TEST 2 - EEX4070 FINAL ch 5 - 9

Which is an example of a conceptual adaptive behavior? not being gullible being able to dress oneself following rules understanding money

understanding money

Which activity would a child with ADHD most likely have difficulty with a school? being creative solving a math problem waiting their turn to speak telling a story

waiting their turn to speak

SETT is known for being a decision-making framework that ______. is used to pair the person with the appropriate assistive technology provides resources in the form of worksheet-like pages in order to guide an IEP team identifies a range of technologies that will benefit a variety of disabilities matches assistive devices with the student, their environment, and the tasks they are to perform

matches assistive devices with the student, their environment, and the tasks they are to perform

Individuals with intellectual disability tend to exhibit strengths in building interpersonal relationships, as social skills are such an integral part of their education early-on.

false

Learning strategies are tools used by teachers to ensure their instructions are clear and unambiguous.

false

This is little evidence pointing to a genetic component of ADHD.

false

When evaluating learning disabilities, IDEA regulations stipulate that a single measure of assessment should be used as the basis for determining eligibility.

false

Abnormalities of which area of the brain are found in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? occipital lobes pituitary gland Broca's area frontal lobes

frontal lobes

A student who is unable to evaluate and monitor their own performance is demonstrating deficits in ______. attention metacognition self-confidence short-term memory

metacognition

How do psychostimulant medications work? increase synapses in the brain suppress activity in the frontal lobes increase the arousal of the central nervous system stimulate the cerebellum

increase the arousal of the central nervous system

Programs for young children with disabilities that support achieving developmental or cognitive milestones are known as ______. established risk programs infant stimulation assistive technology family-centered early intervention

infant stimulation

Speaking out for one's preferences and to protect one's own interests is referred to as ______. self-acknowledgment self-identification self-advocacy self-representation

self-advocacy

One strategy employed during cognitive training is ______, wherein a student initially talks out loud to themselves when performing a task in order to alter behavior. Direct Instruction self-instruction authentic assessment use of mnemonic

self-instruction

A behavioral strategy for ADHD that focuses on helping the individual manage their own behavior with a focus on achieving a positive target behavior is called ______. psychostimulation home-school collaboration behavioral inhibition self-regulation

self-regulation

Which person is considered an assistive technology specialist? someone who creates assistive technology someone who uses assistive technologies for personal use someone who has been trained to provide assistive technology services someone who vets and acquires assistive technology

someone who has been trained to provide assistive technology services

Individuals with intellectual disability, more so than other disabilities, are likely to exhibit profound difficulties with ______. long-term memory speech and language fine motor skills expression of emotions

speech and language

Which of the following is an example of a natural support system? teachers Social Security payments self habilitation services

teachers

If a teacher is not properly trained on specific assistive technology, it increases the likelihood that the ______. teacher will select a high-tech option when a low-tech option would have worked student will feel stigmatized technology will be abandoned teacher will develop a negative attitude about the student

technology will be abandoned

Professionals today rely on the definition of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) created by ______. the American Psychiatric Association IDEA Samuel Kirk the National Institute of Mental Health

the American Psychiatric Association

When discussing transition services, it is important for professionals listen to and be respectful of ______. the desires of the immediate family as they prepare to become the primary caregivers the concerns of the family constellation as they transition to being the sole support system the desires of the student with intellectual disability for their own adult lifestyle the concerns of the caregivers as they establish routines during the transition process

the desires of the student with intellectual disability for their own adult lifestyle

Norm-referenced assessments compare a student's performance to ______, whereas criterion-referenced assessments describe a student's performance based on ______. their previous performance; class work samples their peers; specific levels of mastery specific levels of mastery; their peers class work samples; their previous performance

their peers; specific levels of mastery

What is the main goal of early intervention for children with moderate-to-severe intellectual disability? to build the skills necessary to be successful in school to minimize the likelihood of being environmentally at risk to enable them to reach developmental and cognitive milestones to practice social skills and building interpersonal relationships

to enable them to reach developmental and cognitive milestones

What is the desired effect of Direct Instruction (DI)? to train the mind by emphasizing the uniqueness of the learner to build self-management skills by offering instant praise of desired behavior to produce gains in specific academic skills through immediate feedback to foster individual social/emotional skills in small group instruction

to produce gains in specific academic skills through immediate feedback

What is the goal of functional behavioral assessment? to identify common behaviors the child engages in to determine the child's ability to function at school to assess the effectiveness of treatment to understand the purpose that a particular behavior serves

to understand the purpose that a particular behavior serves

A potential cause of learning disabilities is acquired trauma, which may occur pre-, peri-, or postnatally.

