Test 1 - 2402 Anatomy & Physiology - Spring 2019
The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?
9
If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry?
both an increase of insulin and an increase of blood glucose
A hormone that promotes glucose formation in the liver is
cortisol
Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors? epinephrine insulin cortisol
cortisol
The primary function of ADH is to
decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys
If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting
glucagon
Which hormone stimulates the breakdown of polymerized glucose?
glucagon
Glucose is stored in the human body as _______.
glycogen
All target cells
have hormone receptors and respond to chemical signals.
Which of the following organs does not contain target cells for oxytocin? -mammary glands -heart -prostate -uterus -ductus deferens
heart
What is a symptom of pheochromocytoma?
heart palpitations
Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized?
hypothalamus
Receptors for all of the following hormones are found in the cell membranes of target cells except -steroid hormones. -peptide hormones. -eicosanoids. -tryptophan derivatives. -catecholamines.
steroid hormones
Which type of hormone diffuses across the plasma membrane and binds to receptors in the cytoplasm? (Module 16.4C)
steroid hormones
Which type of hormone is associated with an increase in ATP production?
thyroid hormones
in _ diabetes, no insulin is produced
type 1
in _______ diabetes, glucose levels remain higher than normal
type 1 & 2
In _ diabetes, target cells do not respond normally to insulin
type 2
Define endocrine system. (Module 16.3A)
The endocrine system includes organs whose primary role is the production of hormones or paracrines.
Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of
aldosterone
The hypophyseal portal system
- carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary
What is the role of activated protein kinases?
Phosphorylate proteins.
Why is the plasma membrane a barrier for thyroid hormone to enter a cell, but steroid hormones pass through easily?
Steroid hormones are hydrophobic and can pass through the lipid bilayer.
The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is
TSH (Thyroid - Stimulating Hormone)
A liver cell responds to insulin by
Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.
What is the primary role of G protein in the cell?
The G protein aids in the activation of a second messenger.
When blood glucose levels are high
The pancreas releases insulin.
What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones?
activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell
After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?
acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene
The target cells for the hormone ACTH are located in the _______.
adrenal cortex
What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces
androgens
Which of the four hormonal effects are involved in a negative feedback response? (Module 16.14B)
antagonistic effects
Two hormones that have opposing effects are called
antagonists
Name the two lobes of the pituitary gland. (Module 16.6A)
anterior and posterior lobes
All of the following are true of steroid hormones except that they -are produced by reproductive glands. -are derived from cholesterol. -are produced by the adrenal medulla. -bind to receptors within the cell. -are lipids.
are produced by the adrenal medulla
The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______.
cAMP in the cytoplasm
Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include all of the following except
carbohydrates
The endocrine system works most closely with the ________ system to maintain homeostasis.
cardiovascular
Peptide hormones are
composed of amino acids
What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?
control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called
gonadotropins (Gonads)
The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called
homeostasis
________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.
hormones
What effect would increased cortisol levels have on blood glucose level? (Module 16.10C)
increased cortisol levels would increase blood glucose levels
What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?
liver cells
Destruction of the supra-optic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result?
loss of ADH secretion
List three functions suggested for melatonin in humans. (Module 16.12C)
maintain circadian rhythms, control the timing of sexual maturation, protect against damage by free radicals
Regulatory hormones that control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones are released by neurons at the ________ of the hypothalamus.
median eminence
The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the
medulla
Name the hormones secreted by the heart. (Module 16.15A)
natiriuretic peptides
What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?
negative feedback
The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the
neurohypophysis
The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are
oxytocin
Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex? antidiuretic hormone (ADH) oxytocin cortisol
oxytocin
High levels of cortisol would normally provide negative feedback to the _______.
the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus
Glucose remains in the bloodstream as a result of _______.
type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor?
tyrosine kinase receptors
Excess glucose can be found in the urine _______.
when the transport maximum for reabsorption in the kidney tubules is exceeded, as a result of type 1 diabetes or as a result of type 2 diabetes
Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels? β receptors α2 receptors α1 receptors
β receptors
All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't -respond with motor output. -respond specifically to stimuli. -respond rapidly to stimuli. -function independently of the endocrine system. -communicate by the release of neurotransmitters.
function independently of the endocrine system.
After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,
gene transcription is initiated
After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics which of the following hormones?
ADH
The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?
ADH (vasopressin)
When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes,
ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.
The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is
MSH (Melanocyte - Stimulating Hormone)
Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release all of the following except -OXT -FSH -GH -LH -TSH
OXT
The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is
PRL (Prolactin)
A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following except -fatty acid metabolism by muscle cells. -the level of fatty acids in the blood. -the rate of glycogen formation by the liver. -ACTH levels. -the rate of glucose synthesis by the liver.
ACTH Levels
How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?
Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells.
Why do signs and symptoms of decreased thyroxine concentration not appear until about a week after a thyroidectomy (surgical removal of the thyroid gland)? (Module 16.8C)
Most of the thyroxine is bound to proteins in the bloodstream and the hormones are released gradually.
When blood glucose levels are low
The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.
In response to stress, which change would happen?
decreased insulin secretion
Which hormone is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?
epinephrine
Which hormone increases production of red blood cells?
erythropoietin
Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?
parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone
Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________.
phosphodiesterase
When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the
second messenger appears in the cytoplasm
The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by
secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system.
Shelly has a hormone-secreting tumor of the adrenal gland. The tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, grow extensive body hair, and stop menstruating. This tumor probably involves cells of the
zona reticularis
Which of the following responses do not occur when blood glucose levels are increasing above the normal range, such as after eating a meal? -Beta cells in the pancreatic islets secrete insulin into the bloodstream. -Body cells respond by increasing the rate of glucose uptake into target cells. -There is an increase in the breakdown of fat into fatty acids in adipose tissue. -Amino acid absorption and protein synthesis are increased. -Body cells will increase the conversion of glucose into glycogen.
-There is an increase in the breakdown of fat into fatty acids in adipose tissue
The hypophyseal portal system
-does not transport ADH & oxytocin
The hypophyseal portal system
-has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins
Activation of the renin-angiotensin system would result in all of the following except -increased water retention. -elevated blood pressure. -increased urine production. -increased blood volume. -increased retention of sodium ions at the kidney.
-increased urine production.
Each of the following is true of the pineal gland except that it -responds to light and darkness. -is a component of the epithalamus. -secretes melatonin. -contains pinealocytes. -is a component of the hypothalamus.
-is a component of the hypothalamus.
The hormone oxytocin does all of the following except -rises during sexual arousal. -is responsive to osmoreceptors. -peaks at orgasm in both sexes. -promotes uterine contractions. -is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands.
-is responsive to osmoreceptors.
The ovaries secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH.
estrogen
Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face."
Cushing's disease
The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is
FSH (Follicle - Stimulating Hormone))
The release of which pituitary hormone would lead to an increased level of somatomedins in the blood? (Module 16.7B)
GH (growth hormone)
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?
GH- growth hormone
Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?
IP3
In a dehydrated person, how would the amount of ADH released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary change? (Module 16.6C)
It would increase.
Body cells that respond to insulin include
Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.
If the pars intermedia of the pituitary is destroyed, the pituitary would no longer be able to secrete which of the following hormones?
MSH (melanocyte - Stimulating Hormone)
Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone?
phosphodiesterase
Which of the following enzymes are important in the deactivation of cAMP and termination of signaling? G protein adenylate cyclase protein kinase phosphodiesterase
phosphodiesterase
Identify the hormone-secreting cells of the pineal gland. (Module 16.12A)
pinealocytes
Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________.
plasma membrane receptors