase in depressive symptoms? A) early puberty in girls B) early puberty in boys C) late puberty in girls D) late puberty in boys

Which skill makes learning to write particularly difficult compared with learning to read? A) necessity of content knowledge B) metacognitive understanding C) meeting both low-level and high-level goals D) necessity of basic capacities

Which social factor is LEAST likely to promote the development of high self-esteem? A) parental sensitivity B) peer acceptance C) evaluating oneself on the basis of peer perceptions D) having a secure attachment to one's parents

Which stage begins with the start of sexual maturation? A) phallic B) latency C) genital D) oral

Which statement about HOME scores is the BEST representation of current research? A) They correlate positively with IQ score at the same age but not at a later age. B) They exert a causal influence on IQ score at the same age but not at a later age. C) They correlate positively with IQ score both at the same age and at a later age. D) They exert a causal influence on IQ score both at the same age and at a later age.

Which statement about Project Head Start is true? A) Participants show lasting gains in intellectual performance. B) Participants show higher math skills at the end of the program. C) Participants are more likely than nonparticipants of similar backgrounds to enroll in college. D) There are no long-term effects of participating in the program.

Which statement about adolescent parents is true? A) The rate of adolescent pregnancies has increased from the 1960s to 2010. B) The rate of adolescent pregnancies is significantly lower in the United States than in other industrialized countries. C) Being involved in school activities reduces the risk for childbearing during adolescence. D) Getting married greatly improves outcomes for adolescent mothers.

Which statement about adolescent parents is true? A) The vast majority of adolescent fathers never see their young children. B) Adolescents whose mothers are authoritative are at an increased risk for pregnancy. C) Adolescent mothers tend to provide low levels of verbal stimulation to their children. D) Adolescents who were born to teenage mothers nearly always experience academic failure and problem behavior.

Which statement about children's exposure to pornography is true? A) Most pornographic Web sites require adult verification. B) The number of pornographic Web sites is very small, preventing children from having ready access. C) Exposure to pornography is associated with tolerance of aggression toward women. D) Exposure to pornography is associated with less tolerance of extramarital sex.

Which statement about cultural differences in the effect of parenting style on child outcome is true? A) Consistent effects of the four parenting styles have been found in all cultures that have been examined. B) The particular effects of permissive and rejecting-neglecting parents have been found to differ cross-culturally. C) The meaning of discipline and control can differ cross-culturally, and this difference in meaning can change the effects of the authoritarian style. D) Parenting styles have only been examined in the United States, and thus we have no information about cultural differences in the impact of parenting style.

Which statement about knowledge of numerical magnitudes is NOT true? A) Older children can represent the magnitudes of larger numbers more easily than can younger children. B) Understanding of numerical magnitudes likely helps children rule out implausible answers. C) Direct instruction in the accuracy of numerical magnitude representations has little effect on arithmetic proficiency. D) Overall mathematical knowledge is related to children's knowledge of numerical magnitudes.

Which statement about older infants' displays of sadness is NOT true? A) Infants often display sadness in the same contexts in which they display anger. B) Displays of sadness are less frequent than displays of anger. C) Infants show anger but not sadness when they are unable to control their environment. D) Infants are capable of experiencing sadness.

Which statement about parents' attachment models is true? A) There is little association between parents' models of attachment and their infants' attachment security. B) Preoccupied parents tend to be warm and sensitive toward their infants. C) Parents' attachment models may have less to do with the adults' own attachment to their parents and more to do with their personal theories of child rearing. D) All securely attached infants have autonomous parents

Which statement about sexual-minority youth is NOT true? A) Poor outcomes for sexual-minority youth are likely more attributable to being victimized and harassed than to the same-sex attraction itself. B) Sexual-minority youth have higher reported rates of attempted suicide than do heterosexual youth. C) Sexual-minority youth and heterosexual youth tend to have the same level of feelings of control in their romantic relationships. D) Having sexual-minority friends is considered an important source of social support for sexual-minority youth.

Which statement about social withdrawal and peer acceptance in childhood is true? A) Socially withdrawn children are nearly always rejected by their peers. B) Socially withdrawn children are nearly always neglected by their peers. C) Only socially withdrawn children who display negative actions and emotions are likely to be rejected by their peers. D) Only socially withdrawn children who display negative actions and emotions are likely to be neglected by their peers.

Which statement about the association between emotional development and cognitive development is true? A) Emotions are independent of cognition, and therefore the two are unassociated. B) Cognitive development influences children to become less emotional as they develop from infancy through adolescence. C) Cognitive changes influence the types of stimuli that elicit particular emotional responses. D) None of the statements is true.

Which statement about the association between infants' behavior in the Strange Situation and their behavior at home is true? A) Infants classified as securely attached in the Strange Situation often appear more insecurely attached at home. B) The behaviors of infants classified as insecure in the Strange Situation often switch, with insecure resistant infants appearing more avoidant in the home and insecure/avoidant infants appearing more clingy in the home. C) Infants' behavior in the Strange Situation is related to interactions with their mothers at home. D) There is little association between infants' behavior in the two settings.

Which statement about the association between peer rejection and later adjustment problems is true? A) Peer rejection itself, and not maladaptive behavior, appears to be a cause of adjustment problems. B) Maladaptive behavior itself, and not peer rejection, appears to be a cause of adjustment problems. C) Both peer rejection and maladaptive behavior appear to be causes of adjustment problems. D) Neither peer rejection nor maladaptive behavior appears to be a cause of adjustment problems.

Which statement about the development of anger is true? A) Infants are incapable of experiencing anger. B) During the first year of life, it is easy to differentiate between infants' anger and distress. C) By the second year of life, children often express anger toward other people. D) Anger develops later than the self-conscious emotions.

____ is(are) used to test whether toddlers have a sense of self. A) The Strange Situation B) Children's reactions when their own arm movements control movement of a mobile C) Placing rouge on child's face before placing the child in front of a mirror D) All of these

Which statement about the effect of child care on parent‒child attachment is true? A) Overall, children in child care tend to be less securely attached than children who are not in child care. B) Overall, children in child care tend to be more securely attached than children who are not in child care. C) Only when there are other risk factors is extensive child care associated with less secure attachments. D) In terms of maternal attachment, infants tend to do better in center-based child care than they do in other types of nonparental care.

Which statement demonstrates that parental sensitivity and secure attachment in children are causally related? A) Parents who respond to their children's cries quickly are more likely than other parents to have children with secure attachments. B) Children who are temperamentally easy are more likely to have secure attachments to their caregivers. C) Parents who are taught to be responsive to their irritable children are more likely than parents who are not taught this to have children who are securely attached. D) Adults who were securely attached to their parents during their childhood are more likely than other adults to have children with secure attachments.

Which statement is MOST likely to be true across a variety of cultures? A) Children whose parents are dismissive of their negative emotions tend to be particularly emotionally negative. B) Parents who tease their children and promote their expression of anger tend to do so without thoughts of the consequences of these practices. C) Children who do not regulate their negative emotions well tend to have problems in their interpersonal relationships. D) None of these statements is likely to be true across a variety of cultures.

Which statement is true of ethnic-minority youth and their ethnic identity? A) The final status of ethnic identity for all minority individuals is ethnic-identity achievement. B) Higher levels of ethnic identity are generally associated with behavioral problems. C) The development of a bicultural identity can provide some benefits. D) Lessening of commitment to the ethnic group is considered part of ethnic-identity achievement.

Which statement(s) about the effects of IQ score and years of education on amount of money earned is true? Statement A: Among people with comparable IQ scores, those who complete more years of education earn more money. Statement B: Among people with the same level of education, people with higher IQ scores earn more money. A) Statement A only B) Statement B only C) Both Statement A and Statement B D) Neither Statement A nor Statement B

Which statements about the support provided to school-age children by friends is true? A) Friends' ability to provide children with support in unfamiliar situations begins at approximately age 9. B) Having friendships, regardless of the quality, is a significant buffer against loneliness. C) Chronic friendlessness is associated with depression. D) All of these are true statements.

Which test is a commonly used measure of the quality of the family environment? A) Simon-Binet B) WISC C) HOME D) QFE

Which theory specifically addresses how emotional reactions develop differently for each individual, based on biological and cognitive capacities and experience? A) fundamentalist approach B) Sroufe's view of emotion C) dynamic-systems perspective D) discrete emotions theory

Which two groups of children are both likely to change their sociometric group over short periods of time, such as weeks or months? A) popular and neglected B) popular and rejected C) controversial and neglected D) controversial and rejected

Which type of sibling pair is LEAST likely to be characterized by rivalry and conflict? A) biological siblings in remarried families B) half-siblings C) biological siblings in intact, nondivorced families D) stepsiblings

Which variable does NOT influence children's adjustment following divorce? A) parental conflict B) stress of custodial mother C) frequency of contact with noncustodial father D) quality of contact with noncustodial father

Which variable has been found to be an important factor in the adjustment of children of lesbian and gay parents? A) whether the homosexual parent is male or female B) whether the child is also gay or lesbian C) the closeness of the parent‒child relationship D) the gender of the child

_____ is an example of a cognitive emotional regulation strategy. A) Repetitive rubbing of a special object such as a blanket B) Averting one's attention to a nondistressing object C) Downplaying the importance of the situation D) Having a temper tantrum

_____ is part of the chronosystem. A) The societal belief that men should be breadwinners B) A father's job loss C) The societal shift in the employment status of women over the past decade D) A mother's practice of taking her daughter to work on Take Your Daughter to Work Day

_____ is the self-conscious emotion that typically develops earliest. A) Guilt B) Fear C) Embarrassment D) Pride

he majority of middle-class infants in the United States fall into which attachment category? A) insecure/avoidant B) disorganized/disoriented C) secure D) insecure/resistant

mprinting is of particular concern to _____ theorists. A) bioecological B) psychoanalytic C) ethological D) social learning

A set of skills that help individuals achieve their goals in interpersonal interactions while maintaining positive relations with others is referred to as: A) emotional regulation. B) delay of gratification. C) intelligence. D) social competence

According to Erikson, adolescents who have an incomplete and incoherent sense of self have identity: A) foreclosure. B) moratorium. C) diffusion. D) confusion.

According to Erikson, if a person does not successfully resolve the conflict of a particular stage, the person: A) becomes fixated on the needs of that stage. B) makes hostile attributions. C) develops infantile amnesia. D) continues to struggle with the issue.

