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10) Consider the methodological principles you have learned about so far. The Hollingworth's Coca-Cola study incorporating several of these principles. Which of the following did they not use in their study? a) a factorial design b) a double blind c) a placebo control condition d) counterbalancing

14) Quasi-experimental designs can include all of the following except a) random assignment b) independent variables c) subject variables d) nonequivalent groups

15) A nonequivalent control group design usually (but not necessarily) includes a) pretests b) random assignment c) causal conclusions d) a single group given pretest, then treatment, then posttest

16) In a nonequivalent control group study, a) the experiment group gets a pretest, then the experimental treatment, then a posttest b) subjects have to be assigned to the control group by means of a matching procedure c) to interpret the results, the pretest scores have to be identical for the two groups d) random assignment can be used if sample size is large enough

19) In a study comparing two nonequivalent groups, a selection by history confound occurs when a) some event intervenes between pretest and posttest and affects just one of the groups b) some event intervenes between pretest and posttest and affects both selected groups equally c) selection influences one of the groups and history influences the other d) some historical event causes a failure of the random assignment procedure

27) Which of the following is true about D'Haese et al.'s (2015) study on 'Play Streets'? a) it used a nonequivalent control group design with a pretest b) it was an example of an interrupted time series design c) it was a formative evaluation d) unlike similar studies, there was no pretest given

3) What is the relationship between applied research and theory testing? a) the results of applied research bear directly on the evaluation of a theory (e.g., equity theory) b) because applied research is focused on solving immediate problems, its results have no effect on theory evaluation c) applied research is more appropriate for theory testing than is basic research d) the primary purpose of applied research is to test theory

31) Initial evaluations of the Head Start program seemed to question program effectiveness. An alternative explanation of the failure to find improvement is that a) forced matching might have created an unfavorable regression to the mean b) a selection by history confound probably occurred c) fade-out effects occurred d) none of the above — there is general agreement that the program in fact does not work

33) In Wood and Bootzin's (1990) study of nightmares following earthquakes, students living in the area of the earthquake and who experienced it were in the experimental group. The nonequivalent control group consisted of a) comparable students who heard of the earthquake but lived at a university far away from it b) students living in the quake area who slept through it c) parents of the students d) comparable students who lived at a distant university and had not heard about the earthquake

39) What is the defining feature of an interrupted time series with switching replications? a) a program is implemented in two different situations at two separate times b) a control group is added to the treatment group c) the effects of a program on one dependent variable is compared with the effects on a second dependent variable d) a program is implemented then taken away ("switched")

41) Campbell's "reforms as experiments" article includes a description of an evaluation of a state police crackdown on speeding in Connecticut. In conducting this study, Campbell used a) an interrupted time series design, with comparisons made to similar states b) a simple one-group interrupted time series design c) a nonequivalent control group design, with comparisons made to similar states d) a pretest posttest design (no control group)

43) According to Campbell, why is regression to the mean such a likely explanation when evaluating the effects of social programs (e.g., speeding crackdowns)? a) programs to fix some problem are usually begun after an especially bad year b) program evaluation is always correlational rather than experimental c) it is usually easy to rule out all other confounds d) regression is the one confound that cannot be evaluated by comparison with a control group

45) Census data is most likely to be used during which phase of program evaluation? a) needs analysis b) summative evaluation c) formative evaluation d) cost-effectiveness analysis

50) The purpose of a _________ is to examine what is actually occurring in a program to see if it is running as designed. a) program audit b) summative evaluation c) survey of existing programs d) cost analysis

52) A formative evaluation is designed to answer the question: a) Is this program currently working the way it is supposed to work? b) Did this program produce the effects it was supposed to produce? c) Should you develop this program? d) Which of these two very effective programs should we continue?

