Test #2-Ch 4, 5, & 6
How does parental smoking impact children?
An estimated 22 percent of children and adolescents in the United states are exposed to tobacco smoke in the home. wheezing and asthma, sleep problems, including sleepdisordered breathing, and early onset to smoking in their adolescence.
What is Sustained Attention in relation to the Information Processing Theory?
An increase in the time children are able to stay focused on their task
What is temperament?
An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding emotionally
What is separation protest?
An infant's distressed crying when the caregiver leaves.
What is stranger anxiety?
An infant's fear and wariness of strangers that typically appears in the second half of the first year of life.
What is the Strange Situation Test?
An observational measure of infant attachment in which the infant experiences a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order. Mary Ainsworth.
What is emotion?
Feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to them. Emotion is characterized by behavior that reflects (expresses) the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state a person is in or the transactions being experienced.
Define Piagets centration.
Focus so hard on one thing they exclude all other aspects including the "big picture"
What did Chess do?
Found that 40 percent of the children they studied could be classified as easy, 10 percent as difficult, and 15 percent as slow to warm up. Notice that 35 percent did not fit any of the three patterns. Researchers have found that these three basic clusters of temperament are moderately stable across the childhood years.
What is social referencing?
"Reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation.
What is physical abuse?
A few examples are: punching, beating, biting, burning, etc.
What is sexual abuse?
A few things that are considered sexual abuse are: fondloning, intercose, rape, flashing, commercial exploitation, etc.
What is Project Head Start?
A government-funded program founded in 1965, that is designed to provide children from low-income families the opportunity to acquire the skills and experiences important for school success. Ages 3-4. 1995 Early Head Start (infancy-3)
What did Piaget study?
Piaget has the cognitive developmental theory (The theory that children construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development). Has 4 stages of cognitive development. Sensorimotor Stage, Preoperational Stage, Concrete Operational Stage, & Formal Operational Stage.
What is moral development?
This involves the development of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people
What is the rule system for pragmatics?
This is the way you speak depending on the situation.
What is gender identity?
This means you know if you're a boy or girl. Children know by age 3.
What factors influence the accuracy of young child's memory?
cues and prompts, susceptibility to suggestion, susceptibility, Interviewing techniques can produce substantial distortions in children's reports about highly salient events
What are the most frequent methods parents use to manage/ discipline their infants and toddlers behavior?
divert attention, ignore, and negotiate
What is the Information Processing Theory?
emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it
What is the rule system for syntax?
order and meaning of grammar
What is the problem with salient versus relevant dimension of attention?
the salient aspect overrides the relevance. (Ex. A clown is making balloon animals; children will likely remember the clown more than how he made balloon animals because they were less relevant than having a clown at the party)
What do emotion-coaching parents?
They encourage children to have emotions and discuss what they feel, why they're feeling it, and how to calm down.
Describe Language Development in Early Childhood.
5 Rule Systems of language: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics.
Describe Mary Ainsworth's type of attachment?
"Strange Situation Test" Secure Attachment- mom is "home base" and baby would look every now and then to check in baby would play and when mom left baby got a little upset but still played.(This is the best reaction) Insecure Avoidance-Avoided mom, little interaction, not upset when mom left. (shows little interaction at home b/t mom and baby Insecure Resistance-Back and Forth b/t clinging to mom and playing(shows inconsistency at home w/ mom and baby Insecure Disorganized-confused or fearful, avoided or resisted caregiver. (most often these babies were found to be abused or neglected)
Describe the gross motor development in Early Childhood.
(25 months-5 yrs) Age 3: Simple Movements Hopping, jumping, running back and forth. Age 4: More Adventurous, show off athletic skills such as low jungle gyms. Age 5: more intense play, daredevil like stunts and run and play hard.
How is temperament classified by Chess & Thomas?
1) Easy child: this child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences. 2) Difficult child: this child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change. • 3) Slow-to-warm-up child: this child has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood.
What are the two types of smiles?