According to Freud, children's experience of the Electra complex results in: A) the development of the superego. B) identification with the father. C) infantile amnesia. D) the development of a weaker conscience in girls than in boys.

According to Freud, infants are in which stage of development? A) immediate gratification B) anal C) comfort D) oral

According to Selman, children in stage 4: A) believe that others' different perspectives stem from possession of different knowledge. B) realize that others have different perspectives and are able to think about others' points of view. C) are able to systematically compare their own and another person's points of view. D) attempt to understand others' views by comparing them to the generalized other.

After a period of exploration, Mario has made decisions regarding occupation, beliefs and ideals, and sexuality. His sense of identity is coherent and consolidated. Mario would be classified into which identity-status category? A) foreclosure B) positive C) moratorium D) achievement

Albert Bandura was a proponent of which theory? A) psychosocial theory B) ecological theory C) behaviorism D) social learning theory

All of these concepts belong together EXCEPT: A) entity theory. B) helpless orientation. C) performance goals. D) effort.

All of these factors decrease the negative effect of homelessness on children's adjustment EXCEPT: A) a close relationship with their parents. B) parental involvement in their education. C) temperamental regulation. D) running away as an adolescent.

All of these have been proposed to be major contributors to depression in adolescence EXCEPT: A) maladaptive belief systems. B) skill deficits. C) peer rejection. D) poor achievement.

Among adolescents, _____ is NOT associated with lower self-esteem. A) living in urban poverty B) living in violent neighborhoods C) making the transition from elementary school to junior high school D) being African American

Bandura's "Bobo" doll study did NOT demonstrate that: A) children can learn through imitation. B) children's behavior may be inconsistent with what they have learned. C) seeing others rewarded and punished can influence a child's behavior. D) reinforcement is necessary for learning.

Bernard believes that his intelligence is fixed and that there is little he can do to change it. When Bernard encounters failure, he would be expected to: A) work persistently to solve the problem. B) believe that his failure is due to a lack of effort. C) believe he is still smart regardless of the failure. D) feel helpless.

Binet's approach to intelligence has persuaded the field of child development to: A) concentrate on the effect of race on intelligence. B) examine age-related changes more carefully. C) study the influences of nature versus nurture. D) focus on individual differences.

Carroll proposed the _____ theory of intelligence. A) multiple intelligences B) primary mental abilities C) "g" D) three-stratum

Children and adolescents tend to be more similar to their friends than to their nonfriends in: A) acceptance by peers. B) depression. C) self-perceptions of competence. D) All of these are areas in which they are more similar to friends than nonfriends.

Children of which type of parents tend to be low in social and academic competence, unhappy and unfriendly, and low in self-confidence, but do not tend to be particularly low in self-control or to be particularly high in impulsivity? A) permissive B) authoritative C) rejecting-neglecting D) authoritarian

Children spend the most time in which activity? A) going to school B) nonspecific play with friends C) athletics D) media interaction

Children who are NOT nominated by their peers either as being liked or as being disliked are categorized as: A) rejected. B) average. C) controversial. D) neglected.

Children who are classified as controversial receive _____ like-most nominations from classmates and _____ like-least nominations from classmates. A) few; few B) few; average C) average; average D) high; high

Children who are victimized by their peers tend to be: A) withdrawn. B) anxious. C) aggressive. D) withdrawn, anxious, and aggressive.

Children's decreased reliance on parents for help with emotional regulation as they get older reflects: A) their increased ability to negotiate ways to resolve situations. B) increasing maturation of neurological systems. C) changes in adults' expectations of them. D) All of the answers are correct.

Compared to children of heterosexual parents, children of gay and lesbian parents are: A) more poorly adjusted. B) less popular. C) more likely to be gay or lesbian themselves. D) none of these.

Compared to children who have poor-quality relationships with their parents, those who have high-quality relationship with their parents: A) do not differ on any measure of emotional development. B) develop more positive emotion. C) are more advanced in their understanding of emotion. D) develop more positive emotion and are more advanced in their understanding of emotion.

Compared to children who were insecurely attached as infants, children who were securely attached as infants demonstrate: A) more social competence. B) less anxiety and depression. C) better ability to understand other's emotions. D) all of these traits.

Compared to sociometrically average children, sociometrically popular children tend to be all of these EXCEPT: A) better at regulating emotion. B) more socially skilled. C) more cooperative. D) less likely to exhibit assertive aggression.

Compared to their 6th-grade peers, children who had been categorized as aggressive-rejected in 3rd grade were _____ likely to experience externalizing symptoms and _____ likely to experience internalizing symptoms. A) less; less B) less; more C) more; less D) more; more

Compared to uninhibited children, behaviorally inhibited children tend to: A) be less social at later ages. B) be high in fearful distress. C) have lower cortisol levels. D) All of the answers are correct.

Cross-cultural studies of parenting styles have demonstrated that all of these factors differ across cultures and subcultures EXCEPT the: A) prevalence of different parenting styles. B) meaning of particular parenting styles to children. C) outcomes associated with different parenting styles. D) dimensions that define parenting styles.

Danny is an adult who behaves selfishly and impulsively. He appears to seek immediate gratification and ignore any potential negative consequences. Freud would say that Danny is ruled by his: A) conscience. B) superego. C) erogenous zones. D) id.

Darrell exhibits separation distress when his mother leaves and happily greets her when she returns. He uses her as a secure base and actively seeks out contact with his mother. Bowlby would consider Darrell to be in which phase of the development of attachment? A) attachment-in-the-making B) reciprocal relationships C) preattachment D) clear-cut attachment

Developmental psychologists define emotions as: A) subjective feelings. B) the desire to take action. C) the physiological correlates of feelings. D) All of the answers are correct.

Diego is a Mexican American adolescent who has not examined his ethnicity and is not particularly interested in it. Diego is in which phase of ethnic-identity development? A) bicultural identity B) ethnic-identity achievement C) ethnic-identity search/moratorium D) ethnic-identity diffusion/foreclosure

Differential treatment of siblings by parents is less detrimental to children when: A) children believe it is justified. B) the culture emphasizes interdependence among family members. C) the children are older. D) All of these answers are correct.

During the school year, the achievement test scores of low-SES children tend to _____; during the summer, their scores tend to _____. A) remain constant while those of high-SES rise; drop or remain constant while those of high-SES children rise B) rise similarly to those of high-SES children; drop while those of high-SES children remain constant C) remain constant while those of high-SES rise; drop while those of high-SES children remain constant D) rise similarly to those of high-SES children; drop or remain constant while those of high-SES children rise

During which stage are sexual impulses repressed, leaving energy to be channeled into socially acceptable activities? A) phallic B) latency C) anal D) genital

Ecological theories of development stress the importance of: A) self-socialization. B) reinforcement and imitation. C) the stages children progress through as they develop. D) children as a part of larger contexts.

Eliza tends to base her self-worth on her own effort and learning. When given a choice, she is likely to choose situations in which she can _____. She is considered to have an _____ orientation. A) be assured of success; entity/helpless B) be assured of success; incremental/mastery C) enjoy the challenge of a difficult problem; entity/helpless D) enjoy the challenge of a difficult problem; incremental/mastery

Emotion coaching includes all of these EXCEPT: A) discussing children's emotions. B) helping children express emotions appropriately. C) guiding children to learn ways of coping with emotions. D) ensuring that children understand the differences between the various self-conscious emotions.

Eric has an IQ of 100 at age 5 and an IQ of 100 at age 22. What can be said about his intelligence in comparison to others his age? A) Eric has become comparatively less intelligent, as his IQ should increase with age. B) Eric has become comparatively less intelligent, as it is more difficult to get a high score at age 5 than it is at age 22. C) Eric has become comparatively more intelligent, as it is more difficult to get a high score at age 22 than it is at age 5. D) Eric's comparative intelligence has remained stable.

Ethnic-identity search/moratorium involves: A) solidifying one's career choice. B) having a commitment to one's ethnic group. C) internalizing the majority's views of the ethnic group. D) considering the effects ethnicity may have on one's future.

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that the prolonged period of human children's immaturity is: A) wasteful. B) a result of the nested structure of human contexts. C) caused by parents' reinforcement of children's immature behavior. D) adaptive.

Evolutionary psychology is primarily concerned with: A) the effects of various levels of context on human development. B) understanding how humans are similar to and different from other animals, especially other primates. C) the differences between developing within species-typical environments and developing within species-atypical environments. D) the application of natural selection and adaptation to human behavior.

Family dynamics refers to: A) how individual family members relate to the child. B) cultural variability in family structure. C) the changing nature of parent‒child relationships as children develop. D) how the family operates as a whole.

For sexual-minority individuals who proceed through all of the steps of the coming-out process, which step is final? A) preference for social interaction with other sexual-minority individuals B) disclosure to heterosexual family and friends C) feelings of ambivalence about same-sex attractions D) feelings of pride in themselves and their sexual community

Four-year-old Derek is playing with his trucks and does not want to come to the dinner table. In response, his mother storms over to where he is playing, grabs his trucks away from him, and yells, "I told you to come eat dinner! Come to the table right now or I will throw those trucks in the garbage." Derek's mother is rarely affectionate with him, even in situations in which he is complying with her wishes. Derek's mother would likely be classified as: A) permissive. B) authoritative. C) rejecting-neglecting. D) authoritarian.

Freud's contributions to developmental psychology do NOT include an emphasis on the importance of: A) unconscious processes. B) close relationships. C) early experience. D) objective experience.

Friendships can buffer children against the negative effects of all of these EXCEPT: A) being victimized by peers. B) entering a new school. C) being socially isolated. D) having poor-quality relationships.

Has research supported the proposal by attachment theorists that attachment style in infancy is associated with later positive peer relationships? A) No, there is no evidence to support this proposal. B) Yes, attachment in infancy is associated with peer relations in preschool, but not in older children. C) Yes, attachment in infancy is associated with peer relations in preschool and early elementary school, but not in older children. D) Yes, attachment in infancy is associated with peer relations in preschool, early elementary school, and late elementary school

Having close friends who exhibit which problem is associated with an increased risk of that problem for adolescents? A) depression B) substance abuse C) disruptive and aggressive behavior D) All of these problems are associated with increased risk.

IQ score is a strong predictor of success in which domain(s)? A) economic B) occupational C) academic D) all of these domains

In families living in Western industrialized cultures, mothers spend _____ of their available time playing than do fathers, and/but the type of play tends to be _____ to/from that of fathers. A) more; similar B) less; similar C) more; different D) less; different

In general, the development of emotional regulation is characterized by all of these patterns of change EXCEPT: A) decreasing reliance on others for help in regulating emotions. B) increasing ability to select appropriate strategies. C) increasing use of cognitive strategies. D) decreasing control over physiological reactions.