57) A study using a ________ helps to solve the directionality problem. a) cross-lagged panel correlation b) partial correlation c) multiple regression d) factor analysis

57) Summative evaluations sometimes fail to detect genuine program effects. These Type _____ errors often happen because _______. a) II, the measuring tools aren't very good b) II, the program usually doesn't work c) I, the measuring tools aren't very good d) I, the program really doesn't work

6) Which of the following was true about Trudel et al.'s (2015) study on color-coded nutrition labels? a) the effects of color-coded nutrition labels was first tested in the laboratory b) it showed that applied research results are not always consistent with basic research results c) it showed that applied research has to be correlational rather than experimental d) it showed that applied research can disprove the results of basic research

63) In program evaluation research, what is meant by the problem of "leakage?" a) people in one group discover how people in another group are being treated b) people in one group switch to another group c) it's another name for attrition d) stakeholders give away the purpose of the study in order to sabotage it

7) Applied research a) was important to American psychologists from the beginning of psychology in the U.S. b) became important to American psychologists after World War II c) has never been as important to American psychologists as basic research d) has only recently become popular among American psychologists

6) In _________ research, the investigator relies on the gathering together of information already collected for another purpose.

archival

13) Experiment is to quasi-experiment as _____ is to _____. a) internal validity, external validity b) equivalent groups, nonequivalent groups c) positive correlation, negative correlation d) control group, no control group

20) What makes a nonequivalent control group design a quasi-experimental design? a) it uses a pretest b) random assignment is not possible c) descriptive statistics can be used, but inferential analyses cannot be done d) only a single group is tested

34) Interrupted time series designs a) enable researchers to draw causal conclusions b) are well suited for analyzing trends c) aren't able to include control groups d) require a minimum of 10 pretest scores and 10 posttest scores

48) Surveys of existing programs, census data, and surveys of residents all contribute to which phase of program evaluation? a) cost analysis b) needs analysis c) formative evaluation d) summative evaluation

49) What is the advantage of doing a formative evaluation? a) it enables the agency to decide whether or not to implement the program b) it allows program changes to be made before it is too late c) it allows the researcher to complete an experimental study instead of a quasi-experimental study d) it allows for a final "formed" evaluation of the success or failure of the program

5) The study by Trudel et al. (2015) on color-coded nutrition labels shows that a) applied research can be completed in the laboratory just as well as in the field b) the results of applied research can provide empirical support for basic psychological phenomena (e.g., effect of reinstating context on memory) c) applied research can solve a problem while at the same time providing no information about basic psychological phenomena d) basic research phenomena sometimes fail when tried in the field in an applied research study

55) Which type of program evaluation is needed when trying to choose between two programs, both of which seem to be equally effective? a) needs analysis b) cost-effectiveness analysis c) formative analysis d) summative analysis

58) It is sometimes said that program evaluation research is susceptible to Type II errors. What does this mean? a) significant effects are found, which later turn out to be phony effects b) small program effects might truly exist, but the measuring tools aren't sensitive enough to detect them c) program evaluators often use only descriptive statistics and ignore inferential ones d) program evaluators often fail to take costs into account in their analyses

59) Cost-effectiveness analysis occurs at the end of a program, but assessing cost is also an important part of a) program audit b) needs analysis c) summative evaluation d) none of the above

62) Informed consent can be a problem in program evaluation research. Why? a) there tends to be a high rate of attrition in this research b) powerless clients might believe that a failure to give consent would have adverse consequences for them c) most subjects in these studies are under the age of 18 d) subjects often cannot be reached before the study begins

64) Collectively, persons with a direct interest in a program are known as a) a focus group b) stakeholders c) key informants d) a community forum

7) Demographic information includes a) how knowledgeable a person is about some topic b) information about the income level of the respondent c) someone's opinion about democracy (or related issues) d) all of the above

8) When psychology first emerged as an independent discipline at the end of the nineteenth century, American psychologists a) were interested in basic but not applied research b) felt it necessary to show that their new science was useful to society c) were initially interested in applied research, but quickly abandoned it for basic research d) were philosophers and generally uninterested in any scientific research

Teachers in a local school district are given a test of computer literacy (0-100, with 100 being perfect). Then during the school year they have monthly in-service programs designed to improve their computer literacy. Their computer knowledge is assessed again at the end of the year. Their average pretest score is 40 and their average posttest score is 80. Teachers in a comparable school district aren't given the training, but they do get the pretest and posttest. 24) When evaluating the in-service programs, you determine that the second group scored 40 on both the pretest and posttest. You also discover that teachers in the first group were given home computers one month after the program began. How would you interpret the results? a) the change in the first group demonstrates a regression to the mean b) the in-service training might have had some effect, but there is a serious selection by history confound here c) the in-service training program is the only factor that could have produced the effect d) the second group obviously didn't try, so any comparison is meaningless