true

Assistive technologies are predominately designed for use in literacy and mathematics. This is likely because educators can easily draw on these technologies if needed for other content areas or uses.

true

Assistive technologies for students with intellectual disability cover a wide range of needs, from helping with social interaction to completing tasks.

true

Defining intelligence is difficult because it is a construct or theoretical abstraction inferred based on a person's performance rather than a clearly visible trait.

true

For assistive technologies to be most impactful, it is crucial that the child's caregiver also be trained on how to use them.

true

Individuals with ADHD frequently exhibit other academic and behavioral difficulties that make them especially prone to having coexisting psychological disorders.

true

It is not uncommon for a child with ADHD to be symptom-free when being evaluated in a novel, structured environment.

true

It was not until 2010 that the AAIDD manual replaced mental retardation with the more contemporary intellectual disability label that professionals use today.

true

Most computer-assisted instruction (CAI) in mathematics focuses on individual learning rather than group learning.

true

Reading is a fundamental skill used across all disciplines; therefore, academic difficulties may be compounded if assistive technology is not used to mitigate identified reading difficulties.

true

Students with intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorders often rely on assistive technologies to develop life skills.

true

Students with intellectual disability benefit from using a mix of technology solutions that address their specific needs.

true

Much of the technology that teachers use in the classroom is repurposed for educational use.

True

The first federal definition of learning disabilities in 1977 described the condition as a disorder in one or more psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language.

True

Much of assistive technology used to support students with learning disabilities is used to support content-area learning rather than social/emotional growth.

true

A key element that has remained consistent in the definition of intellectual disability since it was first crafted in 1961 is an impairment in ______. social behavior and social skills expressive and receptive language emotional behavior adaptive behavior

adaptive behavior

An IEP team gathers for the annual meeting to review, revise, and update a student's IEP. At what point in the meeting should assistive technology be discussed? at the outset of the meeting after the parent's leave after the annual goals are established after the present level of performance is determine

after the annual goals are established

Which is an example of an augmentative and alternative communication device? a translation app that translates text from one language to another a software program that checks spelling and grammar a walkie-talkie that a child uses to speak to friends and family an electronic device that a nonverbal child uses to speak to others

an electronic device that a nonverbal child uses to speak to others

Any object, equipment, or system used to increase, maintain, and/or improve the functional abilities of a child with a disability is known as an ______. assistive technology service augmentative device assistive technology device assistive technology specialist

assistive technology device

A key difference between the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities' (AAIDD's) early definitions of intellectual disability and the current definition is that early definitions focused on ______. abilities and assets deficits and limitations only points of standard deviation a myriad of factors

deficits and limitations

The 1986 Association for Children with Learning Disabilities' definition of learning disabilities incorporated many elements of the IDEA definition, but one significant difference was that it ______. included only objective criteria stressed only the impacts on socialization and self-esteem downplayed the long-term effects of learning disabilities eliminated the exclusionary clause

eliminated the exclusionary clause

Assistive technology refers strictly to devices that aid the user.

false

Despite their emotional difficulties, individuals with learning disabilities often exhibit strengths in maintaining relationships as they tend to have increased social cognition.

false

Individuals of racial and ethnic minority groups are less likely to be diagnosed with an intellectual disability than their peers.

false

Which treatment option is generally most effective for children with ADHD? medication multimodal interventions behavioral interventions counseling

multimodal interventions

Which tool would be categorized as information technology? -one that provides access to resources and information -one that supports individuals with disabilities -one that monitors and reports on a person's health -one that is designed to increase learning directly

one that provides access to resources and information

Rafa doesn't trust her own decision making and doesn't want to stand out from others. Therefore, she avoids making decisions in school and at home and instead follows everyone else's cues. Rafa is exhibiting signs of ______. outer-directedness generalizing a speaking disorder attention deficit

outer-directedness

One unfortunate outcome of children with disabilities using assistive technology is that it can result in ______. stigmatization increased spending for the school parent confusion the child using the technology as a crutch

parent confusion

Studies reported that 17 percent of students with learning disabilities drop out of school. This may be due to the fact that these individuals have not been adequately prepared to lead independent and productive lives as adults. To better prepare students for life beyond high school, professionals now develop ______. vocational training programs individualized transition plans a summary of performance plan individualized education plans