In regard to culture and self-esteem, scores on measures of self-esteem: A) do not differ across cultures. B) differ across cultures because there are genetic differences in the average level of self-esteem in different cultures. C) differ across cultures because there are differences in the meaning of self-esteem in different cultures. D) differ across cultures because there are differences in the meaning of self-esteem and self-criticism in different cultures.

In regard to the relation between children's disruptive behaviors and having friends, the association between the two is: A) not causal. B) causal. C) bidirectional. D) unclear as to its precise nature.

In terms of the association between acceptance by the peer group and important developmental outcomes such as dropping out of school, peer acceptance is: A) not associated with important developmental outcomes. B) associated with these outcomes because well-accepted children are more likely to have friends, and friendships influence developmental outcomes. C) associated with these outcomes because well-accepted children are more likely to have romantic partners, and this factor influences developmental outcomes. D) associated with these outcomes, over and above the effect of friendships and other relationships.

In which group in the United States do mothers and fathers spend equal amounts of time with their children? A) Hispanic American families B) families with mothers who work outside of the home C) high-SES Euro-American families D) none of these.

Infants are typically equally comforted by all caregivers in which of Bowlby's phases? A) reciprocal relationships B) attachment-in-the-making C) clear-cut attachment D) preattachment

Infants' upset when placed in new situations is referred to as: A) surgency. B) irritable distress. C) rhythmicity. D) fearful distress.

Intelligence is: A) a single trait. B) a few abilities. C) many processes. D) all of these.

John Watson advised parents to treat their children with: A) respect. B) hostile attributions. C) affection. D) objectivity.

Long-standing contributions of psychoanalytic theories to developmental psychology include all of these EXCEPT the: A) significance of early experience. B) notion that a great portion of one's mental life occurs outside consciousness. C) emphasis on the development of identity. D) influence of one's sexual nature on development.

Loosely organized groups of adolescents that identify as a group and often engage in illegal activity are referred to as: A) societies. B) cliques. C) crowds. D) gangs.

Many evolutionary psychologists believe that _____ is(are) an evolved platform for learning. A) computers B) books C) school D) play

Mothers who resist their infants' attempts at physical closeness and who are emotionally unavailable are more likely than other mothers to have infants who are: A) insecure/resistant. B) securely attached. C) disorganized/disoriented. D) insecure/avoidant.

Numerical magnitude representations are required for all of these EXCEPT: A) comprehending that "10" represents more of something than does "8." B) knowing whether 6 or 9 indicates a greater number of objects. C) correctly estimating where 700 is on a number line from 1 to 1000. D) understanding that the written word "three" represents 3 objects.

Of hunger, pain, and separation from the primary caregiver, which emotion(s) do newborns express? A) hunger only B) pain only C) hunger, pain, and separation from the primary caregiver D) both hunger and pain

Of substance abuse in adolescence and mental health problems in adulthood, research on self-esteem has demonstrated that which is caused by low self-esteem? A) mental health problems in adulthood only B) substance abuse in adolescence only C) both substance abuse in adolescence and mental health problems in adulthood D) neither substance abuse in adolescence nor mental health problems in adulthood

Of these children who have healthy family relationships, the LEAST likely to display negative emotions would be: A) 12-month-old Kiana. B) 20-month-old Trey. C) 26-month-old Riley. D) 36-month-old Amaris.

Of these children, which typically mentions emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, and fear in appropriate ways within conversation? A) 2-year-old Penny B) 5-year-old Jake C) 8-year-old Breanne D) All of the answers are correct.

Of these children, who is MOST likely to experience separation anxiety in the situation described? A) 5-month-old Anton is placed in a car seat by his parent who then disappears from his view B) 13-month-old Jordan walks away from her parent into another room C) 23-month-old Ellie is playing on the floor when her parent leaves the room D) 15-month-old Sebastian is placed into his crib by his parent who then leaves the room

Of these pairs of ages, the correlation between IQ score at one age and IQ score at the later age is highest for which pair? A) 3 years and 5 years B) 7 years and 9 years C) 5 years and 10 years D) 10 years and 12 years

Of these statements perceived self-efficacy, which is true? Statement A: Perceptions of self-efficacy in various domains function independently. Statement B: Perceived self-efficacy has little impact on behavior. A) Statement A only B) Statement B only C) both Statement A and Statement B D) neither Statement A nor Statement B

Of types of stimuli that elicit particular emotional responses, frequency of particular emotions, and intensity of emotional responses, which change during childhood? A) types of stimuli B) types of stimuli and frequency of particular emotions C) types of stimuli and intensity of emotional responses D) types of stimuli, frequency of particular emotions, and intensity of emotional responses

Older infants commonly express fear toward: A) strangers. B) loud noises. C) sudden movements by objects. D) All of the answers are correct.

On a typical intelligence test, a score of 130 is: A) one standard deviation below average. B) average. C) one standard deviation above average. D) two standard deviations above average.

One's overall evaluation of oneself is referred to as one's: A) sexual orientation. B) identity. C) sense of self. D) self-esteem.

Over the course of a given year in the United States, it is estimated that there are approximately _____ homeless children. A) 250,000 B) 700,000 C) 1 million D) 1.6 million

Parental sensitivity involves: A) responding quickly to the needs of a crying baby. B) smiling, laughing, and making sounds at baby. C) being emotionally available. D) All of these comprise parental sensitivity

Practical intelligence refers to: A) the ability to draw inferences and understand relations between concepts not encountered previously. B) the part of intelligence that is common to all intellectual tasks. C) factual knowledge about the world. D) mental abilities important for success in many situations and not measured on intelligence tests.

Proceeding directly from the visual form of a word to its meaning is referred to as: A) phonological recoding. B) phonemic awareness. C) strategy-choice process. D) visually based retrieval.

Professor Lorry is conducting a study on infant temperament. Which method of measuring temperament will provide her with the most confidence in her assessments? A) laboratory observation B) EEG C) parental reports D) a combination of laboratory observation, EEG, and parental reports

Psychologists have suggested that cultural variations in self-esteem are likely to be associated with differences in all of these EXCEPT: A) the meaning of self-esteem. B) comfort with being praised. C) the function of self-criticism. D) parent‒child attachment.

Reading comprehension and writing are both enhanced by: A) metacognitive understanding. B) content knowledge. C) automatization. D) all of these.

Reading comprehension involves continuously updating one's: A) phonological processing. B) phonological reasoning. C) strategies. D) mental model.

Reading comprehension is influenced by: A) children's content knowledge. B) the amount of reading children do. C) the amount parents read to children as preschoolers. D) all of these.

Recent research has demonstrated that compared to children with siblings, "onlies" in China have been found to be: A) more self-interested. B) less cooperative. C) more aggressive. D) none of these.

Research suggests that, in comparison to young adults exploring commitments in breadth, those exploring commitments in depth tend to be more: A) likely to have unprotected sex. B) open to experience. C) prone to negative emotionality. D) conscientious.

Rex and Paul are both young children who attend high-quality center-based child care. Rex is from a low-income family and Paul is from a working-class family. What are the likely effects on their behavior if they are in child care for extensive hours? A) Rex and Paul are both at an increased risk of developing behavior problems. B) Rex and Paul are both at a decreased risk of developing behavior problems. C) Rex is at an increased risk of developing behavior problems, and Paul is at a decreased risk. D) Rex is at a decreased risk of developing behavior problems, and Paul is at an increased risk.

Rose is a preschool child whose mother has tried to help her with her peers. For instance, Rose's mother suggested that she try to get involved with what the girls in her class are playing rather than trying to get them to play something new with her. What is the likely effect of Rose's mother's coaching? A) Rose will feel socially incompetent because her mother has to help her with her peer interactions. B) Rose will do the opposite of her mother's advice to prove to her mother that she is socially competent. C) Rose will be rejected by her peers. D) Rose will be well accepted by her peers.

Securely attached infants are MOST likely to have parents whose own adult attachment status is: A) dismissing. B) unresolved. C) preoccupied. D) autonomous.

Sonal, the mother of two children, remembers her childhood as difficult. When asked about it, she discusses her past in a consistent and cohesive manner, but reports that although there were some happy times, her parents were not always supportive. Sonal is MOST likely to be classified as: A) dismissing. B) unresolved/disorganized. C) preoccupied. D) autonomous.

Sternberg's theory of intelligence does NOT include _____ abilities. A) practical B) creative C) analytic D) mental health

Tests of fluid intelligence: A) peak in old age. B) correlate more highly with tests of factual knowledge about the world than they do with the ability to draw inferences. C) include knowledge about geometric facts. D) have a different developmental course than tests of crystallized intelligence.

The Adult Attachment Interview is designed to measure adults': A) perceptions of their infants' attachments. B) beliefs about child rearing. C) evaluations of their adult relationships. D) perceptions of their early childhood relationships.

The Flynn effect is the: A) effect of poverty on IQ score. B) influence of schooling on IQ score. C) overarching influence of "g" on lower mental abilities. D) increase in average IQ scores over the past several generations.

The MOST likely source of the differences in peer relationships between children who were securely attached as infants and those who were insecurely attached as infants are differences in: A) the quality of adult models. B) opportunities for peer interaction. C) abilities to use social comparisons. D) internal working models.

The Oedipus complex occurs during which of Freud's stages? A) latency B) genital C) oral D) phallic

The WISC-IV is MOST consistent with which notion of intelligence? A) intelligence as a single entity B) intelligence as a few basic abilities C) intelligence as numerous processes D) the three-stratum theory of intelligence

The _____ is NOT a personality structure hypothesized by Freud. A) ego B) superego C) id D) superid

The ability of preschoolers to delay gratification has been found to be associated with: A) academic competence 10 years later. B) ability to deal with frustration 10 years later. C) decreased drug use in adulthood. D) All of the answers are correct.

The ability to discriminate and identify different emotions in others: A) is associated with social competence. B) is associated with lower levels of behavioral problems. C) helps children responds appropriately to others' emotions. D) All of the answers are correct.

The anxieties and fears of 3-year-old Alexander are most likely to involve: A) pleasing teachers. B) being physically attacked. C) being separated from his mother. D) ghosts and monsters.