1) Reflexive smile: A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and appears during the first month after birth, usually during sleep. 2) Social smile: A smile that occurs in response to an external stimulus, typically a face in the case of the young infant. social smiling occurs as early as 2 months of age.
What is the National Longitudinal Study of Child Care?
7 year study, 10 locations across the U.S., 1,400 children. looked for quality, frequency, family and parental influences(all of this was observed) 12% were in positive non-parental childcare Majority of 3 yrs olds were in low quality childcare Low income children usually had low quality childcare High Quality kids performed better in cognitive and language and social situational awareness
What is the percentage of children age 2-5 from 2011-2012 data that fall into the obese category?
8% of children ages 2-5 were obese as of 2012
What are the main points of Quality of Care?
1)Recognize that the quality of your parenting is a key factor in your child's development. • 2)Make decisions that will improve the likelihood that you will be good parents. "For some this will mean working full-time"—for personal fulfillment, income, or both. "For others, this will mean working part-time or not working outside the home." • 3)Monitor your child's development. "Parents should observe for themselves whether their children seem to be having behavior problems." they should also talk with child-care providers and their pediatrician about their child's behavior. 4) Take some time to find the best child care. Observe different child-care facilities and be certain that you like the one you choose. "Quality child care costs money, and not all parents can afford the child care they want."
How does maternal work effect parenting?
1/2 mothers with kids under age 5 work. By time kids are 6-17 2/3's mom worked
What are the main points of Family and Parenting influences found in the study?
30 hours or more a week resulted in less optimal performance. however interaction at home can make up for this. more behavior problems, less sensitive interactions with mother and prone to more illnesses.
What does the data say that is related to the impact of divorce on children?
40% of children in America who have married parents experience divorce themselves. Children from divorced families MAY have adjustment problems-most don't. Children from a divorce are: At risk for having trouble in school, acting out, deliquwent behavior, anxiety, depression, have less competent intimate relationships, may drop out, sexually active at earlier age, use drugs, low self esteem, more trouble having secure attachments as an adult. Should Parents stay together and not get divorced just for sake of kids? If there is a lot of conflict and tension in home/marriage its better to get divorced. However, if parents get along but just don't want to be married anymore, its better to stay married.-DATA How much do family processes matter after divorce? Do you still do everything as a family (birthdays) or routines or procedures around the holidays? We know that if divorced parents will use Authoritative parenting styles, that helps kids. Kids who had good coping skill before divorce have good skills after divorce and vice versa. We know that 1-2 years after the divorce, parenting skills will be diminished. Children who experience a divorce before 7 have a lower level of health later in life. What factors influence childs venerability after divorce? Good emotional control before, stays true. If not, bad. Children with less behavior problems cope better with divorce. What role does socio-economic status play in role after divorce? After divorce custodial moms lose 25-50% income, fathers lose 10% income.
Vygotsky's Theory
A sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development.
What does executive functioning refer to in early childhood?
Ability to plan long and short term goals, have cognitive inhibition, purposefully slow down actions to more accurately complete goals, cognitive flexibility, helps delay gratification (ex. give kids a cookie and tell them if they can wait for 5 minutes and not eat that one then they can have 2 cookies afterwards)
What are the developmental consequences of abuse?
Abused kids don't develop good emotional regulation, they have trouble having healthy attachments, they have poor peer relationships, they may have trouble adapting to school, they demonstrate different psychological disorders, may have violent romantic relationships, risky sexual behaviors in pre-teens, substance abuse, etc.
Describe the fine motor movement in Early Childhood.
Age 3: ability to pick up the tiniest objects between their thumb and forefinger for some time. Still clumsy but can build towers such as leggo towers, not very precise at puzzles and will jam in pieces to get them to fit. Age 4: continues to improve, towers not as high due to wanting to be more precise rather than build taller buildings. Age 5: hand, arm, and body all move together under better command of the eye. mere towers no longer interest the 5-year-old, would rather build something more elaborate.
What is the social role theory of gender?
