Test 2

True or False: The cooking process is often viewed as the starting point of carbohydrate digestion because cooking helps to soften the tough connective fibers in the plants.

True

In the liver, galactose is transformed into ___, the most common monosaccharide.

glucose

Because of its low cost, shelf-stability, and desirable food properties, ___ is used in the manufacture of many processed foods, including soft drinks, condiments, and snack foods. -sucralose -high-fructose corn syrup -pure cane sugar -organic agave nectar

high-fructose corn syrup

Where do enzymes break down the disaccharides sucrose, lactose, and maltose into monosaccharides, glucose, fructose, and galactose? -mouth -large intestine -small intestine

small intestine

Amylose

straight chain of glucose units

Which alternative sweetener is good for cooking because it doesn't break down under high heat conditions? -aspartame -saccharin -sucralose

sucralose

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body? -to provide energy for the body -to build muscle -to insulate the body -to provide structure to all of the cells in the body

to provide energy for the body

True of False: When dietary consumption of carbohydrates exceeds the amount needed for energy and glycogen storage, the excess carbohydrates will be stored as fat.

true

True or False: To avoid constipation, adequate fiber and water should be consumed.

true

Key nutrients provided by dairy products include: -iron -potassium -protein -calcium -vitamin D

-potassium -protein -calcium -vitamin D

key nutrients provided by dairy products include: -protein -iron -calcium -potassium -vitamin D

-protein -calcium -potassium -vitamin D

If you do not consume adequate carbohydrates, what other dietary components can supply energy? Select all that apply. -protein -B vitamins -fiber -fat

-protein -fat

Which of the following are symptoms of hypoglycemia? -shakiness -cramping -hunger -bone pain -sweating

-shakiness -hunger -sweating

Secondary lactose maldigestion

Temporarily decreased production of lactase due to a specific cause, such as an intestinal virus; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose

Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides? amyplopectin sucrose lactose amylose cellulose

amylopectin amylose cellulose

Amylase is -an acid -a neurotransmitter -an enzyme -a base

an enzyme

Which monosaccharides are components of the milk sugar lactose? (select 2) -glucose -sucrose -fructose -galactose

galactose glucose

Glycogen is stored in the liver and can be released by the hormone ___.

glucagon

Most of the fructose composed in the diet is converted to ___ (another monosaccharide) in the liver.

glucose

Name the major monosaccharide found in the body.

glucose

True or False: Studies have shown that nearly all individuals with decreased lactase production can tolerate 1/2 to 1 cup of milk with meals.

true

Many dairy products are rich sources of ___, a nutrient that is especially important for bone health. -vitamin C -vitamin E -vitamin D -vitamin K

vitamin D

Which three of the following contain the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates? -jam -legumes -fish -dried fruit -fat-free milk -table sugar

-jam -dried fruit -table sugar

According to the Food and Nutrition Board, carbohydrates should provide ___% to ___% of total calories in the diet.

45% 65%

Which of the following blood glucose measurements indicates hypoglycemia? -133 -82 -47 -73

47

What is the guidelines that is set at a level 100 times than the level at which no harmful effects were noted in animal studies? -Alternative Sweetener Intake Guide -Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) -Dietary Guidelines for Americans

Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)

Name the disaccharide that is also known as "milk sugar."

Lactose

____ is a disaccharide important in the formation of alcoholic beverages.

Maltose

Which of the following is a sugar alcohol? -Xylitol -Cyclamate -Sucrose

Xylitol

Stevia is an alternative sweetener derived from -sucrose -fructose -a South American shrub -amino acids

a South American shrub

Type 2 diabetes

a form of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance and often associated with obesity.