The behavior modification strategy of "time out" is based on the idea that _____ is a positive reinforcement. A) whining B) learning C) withdrawal D) attention

The bioecological model stresses the _____ nature of all relationships within the microsystem. A) one-dimensional B) direct C) indirect D) bidirectional

The causes of which emotion tend to change as children develop? A) anger B) pride C) happiness D) All of the answers are correct.

The emotion of which child would be the easiest for other children to understand? A) Mia, who feels disappointment at getting a sweater for her birthday, but who puts on a happy face anyway B) J.T., who feels ashamed about lying to his parents about breaking his father's new pen C) Kerry, who is saddened by a reminder of her pet's death D) Jing, who is happy because he is going to the park with his friend

The first clear sign of happiness in infants is: A) the expression of love toward the mother. B) the social smile. C) laughter. D) smiling.

The first negative emotion that is apparent in infants is: A) anger. B) sadness. C) fear. D) distress.

The greater frequency of problem behaviors in children of divorced parents may be due to: A) an inherited predisposition to poor self-regulation. B) conflict surrounding the divorce. C) transitioning to a new home or school. D) any of these factors.

The large-scale study of the effects of child care that was funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Development demonstrated that the attachment of children in nonmaternal care was LEAST strongly related to: A) family income. B) maternal sensitivity. C) maternal education. D) the nature of the child care

The large-scale study of the effects of child care that was funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Development demonstrated that the: A) quality of child care was a critical predictor of attachment security. B) amount of child care was a critical predictor of attachment security. C) number of child-care arrangements was a critical predictor of attachment security. D) child care effects were substantially predictive of insecure attachments only when mothers were unresponsive or low in sensitivity.

The large-scale study of the effects of child care that was funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Development demonstrated which finding about the effects of child care on children's cognitive development? A) Regardless of the quality, child care tended to have a negative effect on children's cognitive development. B) Regardless of the quality, child care tended to have a positive effect on children's cognitive development. C) When it was of at least moderate quality, child care tended to have a positive effect on children's cognitive development. D) When it was of high quality, child care tended to have a positive effect on children's cognitive development.

The likelihood of using phonological recoding increases when: A) the words are shorter. B) children become stronger at this skill. C) children become bored with reading. D) the words are less regular in their letter‒sound correspondences.

The mesosystem involves the: A) settings in which the child is not a direct participant. B) general beliefs, values, customs, and laws of the larger society. C) activities, roles, and relationships in which the child directly participates. D) connections among the contexts in which the child directly participates.

The mother of Jasmine, a 6-year-old, has promised her daughter new crayons if she waits patiently while her mother shops. Which cognitive strategy might Jasmine use to regulate her emotions? A) repeatedly stroking the hem of her shirt B) waiting for her mother to soothe her C) distracting herself by playing with another toy D) negotiating with her mother to get the new crayons early rather than late in the shopping trip

The multiple intelligences theory includes all of these intelligences EXCEPT: A) logical-mathematical B) musical C) naturalistic D) emotional

The one-child policy in China is an example of the link between which two systems of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model? A) microsystem and mesosystem B) macrosystem and mesosystem C) exosystem and microsystem D) macrosystem and microsystem

The parents of 2-year-old Joshua are frustrated with his screaming when he wants something. According to Skinner, which statement would be the BEST advice to give Joshua's parents if they wish to stop Joshua's screaming? A) Give Joshua what he wants whether or not he screams. B) Always give Joshua what he wants when he screams. C) Sometimes give Joshua what he wants when he screams, and sometimes refuse to give him what he wants when he screams. D) Never give Joshua what he wants when he screams.

The perceptual-reasoning section of the WISC measures: A) skill in using language. B) the ability to manipulate information in short-term memory. C) the ability to focus attention. D) spatial and logical abilities.

The personal fable is a form of: A) sense of self. B) identity. C) coping mechanism. D) egocentrism.

The process of initiating, inhibiting, or modulating emotions in order to accomplish one's goals is referred to as emotional: A) restriction. B) constriction. C) repression. D) regulation.

The text describes a study in which mothers of irritable infants were taught how to be more sensitive to their infants. When infants whose mothers were trained were compared to infants in a control group, the intervention group demonstrated _____ rates of secure attachment in infancy and/but _____ rates of secure attachment when the children were of preschool age. A) similar; similar B) similar; higher C) higher; similar D) higher; higher

The type of intelligence that is hypothesized to influence people's ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks is referred to as _____ intelligence. A) fluid B) practical C) crystallized D) general

To Freud, healthy development involves: A) developing a strong identity. B) the ability to take other people's perspectives and thus learn from interactions with them. C) surrounding oneself with the contexts necessary for an adaptive life. D) the ability to derive pleasure from both love and work.

To assess self-esteem, researchers generally ask children about: A) how they feel about themselves in general. B) their perceptions of their academic ability. C) their perceptions of their social acceptance. D) all of these.

To be very successful at comprehending what they are reading, children need to be able to: A) quickly identify words. B) form a mental model of the idea being depicted in the text. C) monitor their comprehension. D) do all of these.

To examine children's use of aggression in dealing with social problems, Dodge and his colleagues: A) interviewed children about why they are aggressive with their peers. B) examined the contexts in which children display aggression. C) examined whether aggressive children are able to take the perspective of others. D) presented children with hypothetical stories in which they were the victims of another child's ambiguous actions.

Traditional learning theorists emphasize the importance of _____ on children's development. A) cognitive factors B) internal forces C) subjective experience D) external factors

Trevor's parents frequently argue and display a great deal of negative emotion in Trevor's presence. As a result, Trevor is likely to: A) believe that he angers other people. B) experience higher than average levels of negative emotions. C) think that high levels of negative emotions in relationships are normal and appropriate. D) experience all of these.

Twin and adoption studies have demonstrated that: A) there is no genetic component to temperament. B) temperament is entirely due to genetic factors. C) genes account for a small portion of variation in temperament. D) genes account for a substantial portion of variation in some aspects of temperament.

What is the extent of influence of the shared environment and genetics on IQ score in children living in affluent and impoverished families? A) For children living in both types of families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than the influence of genetics. B) For children living in both types of families, the influence of genetics is stronger than the influence of the shared environment. C) For children living in affluent families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than the influence of genetics, and the pattern is reversed for impoverished families. D) For children living in impoverished families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than the influence of genetics, and the pattern is reversed for affluent families.

What percent of noncustodial fathers have contact with their children more than once a year? A) more than 85 percent B) approximately 70 percent C) approximately 60 percent D) fewer than 50 percent

When Baby Joseph cries, he is easily comforted by his mother. He is comforted just as easily by his father, his grandparents, and his babysitter, as well as by strangers. Bowlby would consider Joseph to be in which phase of the development of attachment? A) attachment-in-the-making B) disorganized/disoriented C) reciprocal relationships D) preattachment

When Suomi and Harlow placed socially isolated monkeys with normal younger monkeys, the isolated monkeys: A) developed abnormal behaviors, such as compulsive rocking. B) were aggressive toward the younger monkeys. C) became playful and behaved normally. D) began to explore their environment.

When asked who their best friend is, Dana and Wendy both name each other. Dana and Wendy are considered to be: A) exclusive best friends. B) popular. C) well accepted. D) reciprocated best friends.

Which action is NOT part of the Strange Situation? A) separations from the caregiver B) reunions with the caregiver C) interactions with a stranger D) contact with novel, scary objects

Which adolescent is MOST likely to be negatively influenced by the peer group? A) Gerry, whose parents exhibit an authoritative style B) Todd, whose culture has family sanctions against delinquent behavior C) Oscar, whose parents are responsive D) Mica, who has a distant relationship with his mother

Which assertion BEST describes Bowlby's view of the attachment process and the quality of infants' attachments? A) Both the attachment process and the quality of attachments are innate. B) Both the attachment process and the quality of attachments are dependent on the nature of infants' experiences with caregivers. C) The attachment process is dependent on the nature of infants' experiences with caregivers, but the quality of their attachments is innate. D) The attachment process has an innate basis, but the quality of infants' attachments is dependent on the nature of their experiences with caregivers.

Which assertion is a true statement about the impact of peer, parental, and self standards on children's self-esteem? A) Over the course of childhood, peer acceptance becomes a progressively weaker effect on children's self-esteem. B) In late childhood, children's feelings of competence are tied more closely to parental evaluations than to peer evaluations. C) In adolescence, self-esteem becomes less and less tied to internalized standards. D) Adolescents who base their self-evaluations on other's standards are at increased risk for psychological problems.

Which attribute is NOT a common characteristic of children's friendships? A) same-sex members B) intimate C) involving conflict D) All of these are common characteristics of children's friendships.

Which behavior might be exhibited during the Strange Situation by an infant who is classified as disorganized/disoriented? A) displaying fearful smiles while approaching mother B) demonstrating severe distress when mother leaves room C) clinging to mother rather than playing with toys D) all of these behaviors.

Which capability develops latest? A) identifying the causes of others' negative emotions B) labeling others' self-conscious emotions C) fully understanding how others' memories of past emotional events can trigger the same emotions D) understanding emotional ambivalence

Which category of children are MOST likely to have difficulties in the academic domain? A) popular B) neglected C) average D) aggressive-rejected

Which characteristic does NOT describe the id? A) unconscious B) dark C) inaccessible D) realistic

Which characteristic is NOT an example of an active influence children have on the parenting process? A) temperament B) perceptions of their parents' behavior toward them C) negative behavior that is reinforced by parents D) appearance

Which characteristic is common among parents who maltreat their children? A) poor impulse control B) low self-esteem C) strong negative reactions to stress D) all of these

Which characteristic is common in affluent families? A) academic pressure B) diminished family time C) unsupervised time at home D) all of these

Which condition is NOT a symptom of depression in adolescence? A) insomnia B) recurrent thoughts of death C) significant weight loss D) increased focus on school work

Which element is NOT a necessary component of children's ethnic identity? A) self-identification B) feelings and preferences C) knowledge D) pride

Which emotion is an indicator that a child has a sense of self? A) happiness B) anger C) sadness D) shame

Which factor associated with child maltreatment is within the child's exosystem? A) poor parental self-esteem B) difficult temperament C) parental drug dependence D) unemployment

Which factor does NOT increase the likelihood that an adolescent will engage in delinquent behavior? A) hanging out with peers who have been in trouble B) having an extreme orientation toward peers C) being low in self-regulation D) co-ruminating with peers about negative events

Which factor has NOT been shown to be associated with the quality of infants' attachment? A) maternal trauma B) socioeconomic status C) specific genes D) number of children in the family

Which factor helps protect victimized children? A) having a number of friendships B) having friends who are liked by peers C) having friendships of high quality D) All of these factors help protect victimized children.

