Test 2: Ch 6-9

During a needle biopsy of a person's bone marrow, maybe to test for the presence of cancer, pain is felt when the needle passes through the periosteum because it is richly supplied with nerves.

True

The shaft of a long bone is called the diaphysis and the end of a long bone nearest the point of attachment to the trunk is called the proximal epiphysis.

True

The skeletal system can produce blood cells and store triglycerides.

True

Osteoblasts _____ bone tissues, while osteoclasts _____ bone tissues.

build up, break down

By which process, as an individual grows to adulthood, is the thickness (diameter) of bone increased?

Appositional growth

The shoulder (glenohumeral) joint is a ___________ synovial joint.

Ball-and-socket

Shoulder and hip joints are examples of which type of synovial joint?

Ball-and-socket joint

Which type of joint confers the greatest range of motion?

Ball-and-socket joint

Somites are cube-shaped masses of mesoderm that give rise to the limb buds of the embryo.

False

The joints most commonly replaced by arthroplasty are the intervertebral joints, the elbow joint, and the knee joint.

False

The bone surface marking that allows for passage of blood vessels and nerves is a:

Fissure

Bones that are generally thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue are

Flat bones

The portion of the pelvis below the pelvic brim is the true (lesser) pelvis.

True

Which distal feature(s) of the humerus articulate with the proximal head of the radius? 1 capitulum 2 radial fossa 3 trochlea

1 and 2

A person who has what is often called head cold will have difficulty breathing through their nose and will notice that their voice sounds different from when they don't have a cold. Which aspect of the functions of the paranasal sinuses helps explain this? 1. swelling of mucous membrane, and congestion from overproduction of mucus within the sinuses reduces the flow of air through the sinuses, giving that stuffy feeling 2. the air being warmed in the sinuses is becoming overly warmed and dried from fever, affecting the voice 3. congested sinuses result in smaller spaces for the voice to resonate (echo), so the voice sounds different than it normally does

1 and 3

Which bones form the acetabulum? 1 ilium 2 ischium 3 pubis

1, 2, 3.

The distal end of the radius articulates with which three bones of the wrist? 1 lunate 2 capitate 3 scaphoid 4 triquetrum 5 hamate

1, 3,4

The clavicle is one of the most frequently fractured bones because the junction of the two curves is weak. Which of the following is not a cause of a fractured clavicle? a blow to the inferior part of the anterior thorax fall on your outstretched arm a blow to the superior part of the anterior thorax compression by the shoulder harness seatbelts

A blow to the inferior part of the anterior thorax

Which of the following is a type of angular movement? flexion extension abduction adduction all of these are examples of angular movement

All of these are examples of angular movement

Which of the following could contribute to a decreased range of motion if a person wore a cast for several weeks which prohibited movement at a particular joint, such as the elbow? a decrease in synovial fluid thus reducing the lubrication of the joint muscle atrophy thus resulting in weakness in the muscles that would move and stabilize the joint reduced flexibility of the tendons and ligaments at the joint all of these could be contributing factors none of these are factors that would limit range of motion

All of these could be contributing factors

Flat

Bones are classified on the basis of their shape and have varying amounts of spongy and compact bone. Shape determines function for bones of the skeleton. In the image below, locate the scapula and classify it as one of the types of bones :

While the transverse arch of the foot involves several tarsals and the bases of the metacarpals, which statement is correct about the longitudinal arch? both the medial and lateral parts of the arch begin at the talus the medial part begins at the base of all five of the metatarsals the medial part of the arch begins at the calcaneus, while the lateral part begins at the talus the longitudinal arch consists only of the five metatarsal bones both the medial and lateral parts of the arch begin at the calcaneus

Both the medial and lateral parts of the arch begin at the cacaneus

By what week of development does endochondral ossification of the bones of the limbs begin?

By the end of the 8th week

Which is not a function of the skeletal system? assistance in movement support protection mineral homeostasis carbohydrate storage

Carbohydrate storage

By age 20, nearly everyone has some evidence of osteoarthritis in their joints.

False

The longest and largest bone of the upper limb is the __________.

Humerus

synovial

Identify the structural classification of the joint depicted in this image:

articular cartilage

Identify the structure depicted by the arrow:

Most of the bones of the skull are formed by this process.

