Test 2 Study Guide Chapter 5 & 6
Categories of attributions
personal and environmental
mistaken assumptions
positive thinking does not mean rational thinking agreement does not equal empathy DO NOT assume change is simple DO NOT assume you understand a clients feelings and thoughts
stages of change
pre-contemplation contemplation preparation action maintenance
summarize or restate
pull together related ideas, restate essential points, or paraphrase in your own words what a client has said. This is helpful to use at the end of an interview and also during an interview to be sure you have understood your client. confirm they you are listening to them. pause and collect the information you have gathered. a great way to end your time with your audience.
acknowledge resopnses
short, neutral phrases such as, "yes", "uh hum", "oh really". Be careful of your tone when using these. This allows the client to know you are paying attention and care about what they are saying.
Theoretical constructs 2
stages of change self efficacy processes of change decisional balance
contemplation
the person is eager or willing to talk about their health issue or their behavioral issue doesn't mean they're sure that they want to do anything about it but they are interested in talking about change
Attribution Theory
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
message
these are short, simple expressions of fact about YOUR OWN feelings(individual). Expressing your feelings. about when you has an experience conveys that you have experienced similar feelings and encourages the client to express his/her own feelings while displaying EMPATHY. empathy being putting yourself in someone else's shoes. Listening to someones story, and trying to understand how they feel.
humor
this can help people connect and relax as. they get to know. each other. Sigmund Freud said that. humor was. the. most. important coping mechanism that a person can have. One needs. to be cautious when using humor with clients. Use the ATT rule when using humor with clients. Humor must be Appropriate, Tactful, and Timely.
summarize or restate example
what I hear you saying... lets review what we have talked about today
open-ended questions example
what bring you to see me today? can you tell me more about your smoking? you mentioned. that you were very angry, can you tell me more about your anger?
Answer to the question
yes
Maintenance
•Focus is on Relapse Prevention • •Need to be in this stage at least 6 months
action
•Plan is put into action • •Action is not the same as change • Change is meeting a measurable goal
preparation
•Short stage of planning • •Usually not lasting more than 1 month • •Learn new skills / use new tools
Counter Conditioning
A healthier behavior is substituted for the unhealthy one
Attribution Theory History
Attribution Theory grew out of a desire to identify an overarching theory to explain what motivates people (Weiner, 2010). Much of the research leading up to the development of this theory focused on perceived attributional causes of achievement or the behaviors and other factors that influenced success or failure. It was Heider (1944, 1958) in the 1940s and 1950s who originally proposed that achievement (success and failure) could be explained by the formula "Can × Try" where "Can" represents the relationship between ability and task difficulty, multiplied by "Try" which is the effort put forth by the person (Weiner, 2010). So success or failure is the result of how difficult a task is and the person's ability to do it, multiplied by how much effort the person puts into trying to do it. Simply put, this theory explains why people "attribute" or assign cause to what happens to them. Think of it this way—when you work really hard in a difficult course and get a good grade, what do you attribute the grade too? Perhaps you attribute your good grade to the long hours you spent reading and studying, or working with a tutor, or the way the professor taught the course. This theory explains why you attribute those things to your success.
The question to be answered
Because successful change of complex addictions can be demonstrated in both psychotherapy and self change, are there basic common principles that can reveal the structure of change occurring with and without psychotherapy?" (Prochaska, DiClemente, Norcross, 1992)
Processes of Change (continued)
Behavioral Processes •Stimulus Control •Helping Relationships •Counter Conditioning •Reinforcement Management •Self Liberation
Dramatic Relief
Being able to express feelings about or react emotionally to the behavior in question and the solution Ex: Someone talking about how much they hate the change, feelings of disgust viewing media
Internal locus of control
Believes events happen as a result of something within himself or herself
Processes of Change (Construct 3)
Cognitive Processes •Consciousness Raising •Dramatic Relief •Self Reevaluation •Environmental Reevaluation •Social Liberation
In this stage of change, typically people recognize there is an issue and have started thinking about a change.
Contemplation
This construct of the Attribution Theory defines the extent at which a person can willfully change or has volitional control over a cause.
Controllability
When the public perceives the cause of obesity as willpower, laziness, simple overeating, this is an example of which construct of the Attribution Theory?
Controllability
acheievement
Defines success or failure
Helping Relationships
Defining a support system of people for the change
History
Developed in the 1980s as a way to understand how people change a behavior on their own without professional help. These changes were associated with addiction to alcohol, drugs, and tobacco.
All are behavioral processes of change EXCEPT:
Dramatic Relief
This process of change describes being able to express feelings about a behavior.
Dramatic Relief
Communication Styles
Following Directing Guiding
health behavior using the Attribution Theory
For instance, when an alcoholic relapses, he or she is more likely to attribute this negative behavior to an external, unstable cause
Directing
Here the client is expected to listen to the practitioner and comply with the recommendations made. The practitioner tells the client what they should do, considering the practitioner knows. what is best for the client.
Processes of change
How progress toward change happens
Behavioral Processes
Human activities, including acquisition, manufacture, use, and deposition behavior, that produce tangible archaeological remains.
What variables are consistent or stable?
Intelligence, work ethic, abilities, athletic ability and values. They do not change day to day.
Which defines the Theoretical concept of the Attribution Theory?