Which factor involved in ADHD is part of the chronosystem? A) perception of drug companies that ADHD drugs will be profitable B) FDA evaluation of ADHD medications C) requirement that children sit still and concentrate while at school D) advent of compulsory schooling

Which factor is NOT associated with better integration of a stepparent into a family? A) lack of hostility of noncustodial biological parent toward stepparent B) support of stepparent's parenting by custodial parent C) warmth of stepparent D) active parenting by stepparent

Which factor is associated with a decreased likelihood of children experiencing negative consequences from their parents' divorce? A) authoritarian parenting B) frequent contact with noncustodial father C) being a young child at the time of divorce D) low parental conflict

Which family factor does NOT contribute to depression in youth? A) genetic vulnerability B) maternal insensitivity C) levels of family engagement D) age disparity among siblings

Which friends are MOST likely to extensively discuss problems and their negative thoughts and feelings? A) male pair with a poor-quality friendship B) male pair with a high-quality friendship C) female pair with a poor-quality friendship D) female pair with a high-quality friendship

Which group of infants is typified by indifference toward the mother? A) disorganized/disoriented B) insecure/resistant C) secure D) insecure/avoidant

Which instruction would be BAD advice for parents who want to encourage their child to respond to his or her wrongdoings with guilt rather than shame? A) Communicate love and respect for the child. B) Emphasize the badness of the behavior rather than of the child. C) Teach the child to understand the consequences of his or her actions for others. D) Criticize the child for his or her actions.

Which list presents Bowlby's phases in the correct developmental sequence? A) attachment-in-the-making, preattachment, clear-cut attachment, reciprocal relationships B) preattachment, reciprocal relationships, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment C) reciprocal relationships, attachment-in-the-making, preattachment, clear-cut attachment D) preattachment, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment, reciprocal relationships

Which means of parental socialization is prominent particularly when children are young? A) direct instruction B) indirect socialization C) survival of offspring D) social management

Which milestone is NOT an indication that a child has a sense of self? A) experiencing embarrassment B) recognizing self in the mirror C) attempting to set own goals in opposition to parents' goals D) imitating others' facial expressions

Which of these is NOT a plausible explanation for the Flynn effect? A) increased societal emphasis on abstract problem solving B) increased exposure to new technologies C) improvements in the lives of low-income families D) deterioration in educational opportunities for middle-class families

Which of these is NOT associated with growing up in an affluent family in comparison to growing up in a middle-class family? A) increased substance abuse B) increased anxiety C) decreased feelings of maternal closeness D) increased happiness

Which of these statements is NOT true of divorced custodial mothers? A) They generally have increased financial responsibility. B) They often experience isolation from social support. C) They often experience anger or depression. D) They generally receive full child-support payments.

Which piece of advice would be MOST beneficial for low-income parents who want to help their preschooler become a better reader? A) Read to your child at least twice each week. B) When you read to your child, read slowly and methodically. C) Stick to picture-only books; wait to introduce books with words until your child demonstrates a basic awareness of written words. D) Ask your child questions about the stories, and relate the content of the books to the child's own experiences.

Which scenario is an example of social referencing? A) Jessica sucks her thumb when her brother takes away her favorite doll. B) Jose smiles when he opens a gift from his grandmother, even though he does not like the new shirt she has given him. C) Stacey hears her parents arguing and begins to cry. D) Henry looks up at his mother after he falls and, on seeing her content expression, gets up without crying.

Which sequence lists Chall's stages of reading development in the correct chronological order? A) coordinating multiple perspectives, fluency in reading simple material, phonemic awareness, phonological recoding skills, acquiring information from print B) phonemic awareness, phonological recoding skills, coordinating multiple perspectives, fluency in reading simple material, acquiring information from print C) phonemic awareness, fluency in reading simple material, phonological recoding skills, coordinating multiple perspectives, acquiring information from print D) phonemic awareness, phonological recoding skills, fluency in reading simple material, acquiring information from print, coordinating multiple perspectives

Which sequence lists the stages of Freud's theory in the correct developmental order? A) anal, phallic, oral, latency, genital B) oral, latency, genital, phallic, anal C) genital, oral, anal, phallic, latency D) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Which skill is necessary to write? A) accurate spelling B) use of correct punctuation C) providing necessary background information D) all of these skills

Which statement about children's characteristics and behavior and the parenting process is true? A) Parenting behaviors are rarely influenced by children's characteristics or behavior, as parents tend to have a core style that changes in only minor ways. B) Although children's early temperamental characteristics influence the parenting style that parents adopt, children have little influence on parenting behaviors after infancy. C) Parents may be influenced by children's extreme behaviors, but their parenting practices are rarely influenced by any other characteristics of their children. D) Children's characteristics and behavior can have a substantial influence on the parenting process.

Which statement about individuals' intelligence tests at different ages is true? A) The correlation between individuals' IQ scores at a particular age and their scores five years later is approximately .90. B) On average, individuals' IQ scores increase 13 points between age 4 and age 17. C) If intelligence tests are administered according to instructions, there should be no change in an individual's IQ score with age. D) Children who take an intelligence test at age 12 and again at age 17 show an average change, up or down, of 7 points.

Which statement about infants' fear of strangers is correct? A) Infants' fear of strangers occurs in early infancy and quickly disappears. B) All infants experience fear of strangers to a similar degree across a variety of contexts. C) Infants' fear of strangers occurs well after the start of separation anxiety. D) None of these statements is correct.

Which statement about media and children is true? A) Media violence has been found to have little impact on children's aggressive behavior. B) It is still unclear whether media violence has an impact on children's aggressive behavior. C) The evidence is clear that media violence has an immediate but not long-term effect on children's aggressive behavior. D) The evidence is clear that media violence has both an immediate effect and a long-term effect on children's aggressive behavior.

Which statement about older fathers, in comparison to younger fathers, is NOT true? A) They are more likely to be affectionate with their infants. B) They are more likely to provide a moderate amount of child care. C) They are more likely to be cognitively stimulating with their infants. D) They are more likely to have traditional beliefs about the paternal role in parenting.

Which statement about peers is true? A) Peers have relatively equal power in their interactions. B) Peers are, by definition, close in age. C) Peers tend to jointly construct their own ideas and rules for how things should work. D) All are true statements about peers.

Which statement about temperament is true? A) Temperament includes emotional intelligence. B) Temperament only involves socialized traits. C) Temperament is typically viewed as including social skills. D) Temperament can be affected by prenatal environment.

Which statement about tests of the intellectual achievement of affluent and poor children in various countries is true? A) Affluent children in the United States score higher than affluent children in countries with greater income equality. B) Affluent children in the United States score much lower than affluent children in countries with greater income equality. C) Poor children in the United States score higher than poor children in countries with greater income equality. D) Poor children in the United States score lower than poor children in countries with greater income equality.

Which statement about the Carolina Abecedarian Project is true? A) The project was small in scale and aimed at providing a positive preschool experience for 3- and 4-year-old children. B) The project concentrated on children who were only slightly at risk for developmental problems, such as those in moderate levels of poverty. C) The project focused only on the participating child rather than on the entire family. D) The project demonstrated that it is possible to design interventions that have lasting effects on the intellectual development of poor children.

Which statement about the contribution of psychoanalytic theories to psychology is true? A) Psychoanalytic theories have yielded important practical applications, such as the procedure of systematic desensitization. B) The importance placed on subjective experience is now viewed as outdated. C) The specifics have been scientifically tested and supported. D) The emphasis on early experience has endured into current views of development.

Which statement about the later adjustment of children with difficult temperaments and those exhibiting behavioral inhibition is true? A) Children with difficult temperaments and children exhibiting behavioral inhibition both tend to have similar adjustment problems in adolescence and adulthood. B) Behaviorally inhibited children tend to have no later adjustment problems. C) Girls with difficult temperaments and boys who are behaviorally inhibited tend to have fewer problems than do girls who are behaviorally inhibited and boys with difficult temperaments. D) Children with difficult temperaments and children exhibiting behavioral inhibition both tend to have later adjustment problems, but the types of problems they tend to have are different.

Which statement about the origins of cultural differences in emotion is true? A) Parental socialization plays a minor part in the development of emotions that are appropriate to the culture. B) Differences in emotional experience appear to be entirely due to environmental, as opposed to genetic, differences. C) Differences in emotional expression appear to be largely due to genetic differences. D) The same emotional experience may have different meanings across cultures.

Which statement about the relationship between children's alcohol and drug use and having friends with these behaviors has been supported by research? A) Adolescents select friends who are similar to themselves in terms of drinking and drug use. B) Peer socialization influences drug and alcohol use. C) Adolescents' use of alcohol and drugs and their friends' use of alcohol and drugs mutually reinforce each other. D) All of these statements have been supported by research.

Which statement about the stability of temperament is true? A) Temperament, by definition, is a style exhibited primarily during infancy and thus does not persist into childhood. B) All temperamental dimensions are stable from infancy into later childhood. C) No aspects of temperament are stable from the prenatal period into infancy. D) Some aspects of temperament tend to be more stable than others.

Which statement about vagal suppression is true? A) Vagal suppression is an index of how effectively the vagus nerve modulates heart rate in accordance with breathing. B) Children who have lower heart rates are said to have high vagal suppression. C) Children with higher vagal suppression are more likely to exhibit problem behaviors. D) Vagal suppression is associated with a capacity related to emotion regulation.

Which statement is NOT true of most cultures in which the correlates of peer status have been examined? A) Being well liked by peers is associated with possessing leadership skills. B) Being well liked by peers is associated with being prosocial. C) Being rejected by peers is associated with being aggressive. D) Being rejected by peers is associated with being withdrawn.

Which statement is a difference between cliques and crowds? A) Cliques involve more members than crowds. B) Older adolescents are more likely to belong to cliques than to crowds. C) Cliques are assigned by consensus of the peer group. D) Members of a crowd may spend little time with other members

Which statement is true about the coming-out process for sexual-minority youth? A) It is uncommon for parents to be positive or accepting of their children coming out. B) Parents' acceptance of their children's sexual orientation appears to be unrelated to sexual-minority youth's self-esteem or levels of depression. C) Sexual-minority youth tend to come out to their fathers before their mothers. D) Latino and Asian American families appear to be less accepting of same-sex attractions than are European American families.