Alice Eagly stated that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men. In most cultures around the world, women have less power and status than men do, and they control fewer resources. Compared with men, women perform more domestic work, spend fewer hours in paid employment, receive lower pay, and are more thinly represented in the highest levels of organizations.
What is short term memory?
Around 30 seconds of retention.
What is Erikson's understanding of the self?
At this point in development, children have become convinced that they are persons of their own; during early childhood, they begin to discover what kind of person they will become. They identify intensely with their parents, who most of the time appear to them to be powerful and beautiful, though often unreasonable, disagreeable, and sometimes even dangerous.
What did Harlow study?
Attachment study. Said that Freud's theory that infants become attached to the person who feeds them.
What are Baumrind's 4 parenting styles?
Authoritarian, Authoritative, Neglectful, & Indulgent.
What are the percentiles used by the CDC to designate being at risk for overweight?
BMI 85-94%= Overweight (@age 5 you're 5x more likely to be overweight at age 14
What are the percentiles used by the CDC to designate overweight?
BMI 85-94%= Overweight (@age 5 you're 5x more likely to be overweight at age 14
What are the percentiles used by the CDC to designate obesity?
BMI 95% and up= Obese BMI 85-94%= Overweight (@age 5 you're 5x more likely to be overweight at age 14 BMI 84-5%= Normal 8% of children ages 2-5 were obese as of 2012
Define Piagets animism.
Believe inanimate objects have human characteristics. (Ex: that sidewalk is mean because it tripped me)
Describe the ways the brain typically grows.
By age 3: brain is at 80% adult weight. Ages 3-6 most growth is in the Prefrontal Cortex, more language, planning and attention. Dendrites increase, myelination allows information to process faster
What did Freud and Piaget's heteronomous morality mean?
Children know the rules exists but think they can't be changed and they are beyond the control of people. Age 4-7.
Describe Vygotsky's inner speech.
Children learn that its more socially appropriate to "talk to themselves" internally while doing a task rather than out loud
Describe Vygotsky's private speech.
Children talk out loud to themselves while completing difficult tasks.
What are primary types of child care in the U.S.?
Child care is provided in large centers with elaborate facilities and in private homes. some child-care centers are commercial operations; churches, civic groups, and employers. infants and toddlers are more likely to be found in family child care and informal care settings, while older children are more likely to be in child-care centers and preschool and early education programs.
What did Ainsworth study?
Created the Strange Situation: an observational measure of infant attachment in which the infant experiences a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order. Mom & baby study.
What is the controversy about universal preschool education for 4 year olds?
Curriculum and if it should be free or not. Also it has been stated it would be more beneficial to fund disadvantaged preschools instead of ALL preschools.
What are the 4 types of maltreatment in children?
Physical Abuse, Sexual Abuse, Emotional Abuse, & Neglect.
What did Erikson believe?
Eight stages of development unfold as we go through life; Trust versus mistrust (first year), Autonomy versus shame & doubt (late infancy and toddlerhood), Initiative versus guilt (preschool years), Industry versus inferiority (elementary school years), identity versus identity confusion (adolescent), Intimacy versus isolation (early adulthood), Generativity versus stagnation (middle adulthood), Integrity versus despair (late adulthood). Said we develop psychosocial stages. Stated that motivation is social and reflects a desire to affiliate with other people. Stated that developmental change occurs through- out the life span.
What is Erikson's understanding of the 3rd stage of personality development?
Erikson's 3rd stage-initiative versus guilt. Children who are 3,4,5 (look at what I can do). If the adults don't encourage or support those efforts then the kids have a feeling of guilt.
What do emotion-dismissing parents do?
They don't talk about emotions, don't acknowledge the emotions, tell them to get over it.
What did Thomas do?
Found that 40 percent of the children they studied could be classified as easy, 10 percent as difficult, and 15 percent as slow to warm up. Notice that 35 percent did not fit any of the three patterns. Researchers have found that these three basic clusters of temperament are moderately stable across the childhood years.
What is the psychoanalytic theory of gender?