individualized transition plans

Tools and devices teachers use when teaching students is best categorized as ______ technology. information everyday productivity instructional

instructional

A helpful way in which professionals can categorize assistive technology is by ______. its purpose the predicted amount of time it will take to help an exceptional child increase their functioning the predicted amount of time it will take to help an exceptional child meet their annual goal its developer

its purpose

An exceptional child who is using virtual manipulatives is likely studying which subject? writing reading social studies mathematics

mathematics

What assistive technologies would an occupational therapist be likely to recommend in the area of writing? self-operating prompting devices to support comprehension pencil grips to support fine motor control virtual manipulatives to minimize frustrations with fine motor control transparent rulers to support focus and stamina

pencil grips to support fine motor control

A local resource center is looking to develop an ongoing support group for individuals with intellectual disability. When preparing the curriculum and resources for this group, members of the resource center should ensure that the materials ______. are free include directories of local workshops and job placement programs promote self-direction and self-advocacy use large print

promote self-direction and self-advocacy

A child who lacks phonemic awareness would likely experience difficulty with ______. reading spatial relationships retaining information while engaging in another cognitive task understanding fractions and decimals

reading

The 2004 reauthorization of IDEA allows school districts to determine a student's eligibility requirements based on achievement-ability discrepancy or ______. level of outer-directedness familiality studies response to intervention metacognition skills

response to intervention

Part of making the diagnosis of ADHD involves performing a medical evaluation. The goal of this evaluation is to ______. obtain baseline measurements of neurotransmitters rule out medical causes for the behavior identify genetic markers for ADHD confirm the presence of structural brain abnormalities

rule out medical causes for the behavior

Which question do heritability studies seek to answer? How can culture affect the diagnosis of learning disabilities? How does having a learning disability affect an individual over the long term? How do family dynamics affect the development of learning disabilities? Are learning disabilities passed on through genetics?

Are learning disabilities passed on through genetics?

A member of your care team has requested that Fatima, a second-grade student, be assessed only in the area of cognition in order to expedite the referral process for special education services. As a special education teacher, how should you respond? "IQ is not the sole indicator of Fatima's performance. Other areas should also be examined." "If the team is in agreement on this decision, we should use the KABC to prevent cultural bias." "IQ should be assessed via multiple intelligence tests to gain an accurate depiction of Fatima's ability." "Testing cognition will take a long time as IQ is constantly changing."

"IQ is not the sole indicator of Fatima's performance. Other areas should also be examined."

The 2004 reauthorization of IDEA stipulated that IEP teams ______. -purchase assistive devices for all needs with no exclusions -allow students with disabilities to access their personal assistive devices -ration the provision of large-print or Braille texts -consider assistive technology for all students with disabilities

-consider assistive technology for all students with disabilities

To receive a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), symptoms must be chronic and must occur before age ______. 8 12 10 16

12

Which person would be considered to have a print disability? Val, who struggles to organize her thoughts Majdi, who has an attention disorder Bianca, who struggles with fine motor skills Carlton, who has a visual impairment

Carlton, who has a visual impairment

Schools are legally required to pay for all assistive technology.

FALSE

The legislation that primarily guides our understanding of assistive technologies as they are used today predates the "Tech Act" of 1988.

False

What was one important shift that resulted from the 1997 reauthorization of IDEA? IEP teams were required to consider assistive technology for all students with disabilities, not just those with severe disabilities. Teachers were required to implement the assistive technologies recommended by IEP teams. IEP teams were required to use assistive technology only for students with high-incidence disabilities, such as children with learning disabilities. School districts were required to provide staff training on the use of assistive technologies for all disability types.

IEP teams were required to consider assistive technology for all students with disabilities, not just those with severe disabilities.

The American Disabilities Act, along with ______, prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities. Likewise, they require that employers, colleges, and universities offer reasonable accommodations for individuals with disabilities to best access their education and career. RISE Section 504 of PL 93-112 PL 108-446 IDEA

Section 504 of PL 93-112

Which is an example of supportive competitive employment? Someone with an intellectual disability receives coaching on interviewing before applying for a job. Someone with an intellectual disability works alongside other workers who do not have disabilities. Someone who has an intellectual disability is employed in a supervisory position. Someone with an intellectual disability is trained separately and then hired for contract jobs involving repetitive tasks.

Someone with an intellectual disability works alongside other workers who do not have disabilities.

The purpose of the discrepancy approach, commonly known as the "wait to fail" model, is to wait for what to occur before assessing a child for a learning disability? The child has entered into elementary school. The child has failed a grade level. The child has spent time around other children. The child has had time to practice academic skills.

