Test 1 (Chapter 3)

According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that is the conscience is the:

superego.

What we would call ìconscienceî is MOST like what Freud would call the:

superego.

Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called:

synapses

Providing treatment as soon as it is needed, so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term, is called:

tertiary prevention

Infants tend to do things that feel good. This is in accord with what Freud called:

the pleasure principle.

The MAIN concern with the various forms of cybertherapy that are currently being used is:

the quality of treatment

What is libido?

the sexual energy of the id

If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed:

unconditional self-regard

If you imagine biting into a big, juicy, sour lemon, you are likely to salivate. The lemon is an example of a(n):

unconditioned stimulus.

Which one of the following forms of therapy would you NOT currently expect to find in cybertherapy?

use of tweet therapy

The ______ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. A) id B) superego C) erogenous zone D) ego

A) id

Barney's mother is taking cookies out of the oven. Which of the following would suggest most strongly that the id is firmly in control of Barney's behavior? A) Barney grabs some of the cookies and runs. B) Barney wants the cookies desperately but asks his mother for a couple. C) Barney waits for his mother to leave the room, takes a few cookies, and runs away. D) Barney asks for some cookies in a whiney voice and throws a tantrum when he is denied.

A) Barney grabs some of the cookies and runs.

If a patient is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the patient is MOST likely being treated by a follower of: A) Beck. B) Freud. C) Bandura. D) Wolpe.

A) Beck.

Which of the following would be MOST likely to use skillful frustration as a part of therapy? A) Fritz Perls B) Joseph Wolpe C) Abraham Maslow D) Karen Horney

A) Fritz Perls

According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, at birth the child is in the: A) oral stage. B) anal stage. C) phallic stage. D) latency stage.

A) oral stage.

If someone is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy in his or her life, that person is MORE likely to ______ than someone who has social support and intimacy. A) become depressed when under stress B) become depressed even when not under stress C) become depressed, but recover more quickly D) be a carrier of depression to later generations

A) become depressed when under stress

ìAbnormal behaviorsóindeed, all behaviorsóare acquired through learning.î Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? A) behavioral B) psychodynamic C) cognitive D) humanistic-existential

A) behavioral

The model of abnormality that cites physical processes as being the key to behavior is the: A) biological model. B) sociocultural model. C) psychodynamic model. D) humanistic-existential model.

A) biological model.

Behavior therapy: A) can be tested in the lab. B) cannot explain the origin of abnormal behavior. C) does not have associated therapeutic techniques. D) is not based on research.

A) can be tested in the lab.

ìThoughts, as well as overt behaviors, are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning.î The orientation of the author of this quote MOST likely would be: A) cognitive-behavioral. B) humanistic-existential. C) psychodynamic-Gestalt. D) self-efficacious.

A) cognitive-behavioral.

A child is bitten by a vicious dog in front of a park. The child is later very afraid of the park. According to classical conditioning, the park is a(n): A) conditioned stimulus. B) unconditioned stimulus. C) unconditioned response. D) conditioned response.

A) conditioned stimulus.

According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can lead to entrapment at a developmental level. This is called: A) fixation. B) neurosis. C) repression. D) displacement.

A) fixation.

According to Freud, a woman's pleasure from nursing her baby is reflected in which part of the personality? A) id B) ego C) superego D) ego ideal

A) id

The model MOST likely to use terms such as ìresistanceî and ìtransferenceî is the ______ model. A) psychodynamic B) behavioral C) humanist-existential D) sociocultural

A) psychodynamic

An important factor to consider in using drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: A) some people do not benefit from drug treatments. B) drugs cannot be combined with other forms of treatment. C) drugs are not very effective in the treatment of schizophrenia. D) drugs should not be used unless surgery has been unsuccessful.

A) some people do not benefit from drug treatments.

Critics of the evolutional perspective of abnormal behavior cite all of the following EXCEPT: A) It is difficult to research this perspective. B) The perspective is overly precise. C) It requires leaps of faith to believe in this perspective. D) The perspective rests on an interaction of genes and environment.

B) The perspective is overly precise.

Which of the following is TRUE of psychological conflicts according to psychoanalysis? A) They are always sexual in nature. B) They are tied to experiences early in life. C) They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. D) They are unconscious, and therefore not a factor in conscious experience.