Which statement is true about the coming-out process for sexual-minority youth? A) Same-sex attraction is experienced by middle childhood. B) Identity integration is eventually attained. C) Self-identification as a sexual-minority member occurs prior to engagement in same-sex sexual activity. D) None of these is a true statement.

Which statement supports the proposal that young infants' negative emotions are largely undifferentiated? A) Young infants display negative emotions in contexts in which one would expect positive emotions. B) Young infants experience both separation anxiety and a fear of strangers. C) Young infants display negative emotions to a greater extent than do older infants. D) Young infants display fear in contexts in which one would expect anger.

Which strategy appears to be the BEST way to help the reading of dyslexic children? A) deemphasizing letter-sound relations B) emphasizing visually based retrieval C) providing extra practice in letter‒sound connections D) generating alternative pronunciations of vowels when sounding out does not work

Which temperamental style was NOT identified by Thomas and Chess in their New York Longitudinal Study? A) slow to warm up B) easy C) difficult D) quick to calm down

Which variable does NOT contribute to the social-cognitive and cognitive development that takes place to a greater extent in interactions between friends than in interactions between nonfriends? A) greater cooperation B) greater conflict negotiation C) higher levels of gossip D) higher levels of rough play

Which variable is a strong predictor of poor-quality parenting? A) marital conflict B) poverty C) homelessness D) all of these.

Which variable is an important factor in whether children are accepted by their peers? A) athleticism B) attractiveness C) sociability D) All of these factors are important.

Which view of intelligence hypothesizes intelligence as comprising numerous distinct processes? A) Thurstone B) Simon C) nativist D) information-processing

Who developed the multiple intelligences theory? A) Binet B) Sameroff C) Simon D) Gardner

Young adolescents' self-conceptions are: A) abstract. B) focused to a considerable degree on their social competence. C) often seemingly contradictory. D) all of these.

Zoe, who is 3 years old, has broken a dish and feels as if she wants to hide. She is primarily experiencing: A) anger. B) embarrassment. C) guilt. D) shame.

_____ can cause a change in IQ score over time. A) Knowledge of the test items B) The child's alertness on the test days C) Divorce D) All of these

_____ can have an impact on children's IQ scores. A) Parental divorce B) Moving to a better neighborhood C) Alertness on the test day D) All of these

_____ is NOT considered to be part of emotional intelligence. A) Persistence B) Ability to delay gratification C) Empathy D) Verbal fluency

_____ is an example of a weapon against the negative effects of media on children that occurs at the macrosystem level. A) Parental control of children's access B) Community center programs aimed at children C) School-based programs to educate children about the effects of media D) Regulation of advertising

_____ is an example of the metacognitive understanding necessary for writing. A) Knowledge of proper spelling B) Letter formation skills C) Command of punctuation D) Appreciation for the need to plan

_____ is part of the exosystem. A) Parents' contact with a child's soccer coach B) Societal importance placed on athletic prowess of boys C) A child's soccer team D) A father's job as a truck driver

_____ is(are) NOT a characteristic of guilt. A) Feelings of remorse B) Regret about one's behavior C) Empathy for the injured party D) Feelings of exposure and degradation

_____ theories are primarily concerned with children's ability to think and reason about their own and other people's thoughts, feelings, motives, and behavior. A) Social learning B) Ecological C) Psychoanalytic D) Social cognitive

Jorem is scuba diving in a beautiful tropical region of the Bahamas. All of a sudden, a large shark comes into view and swims ominously in his direction. Jorem experiences fear in this moment. In this course we learned that an emotional reaction is more than just a subjective feeling. List 2 types of responses or reactions in the body that are associated with an emotional response (1 marks), and describe how each would be likely to manifest in Jorem's situation (3 marks).

Fear Neural responses in the brain (specifically amygdala) fire in response to stimulus. This activates the sympathetic system (see below). Physiological response: Activation of the sympathetic system causes heart rate to increase, increased alertness, decreased digestion, etc (the flight or fight response). The body prepares to allow him to fight/flee from the stimulus causing him fear.

Which of the following is NOT true of Erikson's theory? His theory involves resolving a series of conflicts. His theory covers the development that occurs from birth to old age. His theory supports continuous development. Nowadays his theory is quite popular in the field of education, but it is seldom used in the field of psychology.

His theory supports continuous development.

Kang Lee's research has examined children's lying. His findings indicate that: In comparison to children from individualist cultures, children from collectivist cultures are more likely to lie in order to take credit for a good deed. Children from collectivist cultures are less likely to lie in a wide range of circumstances compared to children from individualist cultures. In comparison to children from individualist cultures, children from collectivist cultures are more likely to lie in order to avoid taking credit for a good deed. In comparison to children from collectivist cultures, children from individualist cultures are more likely to lie in order to avoid taking credit for a good deed.

In comparison to children from individualist cultures, children from collectivist cultures are more likely to lie in order to avoid taking credit for a good deed.

Which of the following is NOT true of crystalized intelligence? It is strongly related to verbal abilities. It reflects long-term memory for prior experiences. It peaks at 20-25 years of age. All of these statements are true of crystalized intelligence.

It peaks at 20-25 years of age.

Which of the following aligns with Bronfenbrenner's description of the mesosystem? Aspects of the environment that have direct contact with the child. Institutions of society that indirectly affect the child's development Interconnections between the various microsystems. Societal and cultural context.

Interconnections between the various microsystems.

Which statement best describes Carroll's model of intelligence? It brings together other theories of intelligence into a single model. It conceptualizes intelligence as involving crystalized and fluid intelligence. It provides a unique perspective on intelligence that differs drastically from models that came before it. It suggests that intelligence extends beyond the traditional abilities and skills that are typically emphasized in intelligence research.

It brings together other theories of intelligence into a single model.

Onishi and Baillargeon (2005) ran a study to examine false-belief-based knowledge in 15-month-old infants. They found that fifteen-month-olds who witness an object being moved from one location to another while an adult appears not to witness the move will: Look longer when the adult searches in the object's new location. Be surprised that the adult searches for the object. Look longer when the adult searches in the object's original location. Look equally long regardless of where the adult searches.

Look longer when the adult searches in the object's new location.

With respect to child outcomes, the permissive parenting style is most clearly associated with: Low levels of school achievement in children. Strong coping skills in adolescence. High levels of popularity with peers in adolescence. Low levels of self-esteem in children.

Low levels of school achievement in children.

Which of the following statements is true: Men are getting married at later ages in recent years compared to the age that they were getting married in the 1960's. Divorce rates increased steadily from the 1960's to 2011. The percentage of teen births has increased over the past 30 years. The increase in mothers working outside the home is related to an overall decrease in child well-being.

Men are getting married at later ages in recent years compared to the age that they were getting married in the 1960's.

Which of the following is NOT a reason why older children tend to be better at emotional self regulation compared to younger children: Older children are able to use cognitive reappraisal to self regulate. Older children's initial emotional responses tend to be dampened and thus easier to regulate compared to younger children. Older children are more aware of the distinction between things they can and cannot control. Older children are more effective at choosing amongst emotional self-regulation strategies.

Older children's initial emotional responses tend to be dampened and thus easier to regulate compared to younger children.

Which of the following families is most likely to raise a child who is more socially competent? One in which positive emotions are particularly prevalent. One in which negative emotions are particularly prevalent. One in which most negative emotions are expressed by adults, towards adults; the children are not typically involved. One in which positive and negative emotions are expressed at about equal levels.

One in which positive emotions are particularly prevalent.

Emotion regulation involves initiating, inhibiting, or modulating all of the following except: Physiological processes Cognitions Others' emotional reactions All of these are involved in emotion regulation.

Others' emotional reactions

Compared to other parenting styles, this parenting style is associated with children who tend to show low levels of both self control and school achievement. It is also associated with higher rates of alcohol problems in adolescence. Authoritarian Authoritative Rejecting-Neglecting Permissive

Permissive

Compared to other parenting styles, this parenting style is associated with disturbed attachment relationships in childhood and risky sexual behaviour in adolescence. Authoritarian Permissive Authoritative Rejecting-Neglecting

Rejecting-Neglecting

Five-month-old Jihan wakes up early from her nap. She is distressed and begins to cry. Which of the following parental approaches would best promote the development of Jihan's emotional self-regulation? Helping Jihan self regulate by reminding her that getting enough sleep is important. Not responding to Jihan, giving her the opportunity to sooth herself and develop her self-regulation skills in the process. Not responding to Jihan unless her crying continues for an extended period of time and she becomes visibly overwhelmed by her emotions. At that point, her caregiver should step in to help calm her down. Responding promptly to Jihan's cries by picking her up, rocking her and rubbing her back while talking softly in her ear.

Responding promptly to Jihan's cries by picking her up, rocking her and rubbing her back while talking softly in her ear.

Baumrind based her model of parenting styles on variation across 2 key dimensions: Sensitivity and reactivity Responsiveness and sensitivity Behavioural control and reactivity Responsiveness and behavioural control

Responsiveness and behavioural control

Which emotional regulation strategy would an older child be LEAST likely to attempt? Thinking about the meaning of events in a different light. Attempting to see negative things in a positive light. Mental distraction Self-soothing

Self-soothing

Which of the following is NOT true of social cognition theories and research: Social cognitive theory research has highlighted that aggressive children tend to attribute aggressive intentions to neutral situations. Social cognitive theory research has shown that assigning children grades based on their academic achievement has a positive impact on their inherent motivation. They focus on the active role that children play in their socialization and development. They emphasize that how one sees the world will impact one's interactions with others.

Social cognitive theory research has shown that assigning children grades based on their academic achievement has a positive impact on their inherent motivation.

Trains, boats, and buses are members of the same: Superordinate category Subordinate category Basic category Perceptual category

Superordinate category

Which of the following is NOT true regarding Thurstone's theory of intelligence? Thurstone's model offers more precision in understanding different components of intelligence compared to Cattell's model. Support for this theory comes from the finding that performance scores across Thurstone's domains of mental abilities are not significantly correlated with one another. Thurstone identified 7 primary mental abilities. Thurstone identifies reasoning as a primary mental ability, which refers to the ability to consider and work with rules.

Support for this theory comes from the finding that performance scores across Thurstone's domains of mental abilities are not significantly correlated with one another.