1) Applied research a) examines the basic laws of human behavior b) is just as likely to occur in the laboratory as in the field c) focuses on a specific real world problem d) has no connection with theory

10) The Kinsey Report of sexual behavior is a classic example of a) case study research b) archival research c) survey research using a face-to-face interview format d) electronic surveying

11) Early psychologists often tried to adapt laboratory methods to solve applied problems. For instance, Stanford psychologist Walter Miles tried to help the football team by adapting which method? a) maze learning b) mental testing c) reaction time d) trend analysis

12) Applied research done in a field setting a) is never able to accomplish random assignment b) will find it impossible to accomplish informed consent c) will be stronger in external than in internal validity d) cannot manipulate independent variables

12) Compared to experimental methods found previous chapters, survey research a) does not have a problem with reactivity b) is more likely to use convenience sampling c) has a greater need for the sample to be representative d) will tend to have a smaller sample size

14) All of the following characterize interview surveys except a) cost can be a problem b) the interviewer can clarify ambiguous questions c) getting a representative sample is easier than with the other methods d) they might be limited to a small geographical area

15) Which of the following is a problem for written surveys? a) question ambiguity b) survey return rate c) both alternatives a. and b. d) none of the above

25) Using the system developed by Campbell and Stanley, which design is this? i. O1 T O2 ii. O1 O2 a) P x E factorial design b) an archival experiment c) nonequivalent control group design d) interrupted time series design

28) Using the system developed by Campbell and Stanley, which of the following designs combines the elements of a nonequivalent control group design and an interrupted time series design? a) O1 O2 O3 O4 T O5 O6 O7 O8 b) O1 T O2 c) O1 O2 O3 O4 T O5 O6 O7 O8 O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O8 d) O1 O2 O3 O4 T O5 O6 O7 O8 O1 O2 O3 T O4 O5 O6 O7 O8

30) If a researcher decides to insure through matching that two nonequivalent groups start with the same pretest score, results could very likely be affected by a) history b) testing c) regression d) maturation

4) Applied research a) aims to solve specific real world problems b) furthers our knowledge of basic psychological phenomena c) both alternatives a. and b. d) none of the above

44) There were a record 324 automobile fatalities in Connecticut in 1955, which prompted a statewide crackdown on speeding. The next year there were 284 fatalities. What did Campbell conclude from his evaluation of the state's program? a) regression to the mean occurred and it accounted for the reduction from 324 to 284 b) because the program was so highly publicized, it accounted for the drop from 324 to 284 c) the drop from 324 to 284 was partly due to regression, but the program was also successful to a degree d) the results could be attributed partly to regression and partly to instrumentation (they defined "traffic fatality" different in 1956)

46) As part of a program to inform clients about how to manage credit card expenses, they are counseled, and at the end of an opening session, given an expense log to fill out over the next six months. Examining these logs after a month would constitute part of a a) cost analysis b) needs analysis c) formative evaluation d) summative evaluation

53) A needs analysis is designed to answer the question: a) Is this program currently working the way it is supposed to work? b) Did this program produce the effects it was supposed to produce? c) Should we develop this program? d) Which of these two very effective programs should we continue?

60) The needs analysis done at the Du Pont Company included all of the following except a) a survey of existing company programs for enhancing health b) an analysis of employee health records c) census data on the proportion of people who were overweight d) worker surveys (on their knowledge of healthy behavior)

9) Which of the following is true about the Hollingworth's Coca-Cola study? a) their research outcome was damaging enough to cause the company to remove caffeine from the drink b) they used just a few subjects, and each subject was tested repeatedly, but they failed to use counterbalancing procedures c) they used placebo controls and a double blind procedure d) they were not allowed to publish their results unless they were favorable to Coca-Cola

6) A _________ is a systematic examination of qualitative information in terms of predefined categories.

content analysis

11) Deciding between two equally effective programs can be accomplished by completing a(n) ____________.

cost effectiveness analysis

10) To address the directionality problem, correlations are calculated between measures that are taken at separate points in time in a(n) ________ correlational study.

cross-lagged panel

17) In a nonequivalent control group study, a) before the study begins, the two groups are different from each other in some systematic way b) one group is treated while the second group is not treated c) the major comparison between the groups is in terms of the amount of change from pretest to posttest d) all of the above