Which alternative sweeteners contains the amino acids phenylalanine and aspartic acid? -saccharin -sucralose -aspartame -neotame

aspartame

For a grain to be considered a whole grain, the grain must contain the germ, endosperm, and ___.

bran

When bacteria in the mouth break down ___, they produce acids that dissolve the tooth enamel, leading to dental caries. -carbohydrates -lipids -proteins -alcohol

carbohydrates

Primary lactose maldigestion

chronically decreased production of lactase with no apparent cause; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose

Type 1 diabetes results from -a blood disorder -inadequate insulin production -obesity -insulin resistance

inadequate insulin production

Glucagon effect on blood glucose

increases blood glucose

In people with type 1 diabetes, the cells of the pancreas stop producing -insulin -glucose -glucagon -glycogen

insulin

Corn

known for its sweet flavor

Which of the following are the benefits of including some insoluble fiber in the diet? -Reduces transit time of feces -Reduces blood cholesterol -Reduces constipation -Reduces blood glucose

-Reduces transit time of feces (Insoluble fiber adds bulk to fecal matter. This reduces constipation by allowing feces to move through the intestines more quickly) -Reduces constipation (Insoluble fiber adds bulk to fecal matter. This reduces constipation by allowing feces to move through the intestines more quickly)

Which of the following foods contain essentially no carbohydrates? -plain baked potato -broccoli -beef -jelly -eggs -peas -butter -fat-free milk

-beef -eggs -butter

In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated? -high-density lipoprotein -blood pressure -fasting glucose -triglycerides

-blood pressure -fasting glucose -triglycerides

From the following list, choose the foods the adhere to the Dietary Guidelines' recommendations concerning carbohydrates: -white bread -brown rice -frozen blueberries with no added sugar -baked acorn squash

-brown rice (whole grains, such as brown rice, are higher in fiber that refined grains) -frozen blueberries with no added sugar (fresh, frozen, and canned fruit with no added sugar are sources of fiber and many other nutrients) -baked acorn squash (vegetables are good sources of fiber and many other nutrients)

Examples of whole grains include: -bulgur (cracked wheat). -oatmeal. -white rice. -whole wheat flour.

-bulgur (cracked wheat). -oatmeal. -whole wheat flour.

Several well-controlled studies found that sugar in the diet ___ affect children's behavior. did or did not

did not

How are nonstarch polysaccharides listed on food labels? -soluble fibers -insoluble fibers -nonstarch fibers -dietary fiber

dietary fiber

Oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids are typically __________ at room temperature. -liquid -solid

liquid

Quinoa

rich in high-quality protein this is a small, light-colored round grain

Which of the following are appropriate uses of aspartame? -sugar-free brownie mix -sugar-free chewing gum -sugar-free gelatin desserts -diet soft drinks

-sugar-free chewing gum -sugar-free gelatin desserts -diet soft drinks

Which of the following substances are types of lipids? -amylase -triglycerides -polypeptides -cholesterol -saturated fatty acids

-triglycerides -cholesterol -saturated fatty acids

Which macronutrient provides 9 kilocalories per gram? Fat Protein Carbohydrates

Fat

Which of the following are soluble (viscous) fibers? -Lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose -Pectins, gums, and mucilages

Pectin, gums, and mucilages

Stephen complains to his doctor of frequent urination and extreme thirst. Over the past 3 months, he also lost 12 pounds with dieting. His doctor sends him for tests to see if he has -cancer -diabetes -a kidney function -hyperthyroidism

diabetes

Several well-controlled studies found that sugar in the diet ___ affect children's behavior.

did not

If you do not consume adequate carbohydrates, what other dietary components can supply energy? Select all that apply. -fiber -fat -B vitamins -protein

fat protein

Barley

highest in fiber; very slow cooking

Amylopectin

highly branched chain of glucose units

Where does the enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates begin? -small intestine -mouth -stomach

mouth

The primary function of glycogen is to store glucose for later use. Glycogen is stored in the liver and -pancreas -stomach wall -adipose tissue -muscles

muscles

The monosaccharides and the disaccharides are designated as ___ because they provide calories. -nutritive sweeteners -empty calories -non-nutritive sweeteners -alternative sweeteners

nutritive sweeteners

Gestational diabetes

occurs in some pregnant women and resolves after deliver of the baby.