Intramembranous ossification

Which of the following would not be a common occurrence at joints due to aging? ligaments become stretched and lengthen the amount of synovial fluid produced decreases osteoarthritis due to wear and tear on joints can occur articular cartilages become thinner exercise can help an older person maintain their range of motion

Ligaments become stretched and lengthen

Lumbar

Look at the below image. Which of these normal curves of the vertebral column is developed as the infant learns to stand and walk?

The clavicle articulates with which of the following structures to form the sternoclavicular joint?

Manubrium

Which is formed from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a type of white blood cell)?

Osteoclast

body (centrum)

Refer to the image of the typical vertebra and the short section of vertebral column. Which of the labeled structures is the main weight-bearing structure for vertebral column?

Bone can be classified as a connective tissue because it contains an extracellular matrix that surrounds widely spaced cells.

True

Which bone includes an opening for the ear canal (the external auditory meatus) and articulates with the mandible?

Temporal bone

Which of the following is not a true statement regarding the male and female pelves? The angle of the female pubic arch is greater than that of the male. The female obturator foramen is oval, whereas that of the male is round. The female pelvic inlet is heart-shaped and smaller than that of the male, which is larger and more oval. The female pelvis is more flexible than that of the male. The male false (greater) pelvis is deeper than that of the female.

The female pelvic inlet is heart-shaped and smaller than that of the male, which is larger and more oval.

Which of the following is an example of a uniaxial joint? the saddle joint between the thumb and trapezium of the wrist the hinge joint of the elbow the joint between a metacarpal and the proximal phalanx the ball-and-socket joint between the scapula and humerus the plane joints between the carpal bones (wrist)

The hinge joint of the elbow

Which of the following statements about the ischium is true? The anterior surfaces of each ischium contribute to the formation of the anterior joint of the pelvic girdle. Each ischium completely surrounds the obturator foramen. The ischium is the posterior inferior portion of the hip bone and is composed of a superior body and an inferior ramus. All of these choices.

The ischium is the posterior inferior portion of the hip bone and is composed of a superior body and an inferior ramus.

suture

The type of joint marked by the arrow is called a

Which of the following is not a function of synovial fluid? to provide lubrication in the joint and reduce friction between articular surfaces to act as a medium for the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients to act as a medium for the diffusion of metabolic wastes such as carbon dioxide to maintain a sterile environment within the joint cavity shock absorption

To mantain a sterile environment within the joint cavity

The pituitary gland is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.

True

In a pivot joint, the rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament.

True

Stenosis of the vertebral column occurs when bony growths (osteophytes) cause a narrowing of the vertebral canal, resulting in pressure and pain on spinal nerves, and a possible decrease in function of the muscles and lower limbs.

True

The hyoid bone does not directly articulate with any other bones.

True

inferior articular process and superior articular process

Which of the labeled structures in the image of the vertebra and short section of the vertebral column would serve as articulation points between adjacent vertebrae?

The head of the femur articulates with the deeply cupped ___________ of the hip bone.

acetabulum

The hip (coxal) joint is a _________ synovial joint.

ball-and-socket

Which statement about the vertebral column is correct? an adult has fewer vertebrae (26) than a child (33) thoracic and sacral curves are primary curves (present at birth) lumbar and cervical curves are secondary curves (develop after birth) the sacrum and coccyx are made of individual vertebrae that later fuse all of these are correct statements about the vertebral column

all of these are correct statements about the vertebral column

Which factors help to keep the articular surfaces in contact and affect the range of motion? structure or shape of articular bones strength and tension (tautness) of the joint ligaments arrangement and tension of the muscles contact of soft parts all of these choices

all of these choices

In terms of bone health, why would a physician advise an older patient to do more weight-bearing activity such as walking, jogging, or use of moderate weights? it promotes normal bone remodeling osteoblasts deposit more minerals salts and collagen fibers as a response to mechanical stress being sedentary (not physically active) promotes bone loss through resorption by osteoclasts bone formation in stressed bones is stimulated by the tug of muscles (when exercising) all of these explain why a physician would give such advice to a patient

all of these explain why a physician would give such advice to a patient

Which muscle originates on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserts on the olecranon process and superior portion of the ulna?