18) Random assignment is used in a) a nonequivalent control group design b) an interrupted time series design c) both alternatives a. and b. d) none of the above

26) Using the system developed by Campbell and Stanley, which design is this? O1. O2. O3. O4. T O5. O6 O7 O8 a) P x E factorial design b) a multiple case study c) nonequivalent control group design d) interrupted time series design

29) Each of the following studies illustrates a nonequivalent control group design EXCEPT a) the study on the effects of flextime on two manufacturing plants, one in Cleveland and one in Pittsburgh b) the study evaluating a training program for coaches c) the study examining the influence of the California earthquake on nightmares d) the study examining the effects of introducing an incentive plan on productivity in an iron foundry

32) In Wood and Bootzin's (1990) study of nightmares following earthquakes, what design was used? a) interrupted time series b) time series with a control group c) formative evaluation d) nonequivalent control group design

35) To see if a flextime program improved worker absenteeism, records were examined for six months prior to and six months following the program's institution. What design is this? a) time series with control group b) nonequivalent control group c) multiple pretest-posttest d) interrupted time series

36) In the above item, if worker absenteeism improved after flextime was installed and was generally lower after than before the program, what could be concluded? a) the program worked b) some uncontrolled historical event might have brought about the change c) a regression to the mean could have occurred d) all of the above are possibilities

37) Wagner et al. (1988) examined worker productivity as the result of the institution of a worker incentive plan. They used a(n) ________ design. a) interrupted time series with a control group b) nonequivalent control group c) needs analysis d) interrupted time series

38) Wagner et al. (1988) used an interrupted times series design to examine changes in worker productivity after the institution of a worker incentive plan. In addition to measuring productivity, they also examined other information in order to rule out alternative explanations of their results. They were able to rule out _______ because _______. a) history, no significant event occurred around the time of the program's start b) instrumentation, the manner of measuring productivity didn't change c) selection, of an absence of significant worker turnover d) all of the above

40) The time series study on California's "three strikes and you're out" program to reduce crime used which of the following variations on the basic time series design? a) the researchers added an "interruption" to the sequence of events b) the researchers added a switching replication, comparing California with another state that implemented the program 6 months after California c) the researchers added a control group, comparing California with Texas d) the researchers added a second dependent variable, comparing felonies with misdemeanors

42) Campbell's "reforms as experiments" article includes a description of an evaluation of a state police crackdown on speeding in Connecticut. There were 324 fatalities in the year before the crackdown and 284 in the year after. According to Campbell, the program was partially the cause of the drop, but ______ also occurred. a) selection b) maturation c) instrumentation d) regression to the mean

47) Formative evaluation is to summative evaluation as ________ is to ________ . a) before, after b) before, during c) during, before d) during, after

51) A summative evaluation is designed to answer the question: a) Is this program currently working the way it is supposed to work? b) Did this program produce the effects it was supposed to produce? c) Should you develop this program? d) Which of these two very effective programs should we continue?

54) A cost-effectiveness analysis is designed to answer the question: a) Is this program working the way it is supposed to work? b) Did this program produce the effects it was supposed to produce? c) Should you develop this program? d) Which of these two very effective programs should we continue?

56) Nonequivalent control group designs and interrupted time series designs are most likely to be a part of a a) cost analysis b) needs analysis c) formative evaluation d) summative evaluation

61) Program audits are most likely to be associated with which type of program evaluation? a) needs analysis b) cost analysis c) summative evaluations d) formative evaluations

9) Which of the following is true of observational research? a) if done carefully, cause and effect conclusions can be drawn b) subject reactivity is seldom a problem c) results can support a theory, but cannot serve to raise questions about a theory d) the descriptive information can provide hypotheses for more controlled studies

8) In a bivariate correlation, A could be the cause of B, but B could be causing A. The difficulty in deciding between these alternatives is known as the _________ problem.

directionality

4) With ________, a specific set of events for observation is selected and other behaviors are ignored.

event sampling

9) In a(n) _____________, a researcher examines a program-in-progress to see if it is running as planned.

formative evaluation

3) To reduce bias in observational research, more than one observer is sometimes used, and ___________ is calculated.

interobserver reliability

4) Trends can be evaluated by using a(n) ___________ design.

interrupted time series

5) Stolzenberg and D'Alessio (1997) used a(n) __________ design to evaluate the effects of a change in a felony sentencing law in California.