Fiber is a type of -starch -polysaccharide -amylopectin -amylose

polysaccharide (fibers differ from starches because they cannot be digested by human enzymes)

Carbohydrates containing many glucose units, from 10 to 1000 or more are called ____. -disaccharides -oligosaccharides -polysaccharides -monosaccharides

polysaccharides

What is the best way to confirm that a product contains 100% whole grains? -The brown color of the bread is a good indicator that the food is made of whole grains -Look for the Whole Grain stamp on packaging -First word on the ingredients list should be "whole"

-Look for the Whole Grain stamp on packaging -First word on the ingredients list should be "whole"

The combination of a very high fiber intake (>60 grams per day) and low fluid intake can lead to -constipation -intestinal blockages -gallstones -diarrhea

-constipation -intestinal blockages

Which of the following types of fruit are great sources of dietary fiber? -cut-up -fruit juice -whole

-cut-up -whole

Which of the following are appropriate uses of aspartame? -diet soft drinks -sugar-free gelatin desserts -sugar-free brownie mix -sugar-free chewing gum

-diet soft drinks -sugar-free gelatin desserts -sugar-free chewing gum

Sugar alcohols are advantageous in food products because they -promote bowel regularity -do not promote dental caries -are more slowly metabolized than sugar -provide fewer calories than sugar

-do not promote dental caries -are more slowly metabolized than sugar -provide fewer calories than sugar

High-fructose corn syrup is widely used in food processing because -it is less expensive than sugar -it provides fewer calories than sugar -it has better shelf-stability than sugar -it has more phytochemicals than sugar

-it is less expensive than sugar? -it has better shelf-stability than sugar? -it has more phytochemicals than sugar?

High-fructose corn syrup is widely used in food processing because -it is less expensive than sugar -it has better shelf-stability than sugar -it provides fewer calories than sugar -it has more phytochemical than sugar

-it is less expensive then sugar -it has better shelf-stability than sugar

Which of the following conditions may be present is a person with metabolic syndrome? -frequent headaches -low HDL cholesterol -high blood pressure -high fasting glucose -large waist circumference -high blood triglycerides -persistent hip pain

-low HDL cholesterol -high blood pressure -high fasting glucose -large waist circumference -high blood triglycerides

What are some natural food sources of sucrose? -breakdown of starches -maple sugar -sugar beats -milk

-maple sugar -sugar beats

Examples of functional fiber include -polydextrose -inulin -probiotics -resistant starch

-polydextrose -inulin -resistant starch

Which of the following are major sources of added sugars in American diets? -soft drinks -cakes and cookies -dairy desserts -fresh fruits

-soft drinks -cakes and cookies -dairy desserts

A high-fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because -soluble fibers binds to cholesterol in the GI tract, causing it to be excreted -increased insulin secretion results in lower cholesterol synthesis in the liver -high-fiber foods are rich in heart-healthy HDLs and low in LDLs -fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver

-soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract, caused it to be excreted -fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver

True or False: In advances of type 2 diabetes, patients may require insulin to manage their blood sugar levels.

True

True or False: The increased bulk of a high-fiber meal promotes a feeling of fullness without without yielding many calories.

True

True or False: The liver and muscles are the major storage sites for glycogen.

True

True or False: The main function of glucose is to provide the body with a source of fuel.

True

True or False: Type 2 diabetes is strongly associated with obesity.

True

Which description best describes a starch? -a simple form of carbohydrate -a carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest -substances in plant foods not digested by the processes that take place in the stomach or small intestine -a six-carbon monosaccharide that usually exists in a rind form

a carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest

Type 1 diabetes

a form of diabetes characterized by total insulin deficiency due to destruction of insulin-producing cells of the pancreas.

Which type of sweetener is the sweetest? -sugar alcohols -sugars and honey -alternative sweeteners

alternative sweeteners

Wheat

contains a high amount of gluten which enables bakers to create risen breads

As intake of added sugars increases, dietary quality -stays the same -increases -decreases

decreases

Insulin's effect on blood glucose

decreases blood glucose

What is the technical term for high blood sugar? -hyperglycemia -hyperactivity -hyperinsulinemia -hypoglycemia

hyperglycemia

True or False: Because of its branched structure that can be broken down quickly, glycogen is an ideal storage form of carbohydrate in the body.

true

Whole cornmeal, brown rice, and oatmeal are all examples of -refined grains -whole grains

whole grains

Select all of the following that are nutritive sweeteners. -sorbitol -sucrose -sucralose -high-fructose corn syrup

-sorbitol -sucrose -high-fructose corn syrup

Which MyPlate food groups provide many high-fiber foods? -vegetables -grains -fruits -dairy