Freud's view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. Oedipus or Electra complex. At age 5 or 6, the child renounces this attraction because of anxious feelings. Subsequently, the child identifies with the same-sex parent, unconsciously adopting that parent's characteristics. In order to overcome the guilt for being attracted to mom so they imitate dad to overcome guilt.
What is the rule system for morphology?
How you can change a words meaning. Ex. Dog+s=Dogs, by adding and "s" you have now changed the meaning of one dog to multiple dogs
What does the data say that is related to the impact of gay male and lesbian parents?
If same sex couples marry, often times children come from previous relationships. There have been no significant differences in children raised by gay or lesbian parents vs. heterosexual parents. There also found that positive parenting in adoptive gay father families and fewer child externalizing problems in these families than in heterosexual families.
Define Piagets conservation.
In Piaget's theory, awareness that altering an object's or a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties. In this age group children can not differentiate this. (Ex. Water being poured from glass into tall, thin beaker doesn't change amount but looks like more)
What is the concept of how children describe themselves and others at this age (Early Childhood)?
In early child- hood, young children think the self can be described by material charac- teristics such as size, shape, and color. They distinguish themselves from others through physical and material attributes.
What primitive emotions are expressed by infants?
In the first six months of life include surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust.
What did Rothbart do?
Infants who are high in effortful control show an ability to keep their arousal from getting too intense and have strategies for soothing themselves. By contrast, children who are low in effortful control are often unable to control their arousal; they are easily agi- tated and become intensely emotional.
What did Kagan do?
Inhibited children react to many aspects of unfamiliarity with initial avoidance, distress, or subdued affect, beginning around 7 to 9 months. In recent research, having an inhibited temperament at 2 to 3 years of age was related to having social phobia symptoms at 7 years of age. And recent findings also indicate that infants and young children who have an inhibited temperament are at risk for developing social anxiety disorder in adolescence and adulthood
How is temperament classified by Kagan?
Inhibition to the unfamiliar: differences between a shy, subdued, timid child and a sociable, extraverted, bold child. (2002, 2010, 2013) regards shyness with strangers (peers or adults) as one feature of a broad temperament category called inhibition to the unfamiliar.
What are the main causes of death/serious illness in Early Childhood?
Leading Causes are Car Accidents, Falling, drowning. More are Cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Preventions include; childproofing your home and making sure they wear safety equipment when necessary.
What is the rule system for semantics?
Meaning of words and sentences( same word, different meaning) Ex. girl and woman both refer to gender yet we know the actual difference between a girl and a woman.
What did Harlow do?
Monkey Study. The results were contact & comfort establish connection between babies and mothers, NOT being fed.
What are the differences in how mothers and fathers interact with their infants?
Mothers: are more nurturing and focus on child-care activities—feeding, changing diapers, and bathing. Fathers: include play, especially rough-and-tumble play Fathers bounce infants, throw them up in the air, tickle them, and so on.
Define Piagets egocentrism.
Only understand the world through their point of view; don't understand others perspective. Magical thinking as well( superhero's, tooth fairy, Santa Clause et.)
What are the differences in child-rearing practices based on socioeconomic status?
Parents from a low socio-economic status expect kids to confirm, they have a more authoritarian style with more corporal punishment. Parents in the higher socio-economic bracket want kids to demonstrate initiative, they want to teach them how to delay gratification, they are more likely to use a more authoritative parenting style, while they are less likely to use physical punishment.
What are parents and peer influences on gender development?
Parents: mothers teach their daughters to be more obedient and responsible than their sons. They also place more restrictions on their daughters' autonomy. Fathers show more attention to their sons than to their daughters, engage in more activities with their sons, and put forth more effort to promote their sons' intellectual development. Peers: Know that from age 3-12 they prefer to play with same sex groups Girls play with a smaller group and a collaborative fashion. Make a plan, scenario, etc. Boys play with larger groups that usually centers around a game or sport and will be much rougher than girls.
What is Executive Attention in relation to the Information Processing Theory?
Pay attention to task or plan to complete a goal. (Ex: finish a puzzle)
What is the rule system for phonology?
