Test 1 PSY 3450 (Cross-Cultural Research)
Which of the following is not one of Schwartz's cultural values?
Honor
Sally has a tendency to agree with all statements on a questionnaire, regardless of what the items say. This is an example of:
Acquiescence bias
The reason that there is confusion about the definition of culture is that...
All are correct. Culture can be discussed from multiple different perspectives. The definition of culture can vary across different cultures. Culture can refer to many different aspects of life.
Which of the following could interfere with doing cross-cultural research on Baumrind's parenting styles?
All could interfere with cross-cultural research. Specific dimensions of parenting styles may be expressed differently across cultures. There may be other parenting concepts in other cultures that may be better predictors of child outcomes. Baumrind's conceptualization of parenting may be too culture specific.
____ refers to collectivism on the individual level. On the cultural level, collectivism refers to how a culture functions. ____ refers to how individuals may act in accordance with collectivistic cultural frameworks.
Allocentrism
Trafimow, Triandis, & Goto (1991) conducted a priming study that investigated whether private priming and collective priming affected the amount of individually-oriented (IO) and group-oriented (GO) responses provided by American and Chinese participants. They found that:
Americans had higher levels of IO responses as compared to the Chinese, but the priming affected levels of IO and GO responses for both cultures.
Which of the following statements about cultural worldviews is INCORRECT?
An individual's behavior is a direct reflection of their cultural worldviews.
A researcher is in the process of designing a study to investigate whether cultural practices related to the transition from childhood to adulthood may account for cross-cultural differences in rates of depression amongst adolescence. The researcher is most likely designing:
An unpackaging study
Which one of the following statements is not true in terms of culture?
Animals do not invent and use tools.
Which one of the following statements is true?
As with the human staring game, the animal that smiles or averts its gaze becomes subordinate.
It is more common in __________ cultures to have multiple generations living in the same location.
Both African American and Latino
The best example of a unit of analysis of ecological-level studies is ____.
a country
Which characteristics are unique to human culture?
Complexity, differentiation and institutionalization
____ are variables operationalizing aspects of culture that researchers believe produce differences in psychological variables. These variables are actually measured in unpackaging studies.
Context variables
Which of the following serve as the backbone of cross-cultural research, and are the most prevalent type of cross-cultural study?
Cross-cultural comparisons
____ do not test a specific hypothesis about cultural differences; rather, they test the equivalence of psychological measures and tests for use in other cross-cultural comparative research, and they are important to conduct before cross-cultural comparisons.
Cross-cultural validation studies
A researcher finds a significant difference in social judgment making between Americans and Japanese, and concludes that this is a result of the differences between individualism and collectivism in the two cultures, without actually measuring individualism and collectivism. This is an example of:
Cultural attribution fallacies
____ is the social psychological frame within which individuals reside, much like the structure of our houses and homes.
Culture
__________ refers to the social psychological framework within which individuals reside, whereas _________ refers to the unique constellation of traits, attributes, qualities, and characteristics of individuals.
Culture; personality
What is the concept underlying the procedure of back translation that involves eliminating any culture-specific concepts of the original language or translating them equivalently into the target language?
Decenter
____ is the degree to which cultures emphasize the maintenance of the status quo, propriety, and restraint of actions or inclinations that might disrupt the solidarity of the group or the traditional order.
Embeddedness
Which of the following generally refers to the products of the socialization process - the subjective, underlying, psychological aspects of culture that become internalized through development?
Enculturation
___________ refers to the psychological aspects of culture that become internalized through development.
Enculturation
________ refer to those processes that are consistent across different cultures (universal psychological processes); whereas _______refer to those processes that are different across cultures.
Etics, emics
An important thing to remember about cultures is that some serve their purpose better than others and not all have worked until now.
False
Linkage studies are studies that compare cultures on some psychological variable of interest.
False
Most researchers rise above an interpretation of the data they obtain through their own cultural filters, so that any potential for biases cannot affect their interpretations.
False
Technology, population density and climate are all factors that influence culture, whereas temperament is not.
False
True or False: Culture, race, and ethnicity can be used interchangeably in the field of cross-cultural psychology.
False
Which of the following is a culturally specific construct?
Gender Gender roles Gender stereotypes
Which of the following is LEAST likely to account for the discrepancy in math abilities found between American and Asian children?
Genetic differences
Which of the following correctly describes the parenting goals and behaviors of Gusii mothers as compared to American mothers?
Gusii mothers keep infants in closer proximity in order to protect infants, whereas American mothers often try to stimulatie their infants to achieve active engagement.
Through the use of unpackaging studies, Triandis and colleagues (1995) have expanded on the constructs of individualism and collectivism by considering horizontal and vertical versions of each. In____________, individuals are autonomous and equal; whereas in ___________, individuals are autonomous but unequal.
Horizontal individualism; vertical individualism
____ are designed to examine why cultural differences may exist. Thus they make larger inferential jumps by testing theories of cross-cultural similarities and differences.
Hypothesis-testing studies
____ studies use rich, complex, in-depth descriptions of culture, and cultural differences to predict and test for differences in a psychological variable.
Indigenous cultural studies
____ are measures that assess psychological dimensions related to meaningful dimensions of cultural variability and that are completed by individuals. They are often used to ensure that samples in different cultures actually harbor the cultural characteristics thought to differentiate them.