interrupted time series

4) In depth questioning and follow-up questions can be most easily accomplished when using a(n) _________ survey format.

interview

8) A _________ is an person with special knowledge about the feasibility of a program.

key informant

12) A variable that explains why a correlation may exist is called a ________ variable.

multiple regression

7) In a(n) ________, there is a criterion variable and several predictor variables.

multiple regression

7) __________ often includes a survey of people who will be affected by the program in question.

needs analysis

6) In a(n) _________, changes in one variable are accompanied by inverse changes in a second variable.

negative correlation

2) In a(n) ___________ design, both groups get pretests and posttests, but just one group gets the experimental treatment.

nonequivalent control group

3) Wood and Bootzin (1990) used a(n) __________ design to evaluate the effects of experiencing an earthquake on the quality and quantity of nightmares.

nonequivalent control group

3) On a survey about interracial dating, a researcher is worried that the people choosing to return the survey might be different in some important way from the initial group that was sampled, that is, there could be a problem with __________.

nonresponse bias

1) Phone surveys should occupy a relatively brief amount of the respondent's time, this reduces the tendency for phone survey researchers to use ________ questions.

open-ended

11) The effects of third variables can be evaluated by using a statistical procedure that involves calculating ________ correlations.

partial

2) In _____________, the investigator becomes a part of the group being observed.

participant observation

1) A(n) __________ design occurs whenever a lack of control makes it impossible to draw causal conclusions.

quasi-experimental

1) In observational research, the observer's presence may cause ________ in those being observed.

reactivity

5) The points will cluster near the diagonal of a(n) ____ for a strong correlation.

scatterplot

2) On a survey, subjects sometimes respond the way they think they should respond, rather than in terms of how they truly, feel that is, they show a(n) _______ bias.

social desirability

10) The overall evaluation of program effectiveness involves conducting a(n) __________.

summative evaluation

9) Because correlational studies cannot control extraneous variables, these factors can provide alternative explanations for the obtained correlation, these factors are sometimes called ________ variables.

third

5) Studying the contents of trash or smudges on glass cases in museums are both examples of __________ measures.

unobtrusive

1) What does all observational research have in common? a) it is descriptive in nature b) there is no attempt to provide any structure to the situation being observed c) the researcher joins the group being observed d) the researcher remains completely hidden from those being observed

1) Which of the following is true about the history of survey research? a) surveys were not used until after World War I b) the first survey research was Kinsey's pioneering sex surveys c) Darwin and his cousin, Francis Galton, created the first surveys d) the method of the "questionary" was vigorously promoted by William James

10) Observer bias can be reduced by using a) predefined behavior checklists b) participant instead of naturalistic observation c) naturalistic instead of participant observation d) animal instead of human subjects

11) In an study of chimpanzees by Boesch-Achermann and Boesch (1993), parents were observed teaching their offspring how to use tools. What does this finding illustrate about observational research? a) it can call into question previously held beliefs (i.e., that such teaching does not occur) b) that it can be used to identify the causes of behavior c) that when studying animals, subject reactivity is a serious problem d) that animals can learn from humans

13) Compared to written surveys, the interview format a) reduces the problem of question ambiguity b) is a lot cheaper c) is immune from interviewer bias problems d) has more of a problem with return rate

13) Reactivity can be reduced by a) using unobtrusive measures b) using time sampling procedures c) using event sampling procedures d) using naturalistic rather than participant observation procedures

16) Crowley et al.'s (2001) observational study took place in a science museum. Unlike most observational studies, this one was able to accomplish a) informed consent b) Interobserver reliability c) operational definitions d) reactivity

16) When using a written survey, a) return rates will be higher if the survey uses more closed questions than open questions b) a return rate of 5% is adequate if the survey is well planned c) return rates will be higher if the survey uses more open questions than closed questions d) experimenter bias is never a problem

2) Attempting to study the everyday behaviors of people, while remaining separate from them, is the goal of a) naturalistic observation b) participant observation c) case studies d) archival research

21) Phone surveys a) usually need to be brief and to include few if any open questions b) usually have very high response rates c) avoid problems with experimenter bias d) are limited to cluster samples only

21) Regarding the ethics of participant observation, a) deception may be used if it is likely that consent would not be obtained b) informed consent must be obtained from participants who are observed c) debriefing is a required d) deception may not be used