-vegetables -grains -fruits

Which type of sweetener is the sweetest? -sugars and honey -alternative sweeteners -sugar alcohols

alternative sweeteners

Which monosaccharide is commonly found as a component in fruit? -glucose -lactose -fructose -maltose

fructose

True or False: The Dietary Guidelines recommend increasing whole grain intake by replacing some refined grains with whole grains.

true

True or False: The primary function of carbohydrates in the body is to provide energy.

true

All sweeteners are compared to the sweetness found in -lactose -maltose -sucrose

-sucrose

Place in order the following four steps in the digestion and absorption process of carbohydrates (from top to bottom). -Nonfermentable fiber escapes digestion and is excreted in feces. -Enzymes break down starch into maltose in the small intestine. -Viscous fiber is fermented by bacteria in the large intestine. -Salivary amylase is inactivated by strong acids in the stomach.

1. Salivary amylase is inactivated by strong acids in the stomach. 2. Enzymes break down starch into maltose in the small intestine. 3. Viscous fiber is fermented by bacteria in the large intestine. 4. Nonfermentable fiber escapes digestion and is excreted in feces.

Rank each of the following foods based on carbohydrate content, from highest (top) to lowest (bottom). -fat-free milk, 1 cup -baked potato, 1 medium -egg, 1 large

1. baked potato, 1 medium 2. fat-free milk, 1 cup 3. egg, 1 large

The Dietary Guidelines recommend that ___ of our grains come from whole grains. -none -1/4 -all -1/2

1/2

Which of the following may be used for treatment of type 2 diabetes? Injecting insulin to help lower blood glucose. Taking oral medications that help to lower blood glucose. Restricting carbohydrate intake to less that 10% of total kcal. Incorporating physical activity in the daily routine.

Injecting insulin to help lower blood glucose. Taking oral medications that help to lower blood glucose. Incorporating physical activity in the daily routine.

______ is the disaccharide made of two glucose molecules bonded together.

Maltose

Which alternative sweetener is derived from a South American shrub? -Tagatose -Stevia -Neotame -Acesulfame-K

Stevia

Many children and teenagers are drinking an excess of sugared soft drinks and other sugar-containing beverages and much less milk than ever before. This exchange of soft drinks for milk can compromise bone health because milk is a rich source of which of the following bone-building nutrients? -vitamin K -sodium -calcium -vitamin D

-calcium -vitamin D

Many children and teenagers are drinking an excess of sugared soft drinks and other sugar-containing beverages and much less milk than ever before. This exchange of soft drinks for milk can compromise bone health because milk is a rich source of which of the following bone-building nutrients? -calcium -vitamin D -sodium -vitamin K

-calcium -vitamin D

Which of the following are components of a whole grain? -endosperm -germ -glucagon -bran

-endosperm -germ -bran

Which of the following measurements could be used to identify a person with prediabetes? -HbA1c above 7% -Fasting blood glucose from 100 to 125 mg/dl -HbA1c between 5.7% to 6.4% -Fasting blood glucose above 125 mg/dl

-fasting blood glucose from 100 to 125 mg/dl -HbA1c between 5.7% to 6.4%

In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated? -fasting glucose -high-density lipoprotein -blood pressure -triglycerides

-fasting glucose -blood pressure -triglycerides

In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated? -fasting glucose -triglycerides -high-density lipoprotein -blood pressure

-fasting glucose -triglycerides -blood pressure

A high-fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because -fatty acids produces during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver. -increased insulin secretion results in lower cholesterol synthesis in the liver. -high-fiber foods are rich in heart-healthy HDLs and low in LDLs. -soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract, causing it to be excreted.

-fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver. -soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract, causing it to be excreted.

A high-fiber diet is helpful for weight management because -it is high in protein -it contributes to a feeling of fullness after eating -it provides few calories -it stimulates appetite

-it contributes to a feeling of fullness after eating -it provides few calories

Digestion of carbohydrates by human enzymes takes place in which sections of the gastrointestinal tract? Select all that apply. -small intestine -stomach -large intestine -mouth

-small intestine -mouth

___ is a condition characterized by moderately high fasting blood glucose (100-125 mg/dl). -type 1 diabetes -hypoglycemia -type 2 diabetes -prediabetes

prediabetes

It is important to eat adequate carbohydrates so that the body does not use ___ for energy. -nitrogen -protein -lipid

protein