Individual-level measures of culture
Which of the following is one of Schwartz's cultural values?
Intellectual Autonomy Harmony Egalitarianism
Which of the following most accurately describes the process of back translation?
It involves taking an original protocol, translating it into another language, and having someone else translate it back to the original language.
A researcher is particularly concerned about whether the measures that she has translated have the same meanings across cultures and whether each of the measures is equally valid and reliable across cultures. This researcher is therefore concerned about:
Linguistic and measurement equivalence
_________ is related to Mexican American gender role differentiation and is characterized by many traditional expectations of the male gender role, such as being unemotional, strong, and aggressive.
Machismo
Which of the following statements is true regarding Hofstede's value dimensions?
Masculinity vs. Femininity refers to the distribution of social and sexual roles between males and females.
Which of the following statements is correct?
Newborns have no culture.
If an American child has a parent with a(n) _____________ parenting style, they are at greater risk for being immature and having difficulty controlling impulses.
Permissive
In which of the following cultures would peers be LEAST likely to act as strong socialization agents?
Postfigurative cultures
____ refers to the degree to which cultures will encourage less powerful members of groups to accept that power is distributed unequally.
Power distance
When dealing with non-equivalent data, the most conservative thing that a researcher could do is:
Preclude comparison
Which of the following can be described as a folk theory?
Race is a biological construct.
When filling out a questionnaire for a research study, Ricardo subconsciously compares himself to other Latino males when responding to questions rather than relying on direct inferences about his own private, personal value system. This is an example of:
Reference group effect
Which of the following refers to the degree to which a finding, measurement, or statistic is consistent?
Reliability
Which one of the following is an example of a microsystem within the context of a developmental niche?
School
Which of the following is NOT a culturally specific construct?
Sex roles
_______ posits that sex differences in social behavior result from the division of labor between women and men regarding being a homemaker or a worker.
Social role theory
Which of the following can be found amongst both humans and animals?
Society
Which one of the following statements regarding language is correct?
Syntax and grammar are unique to humans.
Hofstede (2001) identified key differences between masculine and feminine cultures in terms of sexuality. Which is true regarding cultures high on masculinity?
Tend to focus on religion and/or gods AND Tend to have double standards about sex
What distinguishes cultural psychology from mainstream psychology?
The interest in understanding cultural influences on behavior
Which of the following describes priming studies correctly?
They involve experimentally manipulating the mindsets of participants and measuring the resulting changes in behavior.
A common belief in American culture is that males are better at mathematical tasks and females better at verbal comprehension tasks. Research suggests that...
This may be true in American culture, but not in other cultures.
Social axioms are general beliefs and premises about oneself, the social and physical environment, and the spiritual world.
True
Socially desirable responding is the tendency to give answers that makes oneself look good. People of certain cultures have greater concerns than people of other culture that lead them to respond in socially desirable ways.
True
____ refers to the degree to which people feel threatened by unknown or ambiguous situations, and have developed beliefs, institutions, or rituals to avoid them.
Uncertainty avoidance
_______ refers to the degree to which people feel threatened by unknown or ambiguous situations, and have developed beliefs, institutions, or rituals to avoid them.
Uncertainty avoidance
Which of the following parenting practices is most likely to be similar across cultures?
Using power assertion as a disciplinary technique
Cross-cultural research on parenting styles in Asian cultures suggests that....
additional research is needed to clarify whether the authoritative or authoritarian style may be optimal.
In the United States, adolescent girls adopting _________ have higher self acceptance, and adolescent boys adopting ________ have higher self acceptance.
an androgynous identity; a masculine identity
The unique ability of humans to engage in shared intentionality allows us to engage in "____"—that is, learning not only from others but through others (Tomasello, Kruger, & Ratner, 1993).
cultural learning
Cross-cultural research focuses on testing the ____ of psychological knowledge.
cultural parameters
One useful framework to understand enculturation is Super and Harkness' notion of a ____ (Super and Harkness, 1986, 1994, 2002). The ____ focuses on how the broader macrosystem structures the child's immediate microsystems.
developmental niche
According to Triandis and his colleagues (1995), in ____, individuals are autonomous and equal. However, in ____, individuals are autonomous but unequal.
horizontal individualism, vertical individualism
The magnitude of the sex difference in physical aggression has been linked to levels of gender empowerment and individualism in each of the 52 countries in a study by Archer (2006); cultures that were more individualistic and that empowered women more had _______ female victimization and ________ male victimization.
less; more
Cross-cultural researchers need to be keenly aware of the issue of equivalence with regard to their conceptual definitions and empirical ____ of the variables (the way researchers conceptually define a variable and measure it) in their study.
operationalization
According to Tomasello and colleagues (1993), ______________ allows humans to engage in cultural learning.
perspective-taking ability
A systematic tendency to respond in a certain way to items or scales is referred to as:
response bias
Research on gender differences in jealousy have found that universally, males are more jealous of _______ and females are more jealous of ________.
sexual infidelity; emotional infidelity
Williams and Best (1982) found that the adjectives associated with men were _______ across cultures, and the degree to which male characteristics were viewed as favorable were _________ across cultures.
similar; different
Research on conformity and obedience suggests that females are more likely to be conformists in cultures that are...
tight and sedentary