B) They are tied to experiences early in life.

According to psychoanalytic theory, which of the following is TRUE regarding dreams? A) They are without real importance. B) They reflect our unconscious desires and needs. C) They are a means of reprocessing information necessary for survival. D) They are the brain's attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity.

B) They reflect our unconscious desires and needs.

Huntington's disease, which has psychological as well as physical aspects, results from loss of cells in the: A) corpus callosum. B) basal ganglia. C) hippocampus. D) amygdala.

B) basal ganglia.

Theory focused on learned responses to the environment is usually described as: A) psychoanalytic. B) behavioral. C) sociocultural. D) psychodynamic.

B) behavioral

The view that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: A) current thinking in the mental health profession. B) classic Freudian psychotherapy. C) conclusions drawn by research scientists. D) the way in which the mental health profession is moving.

B) classic Freudian psychotherapy.

If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing: A) structural family therapy. B) conjoint family therapy. C) feminist therapy. D) self-help therapy.

B) conjoint family therapy.

Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: A) using I language. B) focusing on the here and now. C) role-playing. D) frustrating the client.

B) focusing on the here and now.

ìThat's all right. You are doing your best, don't worry. I am here for you.î A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the ______ tradition. A) cognitive B) humanistic C) psychodynamic D) rational emotive

B) humanistic

ìWhen we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life, and with the value they find in living.î A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? A) cognitive-behavioral B) humanistic-existential C) psychodynamic D) cognitive

B) humanistic-existential

In mindfulness-based therapy techniques, you would be MOST likely to find clients: A) focusing on setting goals for the future. B) letting their thoughts flow, without judgment. C) rejecting thoughts that are not rational. D) trying to figure out the source of their troublesome thoughts.

B) letting their thoughts flow, without judgment.

When a young child yells and throws toys (ìtemper tantrumî), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. As time goes on, the temper tantrums become more and more common. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: A) unresolved intrapsychic conflict. B) operant conditioning. C) unconditional positive regard. D) neurotransmitter imbalances.

B) operant conditioning.

A primary focus of the community treatment approach to abnormality is: A) using drugs along with psychotherapy. B) prevention. C) homeostasis. D) rejecting all conventional forms of explaining abnormality.

B) prevention.

ìUnderstanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality.î Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? A) behavioral B) psychodynamic C) cognitive D) humanistic-existential

B) psychodynamic

Teresa has been told that her course of therapy is likely to take a year or more because it involves the reshaping of her personality and that takes many sessions. Her therapy is MOST likely: A) client-centered therapy. B) psychodynamic therapy. C) cognitive-behavioral therapy. D) existential-humanistic therapy.

B) psychodynamic therapy.

You blame your poor performance on a test that you didn't study for on all the other work you had to do. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: A) denial. B) rationalization. C) intellectualization. D) sublimation.

B) rationalization.

Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others, is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: A) authentic. B) self-actualizing. C) role playing. D) experiencing catharsis.

B) self-actualizing.

Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: A) genetic make-up. B) social factors leading to stress. C) irrational patterns of thinking. D) fixation at a lower level of ego functioning.

B) social factors leading to stress.

One who takes an evolutionary perspective with respect to abnormal behavior would be MOST likely to agree that: A) genome mapping is a waste of time. B) the evolution of adaptive and maladaptive behavior is fundamentally different. C) at one time what is now often seen as abnormal helped us survive. D) people can inherit physical but not mental capacities.

B) the evolution of adaptive and maladaptive behavior is fundamentally different.

Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. Which of the following would be a part of your paradigm? A) the humanistic-existential model B) the family-social perspective C) the cognitive model D) the psychodynamic model

B) the family-social perspective

Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: A) without any religious belief are the healthiest. B) who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. C) who are devout and see God as cold and unresponsive are the healthiest. D) who are not religious cope better with life stressors like war and illness.

B) who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest.

All of the following statements would be appropriate criticisms of the sociocultural model EXCEPT: A) Just because there is a relationship between culture and a particular disorder does not mean that culture causes the disorder. B) It might be that the disorder causes dysfunction in the family rather than the dysfunctional family causing the disorder. C) Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. D) It's hard to predict which people who share the same culture will develop a particular disorder.

C) Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders.

The diathesis-stress model of abnormality emphasizes that: A) stress is the primary factor leading to abnormality. B) a biological predisposition is the primary factor leading to abnormality. C) abnormality arises from an interaction between stress and predisposition. D) only one factoróstress or predispositionóis necessary for abnormality to occur.

C) abnormality arises from an interaction between stress and predisposition.

The form of therapy that helps clients recognize errors in logic, and to try out new interpretations of events, is: A) psychodynamic. B) Gestalt. C) cognitive. D) humanistic.

C) cognitive.

A patient's initial reaction to being told she has an STI is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: A) regression. B) sublimation. C) denial. D) rationalization.

C) denial.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: A) schizophrenia. B) anxiety disorders. C) depression. D) bipolar disorder.

C) depression.

ìHumans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential.î The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be: A) behavioral. B) humanistic. C) existential. D) psychodynamic.

C) existential.

Which of the following is NOT an example of diathesis in the diathesis-stress explanation of abnormality? A) a genetic history of mental illness in one's family B) growing up in an unhealthy, enmeshed family C) experiencing a severe psychological trauma D) living in a high-crime, impoverished area

C) experiencing a severe psychological trauma

A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: A) a woman's personal responsibility for her own situation. B) the role that biology plays in psychological functioning. C) how prejudice and discrimination impact women. D) the ways in which women express their femininity.

C) how prejudice and discrimination impact women.

Henry goes into a fit of depression and self-abuse when anyone criticizes or expresses disapproval. Much of what he does is for the purpose of getting people to like him. Cognitive theorists would say that Henry's depression results in large part from: A) modeling. B) self-efficacy. C) illogical thinking. D) unconscious feelings of loss.

C) illogical thinking.

Research would lead you to believe that students who have the MOST Facebook friends have: A) an average number of real friends. B) only surface relationships with their real friends. C) many real friends and good relationships with them. D) the fewest real friends, because it is easier for them to connect on line.

C) many real friends and good relationships with them.

Regarding the finding that there are more seriously disturbed people among those who are poor, a multicultural theorist would focus on the way in which: A) personal responsibility is related to dysfunction. B) irrational thoughts contribute to one's feelings. C) poverty is a stressor that contributes to dysfunction. D) early life experiences shape one's later behavior.

C) poverty is a stressor that contributes to dysfunction.

If you believe that you can master and perform needed behaviors whenever necessary, Bandura would say that you had a positive sense of: A) overgeneralization. B) classical conditioning. C) self-efficacy. D) modeling.

C) self-efficacy.

A client in a totally relaxed state vividly imagines formerly anxiety-arousing situations without feeling any lingering anxiety. MOST likely, that client has just completed what type of therapy? A) Freudian psychoanalysis B) family systems C) systematic desensitization D) cognitive therapy

C) systematic desensitization

That many people with severe disturbances are not being treated appropriately is MOSTLY a problem with which level of prevention? A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) meta

C) tertiary

The model or paradigm an investigator uses influences: A) the symptoms of a particular disorder. B) the treatment that is most effective for a disorder. C) the questions and observations the investigator uses. D) the culture in which the disorder is found.

C) the questions and observations the investigator uses.

Current research suggests that schizophrenia may be related to: A) bacterial infections at the time of puberty. B) a resistance to antibiotics. C) viral infection in utero. D) hormonal imbalances.

C) viral infection in utero.

Which of the following phrases would one be MOST likely to hear in a self-help group. A) ìI don't have any idea what you should do.î B) ìThe therapist will tell us what to do.î C) ìTry this. It worked for me.î D) ìLet's talk about our dreams.î

C) ìTry this. It worked for me.î

A previously neutral environmental event that becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus is called a(n):

conditioned stimulus.

Which of the following statements is the BEST example of the biopsychosocial perspective? A) There is one legitimate approach to understanding mental disorders. B) Abnormality is best explained by sociocultural stresses a person experiences. C) Eclectic approaches fail to take interactions of various models into account. D) Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, emotional, and cultural influences.

D) Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, emotional, and cultural influences.

When a subject is participating in the final testing phase of a drug study, which of the following is taking place? A) The drug is being tested on animals. B) The subject is being asked about any unexpected long-term effects. C) The safety of the drug is being assessed by the subject. D) The subject is helping to determine the drug's efficacy and side effects.