Which of the following statements about separation anxiety is NOT true: Separation anxiety typically sets in at approximately 8 months of age, and peaks at 13 months of age. The age of onset and duration of separation anxiety is universal; similar trends have been found across all cultures studied. Separation anxiety tends to be less pronounced when the child is the one initiating the separation. All of these statements about separation anxiety are true.

The age of onset and duration of separation anxiety is universal; similar trends have been found across all cultures studied.

Which of the following statements about early social biases is NOT true: Early social biases direct and constrain socially-relevant experiences. The emergence of early social biases clearly reflects underlying mentalistic knowledge in infants. Early imitation is proposed to help babies develop social knowledge by highlighting connections between their own and others' behaviours. All of these statements are true.

The emergence of early social biases clearly reflects underlying mentalistic knowledge in infants.

Studies using Sameroff's environmental risk scale have demonstrated that: Maternal anxiety is the strongest risk factor for low IQ. An unemployed head of household is the strongest risk factor for low IQ. The number of risks in a child's environment is a better predictor of IQ score than any single risk alone. Environmental risks have only short-term effects on children's intellectual development.

The number of risks in a child's environment is a better predictor of IQ score than any single risk alone.

A psychologist is interested in predicting the future intelligence levels of young infants. What would be the best measure to use in this case? The time infants take to habituate to a stimulus. Infants' scores on the WISC. Infants' scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. The time infants take to reach out for a stimulus.

The time infants take to habituate to a stimulus.

Mica is 2 years old. He begs his mom when he wants to be given his soother. According to behaviorists, which of the following parental responses is likely to make Mica's begging behaviour the most difficult to extinguish when Mica turns 3 years old? Giving Mica a snack every time he begs for his soother. Typically not giving Mica his soother when he begs, but giving into his begging every so often. Never giving Mica a soother. Always giving Mica's his soother when he begs.

Typically not giving Mica his soother when he begs, but giving into his begging every so often.

When asked to describe himself, Marcus says, "I have a lot of friends because I am fun to be with and I stand up for my friends. I am pretty smart in reading, but I feel kind of dumb in science because all of the other kids get better grades on their tests than I do. Even though I don't study as much as I should, and I am not as fast a runner as the other kids, other kids like me and I like myself." Marcus is MOST likely to be how old? A) 3 years old B) 7 years old C) 10 years old D) 14 years old

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of Bandura's social learning theory: Children learn by vicarious reinforcement. We cannot say that learning has occurred unless we see relevant, observable behaviour changes. Attention, memory, and encoding play important roles in learning. Each child has characteristics that predispose him/her to seek particular kinds of experiences, and these experiences then affect the child's development.

We cannot say that learning has occurred unless we see relevant, observable behaviour changes.

The initial signs of fear develop at approximately _____ months of age. a) 6 to 7 b) 11 to 12 c) 3 to 4 d) 1 to 2

a) 6 to 7

Part of the definition of temperament is that individual differences are: a) Biologically based b) Not seen until later in childhood c) Genetically determined d) Environmentally determined

a) Biologically based

Emotional self-regulation includes all of these activities EXCEPT: a) Eliminating subjective negative feelings b) Initiating actions related to one's feelings c) Modulating one's interpretation of emotionally-charged situations d) Appropriately inhibiting facial expressions related to one's feelings

a) Eliminating subjective negative feelings

A child's intelligence quotient is: a) A score that takes into account the mean and standard deviation of intelligence scores for children of the same age b) An exact measure of her general intelligence c) An indicator of her standard deviation d) The mean intelligence score of her age-mates

a) A score that takes into account the mean and standard deviation of intelligence scores for children of the same age

Which statement about the impact of divorce on children's functioning is true? a) Although divorce has negative consequences for some children, most children do not suffer long-term problems as a consequence b) The majority of children whose parents divorce suffer long-term problems as a consequence c) Although there are some short-term consequences, there are almost no long-term consequences of divorce d) There are no short-term or long-term consequences of divorce

a) Although divorce has negative consequences for some children, most children do not suffer long-term

Define the term 'classical conditioning' (1 mark) Define the term 'operant conditioning' (1 mark) Provide a specific, real-world example that reflects operant conditioning principles being used to encourage a positive, desirable child behaviour. (1 mark) Provide a specific, real-world example that reflects operant conditioning principles perpetuating/encouraging a negative, unwanted child behaviour. (1 mark)

a) Classical conditioning is learning that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together. b) Operant conditioning refers to a learning process whereby behaviour is influenced by its consequences. c) When a child does a good deed, provide them with positive attention/praise. This will make them more likely to continue doing good deeds (attention is a powerful reinforcer). d) When a child throws a tantrum (e.g. at the mart when you won't buy them a snack) and the parent gives in, this will make it more likely for the child to throw tantrums in the future as he/she has learned that tantrums are the way to get what they want.

Which factor associated with child maltreatment is NOT within the microsystem? a) Community violence b) Children who are handicapped c) Parental alcohol dependence d) Abusive spousal relationship

a) Community violence

Angela Duckworth has done some fascinating research on the topic of grit. Define "grit". (1 mark) Provide a specific, concrete example of a behaviour that you would expect to see from someone with a lot of grit. (1 mark) In her TED talk, Angela Duckworth reviews a series of studies in which she examined the outcomes associated with high grit levels in a range of contexts. Describe 1 of these studies - who the participants were, and what high grit levels predicted (1 mark). Angela Duckworth talks about Carol Dweck's "growth mindset" as something that is likely to build grit in children. What does "growth mindset" refer to? (1 mark)

a) Grit is a positive, non-cognitive trait that describes an individual's perseverance and passion for long-term goals. b) Someone who is "gritty" will stick with their commitments and follow through, no matter what trials occur. They work with passion and perseverance to accomplish goals. For example, someone who is gritty will study hard even when faced with obstacles (e.g. having to juggle part-time jobs, facing an abusive parents) and graduate. c) Westpoint Military Academy - which cadets would stay in military training and which would drop out National spelling bee - which children would advance farthest in competition Really tough neighbourhoods - which rookie teachers will still be teaching by the end of the school year, and of those, who will be the most effective in improving learning outcomes for their students d) Growth mindset refers to the belief that the ability to learn is not fixed and that it can change with effort.

Compared to Freud's theory, Erikson's theory: a) Has an enlarged scope b) Has fewer stages c) Views development as more continuous d) Is more focused on the influence of sexual pleasure on development

a) Has an enlarged scope

Wynn and colleagues examined numerical reasoning in 5-month-old infants using a violation-of-expectation paradigm. They included 2 conditions in their initial study: an addition condition and a subtraction condition. Choose ONE of these conditions and describe it - what were infants initially shown, and what were they shown subsequently in the 2 test conditions? (2 marks) What were the results for the condition you just described? (1 mark) Overall, what was this research group's main conclusion regarding numerical reasoning in 5-month-olds? (1 mark)

a) In the addition condition, the infant is shown a doll on a stage. A screen then comes up to hide the doll from the infant. After, the infant sees a hand place a second doll behind the screen and then see the hand come out of the screen empty-handed. Then, the screen drops down revealing either one or two dolls (the two test conditions). b) Most 5 month olds looked longer when there was only one doll, suggesting that they expected that 1+1=2 and thus were surprised when they only saw a single object. c) They concluded that infants can perform approximate arithmetic as they dishabituate when faced with impossible arithmetic outcomes. 3/4

Children of which type of parents tend to have disturbed attachment relationships as infants and a wide range of problems in adolescence, including promiscuous sexual behaviour, substance abuse, and depression? a) Rejecting-neglecting b) Authoritative c) Permissive d) Authoritarian

a) Rejecting-neglecting

With respect to the nature of children and development, theories of social cognition emphasize: a) Self-socialization b) The stages children progress through as they develop c) Reinforcement and imitation d) The contexts of which children are a part

a) Self-socialization

Eight-year-old Matt has very strict parents. Matt's mother expects him to obey her orders in a timely manner without question. Matt works hard to follow his mother's orders to avoid being grounded. Matt's mother rarely comments on his good behaviour or accomplishments. Matt's mother can be considered a(n) ______ parent. permissive authoritarian authoritative rejecting-neglecting

authoritarian

Which family is MOST likely to raise a child who is socially skilled, understands others' emotions, and is generally well adjusted? a) A family in which an equal level of positive and negative emotions are expressed b) A family in which positive emotions are particularly prevalent c) A family in which all negative emotions in the home involve the adults and not the children d) A family in which negative emotions are particularly prevalent

b) A family in which positive emotions are particularly prevalent

Identical twins Sheree and Caitlin, who are 3 years old, each just successfully completed a jigsaw puzzle. Sheree's puzzle was simple, and she completed it easily. Caitlin's puzzle was more difficult, and it took a lot of effort for her to complete it. Which twin is more likely to experience pride in her accomplishment? a) Neither Sheree nor Caitlin is likely to experience pride because they are both too young. b) Caitlin is more likely than Sheree to experience pride. c) Sheree and Caitlin are equally likely to experience pride. d) Sheree is more likely than Caitlin to experience pride.

b) Caitlin is more likely than Sheree to experience pride.

Recent theorists have proposed that infant temperament is captured by several dimensions. Which of these items is NOT one of those dimensions? a) Positive affect b) Difficulty level c) Irritable distress d) Rhythmicity

b) Difficulty level

Which methodology has NOT been used to classify young children on their temperamental style? a) Laboratory observations b) Interviews of children c) Brain activity assessment d) Parental reports of children in various contexts

b) Interviews of children

Compared to other children, those who regulate their emotions well and are academically competent have parents who respond to their children's negative emotions with: a) Disregard b) Support c) Threats d) Teasing

b) Support

The behaviour modification strategy of "time out" is based on the idea that _____ is a positive reinforcement. a) Withdrawal b) Attention c) Learning d) Whining

b) Attention

Measurements of intelligence directly measure: a) Neither behaviour on tasks that require intelligence nor capacity to think and learn b) Both behaviour on tasks that require intelligence and capacity to think and learn c) Capacity to think and learn d) Behaviour on tasks that require intelligence

b) Both behaviour on tasks that require intelligence and capacity to think and learn

Which of these is NOT a plausible explanation for the Flynn effect? a) Improvements in the lives of low-income families b) Deterioration in educational opportunities for middle-class families c) Increased societal emphasis on abstract problem solving d) Increased exposure to new technologies

b) Deterioration in educational opportunities for middle-class families

Compared to non-friends, preschool-age friends have _____ levels of conflict, and their conflict is resolved _____ equitably. a) Greater; less b) Greater; more c) Lower; more d) Lower; less

b) Greater; more

The term "perceptual categorization" refers to: a) The fact that babies can categorize once their senses are adequately developed. b) Grouping objects based on similar appearances. c) Perceiving a range of categories. d) Being perceptive of the characteristics that define a category.

b) Grouping objects based on similar appearances.