The child has had time to practice academic skills.

Georgia is 38 years old and pregnant. At her physician's recommendation, she is having an amniocentesis performed. What would a positive test signify? The fetus has a chromosomal abnormality. Georgia has contracted rubella. Georgia has been drinking a significant amount of alcohol during her pregnancy. The fetus has a gestational disorder.

The fetus has a chromosomal abnormality.

Why is it recommended that an IEP team wait to review assistive technology until the end of an IEP meeting? It is important to align the technology with the service minutes, which isn't determined until late in the meeting. It may be determined that a paraprofessional is not necessary. The team must first assess the student's present levels of performance. The team needs to know the students goals before selecting assistive technology.

The team needs to know the students goals before selecting assistive technology.

Providing just enough support to allow a student to successfully complete a task is a key feature of ______. task analysis community-based learning cooperative learning scaffolding

scaffolding

Which statement accurately describes the hypotheses that biochemical abnormalities such as allergic reactions to food products and vitamin deficiencies may be a cause of learning disabilities? Although scientific evidence suggests otherwise, the scientific community at large has accepted these hypotheses. There is little research to support these specific hypotheses, but it is suspected that biochemical makeup may play a role in some cases. These hypotheses have not been evaluated by scientists yet, but there is significant interest in them. There is an abundance of evidence supporting these hypotheses, but they have been largely rejected by the public.

There is little research to support these specific hypotheses, but it is suspected that biochemical makeup may play a role in some cases.

Why are the classifications of educable mentally retarded (EMR) or trainable mentally retarded (TMR) no longer employed today? Professionals realized that the terms were commonly misapplied due to confusion about the terms themselves. These classifications are inaccurate representations and perpetuate stereotypical and prejudicial attitudes. Many professionals complained that the terms were not clearly defined. It was determined that two categories were not needed; everything could be combined under one classification.

These classifications are inaccurate representations and perpetuate stereotypical and prejudicial attitudes.

Which of the following is expected in a child who takes short-acting psychostimulant medications first thing in the morning with food? Their hyperactive behaviors will decrease throughout the day. They will exhibit slightly diminished hyperactivity before a receiving a second dose at bedtime. They will continue to exhibit hyperactive behaviors in the morning before calming down at lunch. They may have a calm demeanor up through lunch time before requiring a second dose.

They may have a calm demeanor up through lunch time before requiring a second dose.

Why might identification frameworks such as the University of Kentucky Assistive Technology (UKAT) and National Assistive Technology Research Institute (NATRI) be especially valuable to IEP teams? They provide guidance on how to match assistive technologies and assistive services. They provide resources and planning tools that enable all members of an IEP team to work collaboratively. They provide worksheets that guide IEP teams as they assign assistive technologies. They provide a bank of resources for students and parents regarding the implementation of assistive technology at home.

They provide resources and planning tools that enable all members of an IEP team to work collaboratively.

The number of mobile devices and apps to provide assistive technology is expected to continue to increase. What does this mean for educators? They will have to wait until the technology has been available for at least two years before implementing it. They will be responsible for effectively vetting options and making appropriate selections. They will no longer need to provide training to students on assistive technologies. They will need to confirm whether the technology has been approved by the department of education before using in the classroom.

They will be responsible for effectively vetting options and making appropriate selections.

Why is it important for early childhood professionals to understand the differences between children who are environmentally at risk, those with established risk, and those who are biologically at risk? Knowing this will guide educators on whether to employ infant stimulation or a family-centered intervention. Understanding risk factors can help early childhood professionals prevent the development of intellectual disability. Having this awareness will allow them to identify what vaccinations are appropriate. Being aware of the differences enables early childhood professionals to educate families on appropriate home care.

Understanding risk factors can help early childhood professionals prevent the development of intellectual disability.

How can the use of assistive technology in the classroom be stigmatizing? Students who use assistive technology are more likely to cheat. Other students are envious of the tools the student with disabilities gets to use. Students who use assistive technology have a tendency to flaunt the extra help they receive. Using assistive technology draws attention to the student and highlights that they are using a different process than others.

Using assistive technology draws attention to the student and highlights that they are using a different process than others.

What is expected to happen with regard to the use of mobile apps and other electronic devices in the future? Due to privacy laws and the difficulties with censorship, apps and other devices will remain unused. With greater access and affordability, apps and other devices will gain popularity in the classroom. Because apps and other devices are not covered as assistive technologies under IDEA, they will remain unused as districts will not be able to finance them. Schools may be asked to repurpose old technologies as newer apps and devices become available for home use.