Phonemes: sound system. 47 verbal sounds
What are the effects of screen time on children's development?
Play is very important. imagination, friends, social skills, etc. If they are on a screen all the time they don't have the opportunity to form these skills. If they have even an hour more, they will have less sleep, later bedtimes, and they won't get the required amount of sleep. In children age 2-4, they watch TV for 2-4 hours a day, while 12% of children aged 2-4 use computers every day. Kids who are 2-4 should have no more than 1 hour of screen time a day.
What are self-conscious emotions?
Pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt
What did Erikson study?
Psychosocial Theory
What is "Goodness of Fit" related to child's temperament and environment in the home?
Refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope.
What did Kagan study?
Regards shyness with strangers (peers or adults) as one feature of a broad temperament category called inhibition to the unfamiliar.
What are the problems with the use of punishment in children?
Research has shown that if a child is mildly spanked, there aren't many negative outcomes. If a child is spanked more severely then it has negative outcome. Physical punishment of young children has shown more aggressive behavior in those children which lasts through adolescence. No research has ever shown that physical punishment has positive results. When adults scream/yell or spank, the parents are teaching out of control behavior. Those kids are fearful, experience rage, or avoid punishing parent. It also teaches kids what NOT to do-it doesn't teach what you want them to do.
What is the relationship to caregiving styles and types of attachment as explained by Ainsworth?
Securely Attached Babies:these caregivers often let their babies take an active part in determining the onset and pacing of interactions in the first year of life also infant dads when infants were 7 months to 2 years of age found that maternal sensitivity and autonomy support predicted secure attachment. Avoidant: Caregivers of avoidant babies tend to be unavailable or rejecting. they often don't respond to their babies' signals and have little physical contact with them. When they do interact with their babies, they may behave in an angry and irritable way. Caregivers of resistant babies tend to be inconsistent; sometimes they respond to their babies' needs, and sometimes they don't. in general, they tend not to be very affectionate with their babies and show little synchrony when interacting with them. Caregivers of disorganized babies often neglect or physically abuse them
What are the effects from the use of punishment in children?
Several recent longitudinal studies also have found that physical punishment of young children is associated with higher levels of aggression later in childhood and adoles- cence. When adults punish a child by yelling, screaming, or spanking, they are presenting children with out-of- control models for handling stressful situations. Children may imitate this behavior. Punishment can instill fear, rage, or avoidance. For example, spanking the child may cause the child to avoid being near the parent and to fear the parent. Punishment tells children what not to do rather than what to do.
What is the Changing Family?
Single Parent households, divorced, households, two parent households where both parents work, found new spouses after divorce, or gay & lesbian households.
Describe Vygotsky's concepts of social constructivist approach.
Skill develop through social environment and language
What is reciprocal socialization
Socialization that is bidirectional; children socialize parents, just as parents socialize children.
What are Erikson's first two stages in his theory from birth to 24 month?
Stage 1: Trust vs Mistrust; developing a sense of "Self" Stage 2: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt; begin to show signs of independence and being over critical can lead to doubt
What are the cognitive influences on the gender schema theory?
States that children over time see the roles that males and females play in their culture and mimic that. Children are motivated to act in ways that conform with these gender schemas.
What is the social cognitive theory of gender?
States that children's gender development occurs through observation and imitation of what other people say and do, and through being rewarded and punished for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior Ex. Little kids watch parents and model that behavior and that's how they establish those gender roles. Says they'll be punished (parent, friends, etc) if they do something innoproiate according to gender roles
What is long term memory?
Stored over an unmeasured term of time. Better by the age of 7, this is when kids are allowed to testify in court.
Describe Piagets preoperational stage?
Stretches from 2-7, stable concepts are formed, mental reasoning emerges.
What did Bates study?
Studied temperament: stress that effortful control (self-regulation) is an important dimension of temperament. Infants who are high in effortful control show an ability to keep their arousal from getting too intense and have strategies for soothing themselves. By contrast, children who are low in effortful control are often unable to control their arousal; they are easily agi- tated and become intensely emotional.