22) All of the following are problems with online surveying except a) cost b) debriefing c) self selection bias d) some sampling bias (middle and upper incomes)

25) In Ulrich's (1984) "room with a view" study, what was the independent variable? a) whether recovering patients saw trees or a brick wall when looking out their windows b) whether recovering patients had a room with a window or not c) whether or not patients requested pain medication d) from nursing records, whether or not nurses liked the patients

28) In addition to multiple regression techniques, researcher may use ________ to test for clusters of variables to better understand the variables that contribute to a phenomenon. a) factor analysis b) meta-analysis c) content analysis d) thematic analysis

28) What were the results of the Hartwig and Dunlosky (2012) survey of student study strategies? a) students who tested themselves also had higher GPAs b) use of flashcards was strongly related to GPA c) cramming led to better test performance than study that was distributed over time d) the most often reported study strategy was rereading the material

29) A researcher administers several tests, correlates each test with every other test, and looks for tests that cluster together. The researcher is probably performing the preliminary steps of what procedure? a) factor analysis b) meta-analysis c) content analysis d) thematic analysis

3) What was wrong with the survey done by Literary Digest in 1936? a) their sample did not accurately reflect the proportions of Republicans and Democrats b) they only had 10% of their surveys returned c) they used simple random sampling instead of the more sophisticated cluster sampling d) they used cluster sampling, when stratified sampling was required

33) Which of the following correlations shows the strongest relationship? a) -.72 b) +1.21 c) +.70 d) -.09

35) In order for a Pearson's r to reflect a meaningful relationship, which of the following must be true? a) the relationship must be linear b) the relationship must be nonlinear c) the relationship must be inverse d) the relationship must be a positive one

4) When magazines report the results of reader surveys, what is the major weakness? a) self selection b) low number of returns c) use of nonprobability rather than probability sampling techniques d) they fail to survey the entire population

42) The coefficient of determination a) will never be a negative number b) solves the directionality problem c) enables conclusions about cause and effect in correlational studies d) is always closer to 1.00 than the value for Pearson's r

43) Which of the following is true about a correlation of +.70 between variables A and B? a) about half of the variability in A can be accounted for by variability in B b) the scores for A and B will be about the same 70% of the time c) there would be a greater ability to predict than for a correlation of -.70 d) A causes B about 70% of the time, B causes A about 30% of the time

5) Which of the following is true about participant observation? a) the participant observers can influence the behavior of the group b) unlike naturalistic observation, experimenter bias is unlikely to play a role c) researchers usually become emotionally involved and fail to record behavior objectively d) the method won't produce data that can be analyzed statistically

50) A regression equation is used for a) making predictions about a second variable, given the value of the first variable b) solving the directionality problem c) solving the third variable problem d) calculating the size of the correlation

51) Ed took a Civil Service Test and was subsequently hired by the Post Office, where he performed well. The Civil Service Test was used because a) it had been shown to be an effective predictor variable b) it had been useful as a criterion variable c) scores on the test correlated perfectly with IQ d) scores on it regressed to the mean

54) A researcher believes that anxiety disorders in children can be predicted by a combination of several variables: shyness in preschool, mother dominance, and father absence. This study will use which procedure? a) multiple regression b) partial correlation c) factor analysis d) bivariate correlations

55) If there is a strong relationship between variable A and variable B, it could be that A is causing B to occur, but it could also be that B is causing A to occur. This is known as the a) directionality problem b) third variable problem c) nonlinearity problem d) range restriction problem

58) A study using a partial correlation helps to solve the _______ problem. a) third variable b) restriction of range c) directionality d) multiple regression

6) Festinger's famous study of a failed prophecy in a religious cult used which method? a) participant observation b) unstructured naturalistic observation c) archival study d) naturalistic observation within an experimenter-structured environment

60) Eron and his colleagues (1972) were able to show that TV viewing preferences were related to aggressiveness ten years later. What procedure did they use? a) cross-lagged panel correlation b) partial correlation c) multiple regression d) factor analysis

63) Suppose there is a high positive correlation between reading speed and reading comprehension. You suspect that IQ is a potential third variable. You complete a partial correlation procedure and, with IQ controlled statistically, the high correlation between speed and comprehension virtually disappears. What do you conclude? a) IQ is an important third variable affecting the correlation b) IQ can be ruled out as a third variable underlying the correlation c) IQ must be the cause of the correlation d) not enough information to decide

9) Recommendations about survey wording include all of the following except a) negatively phrased questions are useful because they force respondent's to pay attention b) always opt for simplicity over complexity when wording survey items c) avoid the use of jargon that might not be understood by respondents (e.g., "summative") d) when asking for opinion, use "do you support or oppose..." rather than "do you oppose..."