anconeus

The __________ is an intracapsular ligament which crosses the interior of the joint.

anterior cruciate ligament

The superior and inferior regions of the bony pelvis are separated by a series of landmarks that indicate a boundary known as the pelvic brim (pelvic inlet). These landmarks are the sacral promontory, the __________ of each ilium, and along the superior edges of each pubic bone, and the pubic symphysis.

arcuate lines

Which of the following is part of the temporomandibular joint? mastoid portion of temporal bone articular tubercle of temporal bone zygomatic process of temporal bone all of the choices are correct

articular tubercle of temporal bone

The largest of the tarsal bones is the:

calcaneus

During fetal development, the modeling for bone is first seen in both processes when ____is deposited.

calcium crystals.

When bones increase in thickness (diameter) as an individual grows to adulthood, which tissue or cells of the bone begin this growth process?

cells of the periosteum differentiating into osteoblasts

What cell type does IGF-1 directly stimulate?

chondrocytes

A child has learned how to draw circles in the air by moving the distal end of the index (pointing) finger while holding the rest of his hand still. What type of movement is this?

circumduction

Which is not part of the axial skeleton? zygomatic palatine axis hyoid clavicle

clavicle

An elderly woman trips and falls. She puts out her hand to try to stop her fall, and ends up with a fracture of the lower arm. An x-ray shows that at the break, many pieces of bone have a splintered and fragmented appearance. Which type of fracture does this woman have?

comminuted fracture

Osteons are found in _____, while trabeculae are found in _____.

compact, spongy

Which is the structure on the mandible where the temporalis muscle attaches?

coronoid process

At which point during human embryological development do the lower limb buds appear?

end of the fourth week

Which is not a function of calcium in the body? blood clotting cofactor for many enzymes nerve function epithelium function muscle function

epithelium function

Which cranial or facial bone has the cribriform plate, a porous structure through which the olfactory nerves pass into the nasal cavity?

ethmoid bone

Both arms _______ during the downswing when a batter strikes the baseball.

extend

The position of an epicondyle in relation to the condyle is that the epicondyle would be inferior to the condyle.

false

The fovea captitis is a feature of which bone of the lower limb?

femur

The medial and lateral condyles are distal features of which bone of the lower limb?

femur

Which of the following is the correct sequence of bones of the lower limb, from proximal to distal ends?

femur, patella (kneecap), tibia and fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

A gomphosis is which type of joint?

fibrous and a syndesmosis

A body builder is doing biceps curls, a type of arm exercise, with hand weights. In a biceps curl, the body builder bends his or her forearm bringing the weight closer to his or her shoulder. What type of movement is this?

flexion

Ribs that are not attached to the sternum at their anterior costal cartilages are known as

floating (vertebral) ribs

Near the center of the diaphysis, the nutrient artery and vein pass through a hole in the compact bone called the nutrient ________.

foramen

As the spinal cord exits the cranium, it passes through a large opening in the occipital bone called the __________.

foramen magnum

Which of the following is not a hole or other kind of opening through a bone? fossa foramen meatus fissure

fossa

When all rotator cuff muscles are activated at the same time they act to hold the head of the humerus in the _______________.

glenoid cavity

In contrast to the shoulder joint, the hip joint ______________.

has a more limited range of motion

While the bones of this joint may fracture, they rarely become dislocated. The articular capsule and accessory ligaments of this joint make it one of the strongest structures in the body.

hip joint

Which is the correct sequence of bones of the upper limb, from proximal to distal ends?

humerus, radius and ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

The process of intramembranous ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of mesenchymal tissue. In contrast, endochondral ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of _____.

hyaline cartilage

An overactive parathyroid gland can cause

hypercalcemia

The prime mover of hip flexion is the __________.

iliopsoas

Which bones is the largest of the three bones that make up the hip bone?

ilium

Which coxal bone contains the anterior and posterior gluteal lines?