D) The subject is helping to determine the drug's efficacy and side effects.

Which of the following statements about couple therapy is MOST accurate? A) Only about 10 percent of those who receive couple therapy eventually divorce. B) Most people who receive couple therapy report no real improvement in their functioning. C) There is a decreasing need for couple therapy based on current divorce rates. D) There is no one theoretical approach used in couple therapy.

D) There is no one theoretical approach used in couple therapy.

Which of the following dreams is the MOST common? A) being a child again B) flying in the air C) being on the verge of falling D) being chased or pursued

D) being chased or pursued

Evidence in support of the psychodynamic model has come primarily from: A) lab-based human experimentation. B) experiments carried out in ìreal-worldî settings. C) surveys. D) case studies.

D) case studies.

An athlete who is in fact well-prepared nevertheless thinks just before a contest, ìI can't do this! I need to be perfect, and I know I'm going to fail!î The theorist who would focus on the athlete's illogical thinking process as a key factor in his subsequent poor performance MOST likely would support which model of abnormality? A) psychodynamic B) behavioral C) existential D) cognitive

D) cognitive

The paradigm or model adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior would have been: A) sociocultural. B) biological. C) cognitive. D) demonological.

D) demonological.

ìThe force that operates on the 'reality principle' is an independent, powerful force in human functioning.î The kind of theorist who would agree MOST strongly with this statement would be a(n) ______ therapist. A) classical Freudian B) self C) object relations D) ego

D) ego

According to ______, the self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning. A) cognitive theorists B) behaviorists C) psychoanalysts D) humanists

D) humanists

Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were the: A) instincts, the ego, and the self. B) biological forces, culture, and learning. C) consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts. D) instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards.

D) instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards.

According to Freud, another term for the symbolic meaning of dreams is: A) positive transference. B) negative transference. C) manifest content. D) latent content.

D) latent content.

With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: A) resonate with many people who are eager to explore these issues. B) support the ideas of positive psychology. C) emphasize health. D) lend itself easily to research.

D) lend itself easily to research.

The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: A) religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life. B) psychologically healthy people have more time and energy for religion. C) people who have a religious community to support them are healthier. D) people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier.

D) people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier.

According to family systems theory, families that show ìdisengagementî are characterized by: A) members who are overinvolved in one another's lives. B) parents who have a ìlaissez-faireî parenting style. C) children who very seldom fight. D) rigid boundaries between family members.

D) rigid boundaries between family members.

If a patient chose a dynamic focus for therapy, the patient would MOST likely be receiving: A) relational psychoanalytic therapy. B) psychoanalysis. C) extended psychoanalytic therapy. D) short-term psychodynamic therapy.

D) short-term psychodynamic therapy.

If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: A) point out her misconceptions. B) give insightful interpretations of her statements. C) identify the client's unreasonable ideas and feelings. D) show unconditional positive regard for her statements.

D) show unconditional positive regard for her statements.

The first step in using the treatment called ìsystematic desensitizationî is to: A) construct a fear hierarchy. B) construct a list of useful reinforcers. C) confront the client with the feared stimulus or thought. D) teach the skill of relaxation over the course of several sessions.

D) teach the skill of relaxation over the course of several sessions.

During the preclinical phase of a drug study, researchers are: A) figuring out safe dosages of the drug in people. B) looking for long-term and unexpected side effects. C) submitting the drug to the FDA for approval. D) testing the drug on animals.

D) testing the drug on animals.

Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on: A) the inferiority of particular cultural groups. B) the cultural deprivation that is characteristic of some groups. C) the limitations of a focus on ethnicity. D) the special external pressures faced by members of a culture.

D) the special external pressures faced by members of a culture.

Regarding attitudes toward therapy, people are MOST likely to agree with which of the following statements? A) ìI have negative feelings when I find out an acquaintance is seeing a therapist.î B) ìI have particularly positive feelings when I find out an acquaintance is seeing a therapist.î C) ìIt's better to seek drug therapy than psychotherapy.î D) ìIt's a good idea to seek therapy for a problem before it gets out of hand.î

D) ìIt's a good idea to seek therapy for a problem before it gets out of hand.