With greater access and affordability, apps and other devices will gain popularity in the classroom.

Are behavioral rating scales effective in distinguishing children with ADHD from those without? No; they have been shown to be ineffective in identifying individuals with ADHD at all age groups. Yes; they are very effective, regardless of who completes the scales. Not really; they are of limited value in children, but are more accurate in adults. Yes; they are effective but dependent on the rater's perceptions of the child's behavior.

Yes; they are effective but dependent on the rater's perceptions of the child's behavior.

Which assistive technology would be appropriate to help a student who struggles with the planning and organizing aspect of the writing process? Grammarly or Ginger Software word prediction software a concept mapping program speech-to-text

a concept mapping program

According to the IDEA definition of learning disabilities, which parameter can determine whether a child has a specific learning disability ? a family history of learning disabilities and poor academic performance a discrepancy between their academic performance and estimated ability an IQ score below 70 an environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage that results in poor academic performance

a discrepancy between their academic performance and estimated ability

The greatest difference between an assistive technology service and an assistive technology specialist is that the former refers to ______, while the latter refers to ______. any service that aids in acquiring, implementing, and/or maintaining assistive devices; a specific program any service that aids in acquiring, implementing, and/or maintaining assistive devices; the person or position responsible for those services the person or position that maintains assistive technologies in a school; the person who acquires them an item, piece of equipment, or product system; the person or position that uses them

any service that aids in acquiring, implementing, and/or maintaining assistive devices; the person or position responsible for those services

Someone who creates technology, curriculum, instructional activities, and assessments that can meet the needs of a wide variety of learners with diverse backgrounds is ______. applying universal design for learning principles using augmentative and alternative communication providing an assistive technology service following the SETT framework

applying universal design for learning principles

You are a technology specialist working with a care team to identify devices that will enable a child with fine motor difficulties to write a sentence for a creative writing project on their own. What kind of technology is the team seeking, and what should you suggest? instructional technologies; pencil grip assistive technologies; speech-to-text program information technologies; text-to-speech program medical technologies; wrist guard

assistive technologies; speech-to-text program

The early intervention program based on working with families that stresses their familial strengths and abilities, the enhancement of skills, and the development of partnerships between families and services providers is known as ______ early intervention. family-development family-centered family-forward family-systems

family-centered

One reason why it can be difficult for professionals to identify appropriate assistive technologies is that ______. there are clear directions about when assistive technology is needed but not about what exactly is considered assistive technology professionals must evaluate the associated costs of the technology and select the technology that is grant-funded. assistive technology is vaguely defined, leaving professionals unsure of what is and isn't assistive technology and when to use it professionals must ensure that every classroom setting has the same exact technologies available so a child's IEP is fulfilled correctly

assistive technology is vaguely defined, leaving professionals unsure of what is and isn't assistive technology and when to use it

In order to gain a comprehensive and accurate depiction of what a student can and cannot accomplish in real-life situations, evaluators often rely on alternative forms of assessment such as ______. norm-referenced assessments authentic assessments response-to-intervention criterion-referenced assessments

authentic assessments

A student is being taught life skills that will help prepare them for situations outside of school. This is an example of ______. scaffolding augmentative and alternative communication standards-based curriculum functional curriculum

functional curriculum

The etiology of a condition refers to the ______ of the condition. severity manifestations evolution cause

cause

Categorize each of the conditions listed. Down Syndrome galactosemia low birth weight meningitis

chromosomal abnormality inborn error of metabolism gestational disorder infection

The 1992 AAIDD definition of intellectual disability, which proved to be controversial, differed from its predecessors in that it ______. considered one's level of functioning as something that could be improved rather than as inherent traits qualified individuals strictly on two points of standard deviation from the mean adopted a purely clinical perspective of the individual rather than examine their functioning in the world focused primarily on an individuals' adaptive behavior

considered one's level of functioning as something that could be improved rather than as inherent traits

Text-to-speech programs are an example of low-tech reading assistive technology.

false

The DABS standardized assessment differs from the WISC-V in that it evaluates cognitive functioning, whereas the WISC-V assesses adaptive functioning.

false

The INCLUDE instructional model is based on the assumption that student performance is based on student motivation to learn and cannot be influenced by external factors.

false

The classification of intellectual disability based on its severity includes three categories: mild, moderate, and severe.

false