ilium

In fetal bone, the primary ossification center is found

in the middle of the bone

Which of the following statements is not correct about the hyoid bone? it is anterior to the vertebral column it is positioned between the mandible and the larynx (voice box) it articulates with the temporal bone it serves as an attachment point for some muscles of the tongue it serves as an attachment point for some muscles of the neck and pharynx

it articulates with the temporal bone

You are given a case study to work on in the laboratory. You are given two different bony pelves to examine. You are told one is female and one is male. Your group notices that one of the pelves has a wide greater sciatic notch (nearly 90°), and that the angle of the pubic arch is greater than 90°. What does your group conclude about this pelvis?

it is a female pelvis

This joint is the largest and most complex of the body, and consists of three joints contained within its synovial cavity.

knee joint

Which list contains only facial bones? lacrimal bones, zygomatic bones, mandible, palatine bones temporal bones, frontal bone, palatine bones, nasal bones sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, temporal bones, lacrimal bones occipital bone, maxillae, vomer, zygomatic bones lacrimal bones, sphenoid bone, vomer, mandible

lacrimal bones, zygomatic bones, mandible, palatine bones

The largest and strongest of the unfused vertebrae in the vertebral column are the

lumbar vertebrae

Which lacks a paranasal sinus? frontal ethmoid sphenoid maxilla mandible

mandible

Some synovial joints contain special crescent-shaped pads that provide additional shock absorption, and provide for a better fit between the articulating surfaces of the bones. These special pads are called __________.

menisci

Which factors affect bone remodeling and growth?

minerals vitamins hormones

he difference between a sprain and a strain is that a sprain involves

overstretching ligaments while a strain is overstretching muscles

The coating around bones is called the

periosteum

What is the correct structural elements of the thoracic cage?

ribs sternum costal cartilages thoracic vertebrae

In the pelvic girdle, the two hip bones unite posteriorly with the sacrum to form the __________ joint.

sacroiliac

Which bones articulate at the glenohumeral joint?

scapula and humerus

Which of the bones below is not part of a pair of bones? nasal sphenoid parietal zygomatic temporal

sphenoid

The sella turcica is a feature of which bone? It also has a depression that provides a bony enclosure for the pituitary gland.

sphenoid bone

Stan is a 35 year old man who is a dedicated long distance runner. He spends hours every week running along neighborhood streets. Recently Stan has had to go to the doctor due to pain in his lower legs that intensifies when he tries to run. There is no swelling or obvious damage, so he is surprised to hear the doctor say he has a fracture of his tibia. Stan is most likely to have which type of fracture?

stress fracture

The bodies of adjacent vertebrae are connected by pads of fibrocartilage (the intervertebral discs). The articulations between adjacent vertebrae are called __________.

symphyses

Because it is an immovable joint, the sagittal suture, which joins the two parietal bones of the skull, is classified as a _______.

synarthrosis

A fibrous joint in which there is a greater distance between the articulating surfaces and more dense irregular connective tissue than in a suture is called a

syndesmosis

Most of the freely movable joints of the body could be classified both structurally and functionally as __________.

synovial and diarthroses

The head of the femur articulates with what feature of the hip bones to form the hip (coxal) joint?

the acetabulum

Which bony landmark can be felt and seen, and is commonly used to help determine where to give an intramuscular injection on the lateral surface of the thigh?

the greater trochanter

The obturator foramen is the largest foramen in the body, but is nearly completely closed by the obturator membrane (but nerves and blood vessels are still able to pass through). This foramen is formed by which structures of the pelvic girdle?

the ischium and pubis

Most people can see and feel the bony prominences on the medial and lateral sides of the ankles. What bone features and bones form these two prominences?

the medial malleolus of the tibia, and the lateral malleolus of the fibula

Which contributes the most to holding the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity in the shoulder joint?

the muscles of the rotator cuff

When walking down stairs or a steep hill, the knee is flexed. Which structure prevents the tibia from sliding too far posteriorly, and the femur from sliding too far anteriorly?

the posterior cruciate ligament

Which is the correct term for the knee joint?

tibiofemoral joint

The tubercle of a rib articulates with which part of a thoracic vertebra?

transverse process

Which muscle originates on the occipital bone and spines of C7-T12 and inserts on the clavicle and acromion of the scapula?

trapezius

With aging, bones can become more brittle. This brittleness is due to which factor?

with aging, there is a reduction in collagen synthesis by osteoblasts, which means a loss of tensile strength