What did Rothbart study?
Temperament: stress that effortful control (self-regulation) is an important dimension of temperament.
How do Baumrind's 4 parenting styles effect children?
The Authoritative is the most successful. Children from this parenting style are self reliant, happy, good relationships with peers, cope well with stress, etc. The Authoritarian kids don't have communication skills and have emotional problems. The Neglectful kids are socially incompetent, have no self control, low self esteem, don't handle independence well, etc. The Indulgent kids have trouble learning respect for others, me is the center of the world, noncompliant, poor peer relationships, etc.
What did Ainsworth do?
The Strange situation experiment had 4 terms: Securely attached babies, Insecure avoidant babies, Insecure resistant babies, & Insecure disorganized babies
Describe the ways the body typically grows.
The average child grows 2½ inches in height and gains between 5 and 7 pounds a year during early childhood.
What is emotional abuse?
The constant degradation of the child by the adult. Types are: verbal, psychological, mental, etc.
What is neglect?
The failure to provide a child's basic needs. Shelter, educational, etc. By far the most common form of maltreatment.
What is the concept of self-understanding?
The representation of self, the substance and content of self- conceptions.
Piaget's Theory
Theory stating that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development.
What are gender roles?
They are sets of expectations that our culture teaches us that we prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel.
What are the social theories of gender?
They are the social role theory, psychoanalytic theory, and social cognitive theory.
What did Freud and Piaget's autonomous morality mean?
They become aware that rules and laws are created by people, and in judging an action they consider the actor's intentions as well as the action's consequences. Age 10.
How are emotions expressed at this age (Early Childhood)?
They demonstrate self-conscious emotions such as: pride, guilt, shame, doubt, & embarrassment. They are able to talk about their feelings and what causes that feeling.
What are self-conscious emotions?
Usually occur after the first 12 months of life: shame, embarrassment, guilt, envy, pride
What are the effects of screen time on children development with aggression and violence?
We can't directly say that watching violent things on TV causes aggression, however there is a relationship between watching violent relationships and demonstrating it. Also, kids become desensitized to these violent acts so they seem to be a normal part of life which leads to many problems.
What are the cognitive influences on gender typing?
Where you follow the schema into stereotypes. A schema is a cognitive structure, a network of associations that guide an individual's perceptions. A gender schema organizes the world in terms of female and male.
What is the WIC program?
Women infants and children up to age 5 intended to serve the nutritional needs of low income women and families
Describe Vygotsky's zone of proximal development and scaffolding.
Zone of Proximal Development(ZPD)term for the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with the guidance and assistance of adults or more-skilled children. Scaffolding: means changing the level of support. A more-skilled person adjusts the amount of guidance to fit the child's current performance.
What is attachment?
a close emotional bond between two people
What did Chess study?
identified three basic types, or clusters, of temperament: Easy child: This child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences. Difficult child: This child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change. Slow-to-warm-up child: This child has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood.
What did Thomas study?
identified three basic types, or clusters, of temperament: Easy child: This child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences. Difficult child: This child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change. Slow-to-warm-up child: This child has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood.
What does the transition to parenthood involve?
less sleep, stress between the mother and father.
What defines high quality child care?
lots of positive interactions with children, age appropriate toys, low staff to child ratio
Describe Harlow's work with attachment.
remember the baby monkey experiment where he built 2 different monkey mothers. One was made of wire and the other had cloth. the monkeys, when frightened, would go to the mother that was covered in cloth. Contact and Comfort.
How do children this age demonstrate a sense of self?
remember the red dot-mirror test for infants and by starting to use words like 'mine' 'me' 'I'
How is temperament classified by Rothbart & Bates?
stress that effortful control (self-regulation) is an important dimension of temperament. infants who are high in effortful control show an ability to keep their arousal from getting too intense and have strategies for soothing themselves. By contrast, children who are low in effortful control are often unable to control their arousal; they are easily agitated and become intensely emotional.