So-called ìnew wave of cognitive therapyî differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes:

accepting problematic thoughts

An assumption of determinism is that abnormal behaviors:

are not accidental.

The model MOST likely to emphasize the importance of one's history of conditioning as the source of depression is the ______ model.

behavioral

The model emphasizing the importance of conditioning in determining human actions is the ______ model.

behavioral

ìWhen I was young, I met a large dog. I wasn't afraid of the dog, but as I tried to pet it, the dog snarled and jumped at me. I have been afraid of dogs ever since.î A therapist who assumes that this sentence describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality?

behavioral

The model of abnormality that focuses on learning is the:

behavioral model

If a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced ______, according to psychoanalysts.

catharsis

The term for the form of psychotherapy pioneered by Carl Rogers is:

client-centered.

Today, ______ clinical psychology is the MOST popular theoretical orientation among professional psychologists.

cognitive

The model of abnormality that concentrates on thinking is the:

cognitive model

If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel, and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving:

cognitive therapy

A therapist listens carefully to a client's words, then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. The hope is that the client will self-examine with acceptance and honesty. MOST likely, the therapist is:

cognitive-behavioral

If you close your eyes and imagine biting into a big, sour lemon, you are likely to salivate. The salivation to this imagery is an example of a(n):

conditioned response.

The part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the:

ego.

If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: A) externalized. B) cultural. C) enmeshed. D) disengaged.

enmeshed

A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities, and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, inauthenticóemptyówould MOST likely be:

existential

The model with its roots in the philosophical idea that people are dynamic beings, giving meaning to their existence through their actions, is the:

existential model

Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role playing and a ìhere and nowî orientation, are:

gestalt

Abnormal chemical activity in the body's endocrine system relates to the release of:

hormones.

The social upheaval and soul searching of the 1960s and 1970s in Western society gave rise to which of the following approaches to therapy?

humanistic and existential

The model that proposes that humans strive to self-actualize is the ______ model.

humanistic-existential

The model of abnormality that focuses on the role of values and choices in behavior is the:

humanistic-existential model.

Evidence that supports the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapies has come from:

individual case studies.

Evidence of the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy:

is limited to case studies.

Freud believed that the source of energy that fuels the id:

is the libido.

David Rosenhan sent ìpseudopatientsî to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. The results led him to conclude that ______ greatly impacts mental illness.

labeling

Depression has been linked to which neurotransmitter abnormality?

low activity of serotonin

Identifying which genes help cause various human disorders rests with the ability to:

map or sequence genes.

Animals and humans learn without reinforcement. They learn just by watching. This form of learning is called:

modeling

Jamal observed his parents' generous behavior throughout his childhood. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. According to the behavioral model, Jamal has acquired his lifestyle through the process of:

modeling

The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of:

object relations theory.

The only time that Timmy gets attention is when he misbehaves in a bizarre way. This is an example of:

operant conditioning

When JosÈ did not get the job, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. This thought is an example of:

overgeneralization

In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as:

paradigms.

Systematic desensitization has been shown to be especially effective in the treatment of:

phobias

In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on:

prejudice and discrimination faced by women.

A general term used for theories such as Freud's, Adler's, and Jung's is:

psychodynamic

The model MOST likely to predict that transference will occur during therapy is the ______ model.

psychodynamic

The model MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes is the ______ model.

psychodynamic

The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the:

psychodynamic model

A patient participates in weekly therapy for several years, gradually becoming aware of the impact of early life events on present functioning. The form of psychotherapy the patient is receiving is called:

psychodynamic therapy.

A woman has had an abortion for which she feels very guilty and as a result takes a strong pro-life stance. The defense mechanism that BEST explains her behavior is:

reaction formation.

Colin is asked to ìfree associateî about his mother's new husband and he responds by changing the subject. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of:

resistance

The role of the unified personality is a central theme of:

self theory.

One who believes the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which of the following paradigms?

sociocultural

The model of abnormality that pays particular attention to a client's family structure, societal norms, and a client's roles in society is:

sociocultural

Which model of abnormality would focus on factors such as norms, family structure, and support systems, in particular?

sociocultural

The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the:

sociocultural model