Which of the following statements is NOT true of "subitizing"?: a) It involves the rapid determination of number. b) It involves quickly counting the items in an array. c) It occurs for sets of 4 items or less. d) All of these statements are true of subitizing.

b) It involves quickly counting the items in an array.

Compared to younger parents, older parents tend to have all of these characteristics EXCEPT: a) Less stress b) More children c) More positive interactions with their children d) Greater financial resources

b) More children

Eight-year-old Moonbeam does not want to do her homework and would rather watch TV. Her parents think that Moonbeam can make her own decisions about her schoolwork, and thus they do not get involved. They are affectionate with Moonbeam in other situations, but they do little to try to regulate their daughter's behaviour. Moonbeam's parents would likely be classified as: a) Rejecting-neglecting b) Permissive c) Authoritative d) Authoritarian

b) Permissive

Children who fail at false-belief problems do NOT understand: a) The relation between beliefs and actions. b) That others can hold an incorrect belief when they themselves know the truth. c) The difference between what is true and what is false. d) How other people's desires can be different from their own.

b) That others can hold an incorrect belief when they themselves know the truth.

Evolutionary psychologists posit that parents spend the great deal of time and resources that they do in raising their children because: a) Their children's affection and attention serve as positive reinforcements b) Their genes will be perpetuated only if their children survive long enough to reproduce c) Their children are imprinted on them d) They have been socialized to do so by imitating their own parents

b) Their genes will be perpetuated only if their children survive long enough to reproduce

With age, adopted children's IQ scores and the IQ scores of their biological parents become _____ correlated because of _____ gene-environment interactions. A) less; active and evocative B) less; passive C) more; active and evocative D) more; passive

Which statement about the development of anger is true? a) During the first year of life, it is easy to differentiate between infants' anger and distress b) Anger develops later than the self-conscious emotions c) By the second year of life, children often express anger toward other people d) Infants are incapable of experiencing anger

c) By the second year of life, children often express anger toward other people

Intelligence tests are best used with children who are at least _____ old. a) 2 years b) 6 months c) 5 years d) 10 years

c) 5 years

Crystallized intelligence includes which skill? a) The capacity to solve novel puzzles. b) The ability to determine the next item in a sequence. c) Knowledge of the periodic table. d) Speed of neural transmission in the brain.

c) Knowledge of the periodic table.

Which factor associated with child maltreatment is within the child's exosystem? a) Parental drug dependence b) Poor parental self-esteem c) Parental unemployment d) Child's difficult temperament

c) Parental unemployment

To examine children's use of aggression in dealing with social problems, Dodge and his colleagues: a) Interviewed children about why they are aggressive with their peers b) Examined the contexts in which children display aggression c) Presented children with hypothetical stories in which they were the victims of another child's ambiguous actions d) Examined whether aggressive children are able to take the perspective of others

c) Presented children with hypothetical stories in which they were the victims of another child's ambiguous actions

When considering the possibility and direction of causality between quality of parenting and peer acceptance, the text states that the MOST likely possibility is that: a) There is a third variable, such as children's temperament, that causes both parenting behaviours and peer acceptance b) Quality of parenting causes peer acceptance c) The causal links are bidirectional d) There is no causal relationship between quality of parenting and peer acceptance.

c) The causal links are bidirectional

Ethological theorists draw a parallel between imprinting in other animals and _____ in humans. a) The extended period of immaturity b) Play preferences of males and females c) The critical period for attachment d) Innate visual preferences for an oval shape with more components in the top half

c) The critical period for attachment

Which statement about 2-month-old infants' negative emotions is true? a) They show a wide variety of highly discernible facial expressions b) They display only generalized distress c) Their negative emotions are easily interpreted d) Their negative emotions often seem incongruent with the situation

d) Their negative emotions often seem incongruent with the situation

Which statement would be considered evidence that an infant has formed the category "furniture"? a) After repeatedly being shown pictures of tables, chairs, sofas, dressers, and grandfather clocks, the infant does not dishabituate to a picture of a car. b) After repeatedly being shown pictures of tables, chairs, sofas, dressers, and grandfather clocks, the infant dishabituates to a picture of a car. c) The infant habituates after repeatedly being shown pictures of tables. d) After repeatedly being shown pictures of tables, the infant dishabituates to a picture of a sofa.

d) After repeatedly being shown pictures of tables, chairs, sofas, dressers, and grandfather clocks, the infant dishabituates to a picture of a car.

Children of which type of parents tend to be the most well-adjusted in terms of competence, antisocial behaviour, and self-confidence? a) Rejecting-neglecting b) Authoritarian c) Permissive d) Authoritative

d) Authoritative

According to Freud, if a person's fundamental needs are not met during a particular stage, the person may: a) Experience an identity crisis b) Develop infantile amnesia c) Make hostile attributions d) Become fixated on the issues relevant to that stage

d) Become fixated on the issues relevant to that stage

The bioecological model stresses the _____ nature of all relationships within the microsystem. a) Indirect b) Direct c) One-dimensional d) Bidirectional

d) Bidirectional

Acquiring phonemic awareness would enable a learner to: a) Match the letter "c" to the sound /k/ and the letter "t" to the sound /t/ b) Learn about the features of a cat from a sentence he or she reads about cats c) Sound out the word "cat" d) Determine that the word "cat" and the word "hat" start with different sounds

d) Determine that the word "cat" and the word "hat" start with different sounds

Tests of fluid intelligence: a) Peak in old age b) Include knowledge about geometric facts c) Correlate more highly with tests of factual knowledge about the world than they do with the ability to draw inferences d) Have a different developmental course than tests of crystallized intelligence

d) Have a different developmental course than tests of crystallized intelligence

All of these occur more frequently with young children's friends than with their non-friends EXCEPT: a) Positive interactions b) Conflict c) Pretend play d) Ignoring the other's distress

d) Ignoring the other's distress

Which family arrangement has DECLINED in Canada since the 1960s? a) Common-law families without children b) Married families without children c) Lone-parent families with children d) Married families with children

d) Married families with children

A passive effect of genotype on environment occurs as a result of the: a) Adoption agency's choice of parents for a newborn b) Child seeking out environments that are consistent with his or her genotype c) Child's influence over other people's behaviour d) Overlap between a child's genotype and the genotypes of his or her biological parents

d) Overlap between a child's genotype and the genotypes of his or her biological parents

Nursery rhymes are particularly good at fostering which prereading skill? a) Understanding multiple perspectives b) Learning that words have spaces between them c) Comprehension monitoring d) Phonemic awareness

d) Phonemic awareness

Children with dyslexia have problems with reading due primarily to weakness in: a) Comprehension b) Strategy-choice process c) Letter recognition d) Phonological processing

d) Phonological processing

Which statement about cultural differences in the effect of parenting style on child outcome is true? a) Parenting styles have only been examined in Canada, and thus we have no information about cultural differences in the impact of parenting style b) Consistent effects of the four parenting styles have been found in all cultures that have been examined c) The particular effects of permissive and rejecting-neglecting parents have been found to differ cross-culturally d) The meaning of discipline and control can differ cross-culturally, and this difference in meaning can change the effects of the authoritarian style

d) The meaning of discipline and control can differ cross-culturally, and this difference in meaning can change the effects of the authoritarian style

Research on number discrimination shows that 6-month-olds can recognize that numerical differences exist between 2 arrays in which of the following cases: a) Only when comparing arrays that contain 4 items or less. b) Six-month-olds cannot engage in number discrimination; this ability does not emerge until later in development. c) When one of the arrays has at least 1.5x the number of items as the other. d) When one of the arrays has at least 2x the number of items as the other.

d) When one of the arrays has at least 2x the number of items as the other.

Compared to Erikson's theory, Freud's theory: has more stages. views development as continuous in nature. is similarly focused on sexual desires and how they affect behaviour. is less focused on developing a sense of independence and identity.

is less focused on developing a sense of independence and identity.

Imagine that an adoptive parent provides his/her child with many books, and makes a point of reading to the child on a daily basis. According to Sandra Scarr, this would be a(n): active effect inductive effect evocative effect passive effect

passive effect

Nine-year-old Sam's father is a very busy man. His business is struggling financially, so he spends most of his time working to save the business from bankruptcy. Sam's father rarely notices what Sam is up to, giving Sam the freedom to do as he pleases. He tends to be dismissive when Sam tries to engage him in conversation or play. Sam's father can be considered a(n) ________ parent. permissive authoritarian rejecting-neglecting authoritative

rejecting-neglecting

सभी स्टडी सेट्स देखें

Term Test 2 Master

संबंधित स्टडी सेट्स

VA State Life, Annuities, and Health exam, 2nd part only

很重要SAUNDERS Pediatric ( 2 )

Midterm Units 1-5

Unit 3 - The Role of Assessment

Mix up quiz

LEVELS OF USAGE

Exam II

Personal Finance Exam 2

Matter and Energy in Ecosystems - Amplify

Residential chapter 5

Chap 7 part 1

H&W Exam 2

Economics Homework 2

Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein

Med Surg II - Chapter 28 - Care of Patients Requiring Oxygen Therapy or Tracheostomy

SPM Chapter 8 and 9

Lesson 20 (AB) - Reproductive and Urinary Systems NSFW

macro mid term

Principles of Real Estate I

Macroeconomics Module 4

Term Test 2 Master

संबंधित स्टडी सेट्स

VA State Life, Annuities, and Health exam, 2nd part only

很重要SAUNDERS Pediatric ( 2 )

Midterm Units 1-5

Unit 3 - The Role of Assessment

Mix up quiz

LEVELS OF USAGE

Exam II

Personal Finance Exam 2

Matter and Energy in Ecosystems - Amplify

Residential chapter 5

Chap 7 part 1

H&W Exam 2

Economics Homework 2

Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein

Med Surg II - Chapter 28 - Care of Patients Requiring Oxygen Therapy or Tracheostomy

SPM Chapter 8 and 9

Lesson 20 (AB) - Reproductive and Urinary Systems *NSFW*

macro mid term

Principles of Real Estate I

Macroeconomics Module 4

Lesson 20 (AB) - Reproductive and Urinary Systems NSFW