It is important for people to attribute a cause to an outcome
This construct of the Attribution Theory defines the extent at which a person feels they have control over events or situations.
Locus of Control
Environmental Reevaluation
Looking at the behavior being changed in light of its impact or effect on the physical and social environment
What variables are inconsistent or unstable?
Mood, drive, effort external- luck
Consciousness Raising
Obtaining information about ones self and problem behavior Being aware of the problem, risks, consequences of the behavior, benefits of changing the behavior, etc.
Self-efficacy
One's belief in one's own ability to do something
Social Liberation
Options and alternatives are sought out that support the new behavior
Self Liberation
People choose to change their behavior, believe they can change, and commit to making a change Being free of a behavior one no longer chooses to engage in
Self Reevaluation
People look at themselves with and without the problem behavior and assess changes in self esteem
stimulus control
Removal of cues and triggers from the environment
Obesity
Seen as happening because of controllable causes like lack of willpower, overeating, laziness, inactivity, lack of motivation, lack of self-discipline
This process of change includes an individual choosing to change and committing to it.
Self Liberation
In the history of the Attribution Theory, Heider defines achievement as:
Success or failure
Theoretical Concept
TM proposes that behavior change is a process that occurs in stages. (Hayden, 2014) The Stages Of Change occurs as one attempts to change their behavior: they move through a variety of stages using different processes to get from one stage to the next. (Hayden, 2014)
Self Efficacy (Construct 2)
The belief one has in themselves to be successful at reaching a goal
Following
The client leads this process and does so with their own agenda. The practitioner listens to what the client has to say about the. topic at hand to better understand their story.
Locus of control
The extent at which people feel they have control over situations and events in their life
Controllability
The extent to which a person can willfully change or has volitional control over a cause- Weiner (1985) The extent to which a person can willfully change a cause of an event
open-ended questions
These questions encourage clients to talk and continue talking. A person is forced to think more about the topic at hand, to clarify, and develop solutions to problems.
Health locus of control
Those who are more external belief what about their a given medical condition?
Reinforcement Management
Using rewards and punishments for behavior changes
Controllability Is the cause controlled or changed? Or neither?
We blame people for their problems because we think they have control over them.
Decisional balance
Weighing the pros and cons of change
message example
When I continued to relapse, I felt like a failure. When my friends would tell me to have just one cigarette, it made me feel lonely and out of control. "I might feel this way" I might being important reflect on what they are saying to you
Stages of change definition
When progress toward change happens
Stability
a state of whether something fluctuates The extent to which a cause of an event is permanent or temporary
personal
ability, personality, mental and physical conditions, and other factors internal to the individual
Directing example setting
accident and emergency room work EMS workers how to care for something and then sent home
environmental
all factors external to the person
clarify examples
are you saying that....? does that include... tell me what a typical day of eating is?
theoretical concept referred to
as a stage theory
Theoretical Concept
attributing a cause to a behavior to avoid them or avoid eating them to have an explanation to help cope with a situation
Watch body language
be observant of the client's body language. it may give you clues to how they feel about certain topics and people. You may see anxiety, confusion, boredom, resistance all from the NON VERBAL.
things for the helper to consider about themselves
become aware or your own personal prejudices and issues what are you uncomfortable with? what will your clients feelings be about you? be open to supervision consult on ethical issues watch your own non-verbal skills limit use of medical jargon don't do for a client what they can do for themselves have written materials available be aware of clients reading level
external locus of control
believes events happen because of things outside the realm of personal control or because things in the environment
Healthcare approaches with condition that is considered. biological vs. lifestyle
biological (not able to be changed) behavioral lifestyle (can change) accurate information type one or junvenile diabetes-biological type 2- lifestyle
cognitive processes
changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language
clarify
clarify that you understand the information you are receiving. from the client by giving examples or by requesting additional information. Know that you have. a common understanding with the client.
confrontation
confrontation with a client does NOT mean opposing the client, but pointing out conflict between the client's goals and their actions. Your foals is increase self-awareness, but be careful not to use it too soon. If clients actions don't aline with goals, you need to point that out.
try
defines the effort put forth
can
defines the relationship between one's ability and the task difficulty
disability of a student (stable cause)
external- teachers tend to be more patient because they understand its something the student can't control internal- if they did not know about a student's. disability they would attribute it to laziness, lack of studying,
guiding example setting
health promotion consultations public health work
guiding
here the client has more autonomy. The client has agreed to be "guided" through a defined process, or journey. The practitioner offers expert knowledge where and when it is appropriate.
Following example setting
hospice work or Bereavement counseling This is because you are there for comfort you're not solving the problem you're not getting instruction on how to do any but you're there to be given comfort though a difficult process. Purely listening and receiving information.
other things to consider in communication between helper/client
individualize communication for each client explain the process to clients notice resistance when in doubt, focus on feelings when you are not sure what to say, be silent doe not use words failed or problem do not let your questions sound judgmental or leading
Influences come from many sources
loved ones, peers, health practitioners
ambivalence
main characteristic of the stage and ambivalence is described as sitting on the fence while you smoking is an example. I want to quit, I don't want to quit. Willing to talk about the risk of smoking.
pre-contemplation
not interested in changing some do not feel ready to change, some fo not feel a need to change