14) Researchers have measured the contents of people's trash and the bumper stickers that people put on their cars. These are two examples of a) event sampling b) unobtrusive measures c) reactivity d) double blind measures

15) Interobserver reliability is calculated for the purpose of a) increasing the amount of data available b) reducing observer bias c) eliminating subject reactivity d) substituting for event and time sampling

17) Crowley et al.'s (2001) observational study took place in a science museum. They found that a) parents explained science more to older children than younger children b) parents explained science more to male children than female children c) Dads explained science more to boy children and Moms explained science more to girl children d) parents tended to rely on museum staff to explain science to their children

18) The best return rate will be for written surveys that are a) surveying attitudes about sex rather than about politics b) clearly unrelated to a sales pitch c) filled with more open questions than closed questions d) printed on colored paper than on white paper

18) Which of the following characterized Crowley et al.'s (2001) observational study in a science museum? a) they used participant observation rather than naturalistic observation (because the parents were involved b) unlike most naturalistic observation studies, they were able to obtain informed consent c) because they used videotape, they did not need to determine interobserver reliability d) they explained their results (parents explaining science more to boys than girls) by simply pointing out that the boys asked more questions than the girls did

23) On surveys, participants can try to present a positive image of themselves, a problem referred to as a) experimenter bias b) social desirability bias c) question ambiguity d) good subject bias

23) Suppose a language researcher wishes to evaluate the type of words people use in their Twitter feeds two days before and two days after the 2016 United States presidential election. She may tap into the large amount of data, called ________ , provided by Twitter and produce word counts to observe language behavior. a) translational data b) big data c) obtrusive measures d) reactivity

30) Meta-analysis is a statistical tool that evaluates ________ across multiple studies. a) replication reports b) effect sizes c) behavior checklists d) event sampling

31) Alonso et al. (2014) illustrates the first Registered Replication Report produced by the Association for Psychological Science. They used ________ to evaluate the consistency of the verbal overshadowing effect and found the effect, but at a smaller magnitude than what was originally reported. a) factor analysis b) meta-analysis c) content analysis d) thematic analysis

31) Which of the following would be most likely to produce a negative correlation? a) the relationship between college grades and parents' IQ b) the relationship between college grades and total TV watching time c) the relationship between college grades and high school grades d) the relationship between college grades and time spent in library

34) Which of the following correlations shows the weakest relationship? a) +.23 b) +.07 c) -.09 d) -.99

37) In order for Pearson's r to be calculated, a) both variables must be measured on a ratio scale b) the relationship must be a linear one c) at least one of the variables must have a restricted range d) the variables must be measured on at least an ordinal scale

4) How is the problem of subject reactivity handled in naturalistic observations of animal behavior? a) researchers remain completely hidden from the animals b) researchers assume that animals become accustomed to their presence c) researchers rely only on unobtrusive measures d) researchers rely on video recording in zoosb

47) Suppose you investigate the relationship between college grades and time spent on Facebook and discover that the correlation is -.71. What does this tell you? a) longer times spent on Facebook are related to higher grades b) longer times spent on Facebook are related to lower grades c) to improve your grades, get off of Facebook d) time spent on Facebook really doesn't have anything to do with grades

49) Research using regression analyses is useful for a) establishing causal relationships b) making predictions c) manipulating independent variables d) factorial-type designs

53) Multiple regression involves a) one bivariate procedure and two multivariate procedures b) one criterion variable and two or more predictor variables c) one predictor variable and two or more criterion variables d) performing a bivariate regression procedure several times

59) A study using a ________ helps to solve the third variable problem. a) cross-lagged panel correlation b) partial correlation c) multiple regression d) factor analysis

61) By using a __________ procedure, Eron and his colleagues (1972) were able to rule out several potential third variables that might have affected the relationship they found between preference for TV violence and aggressiveness. a) cross-lagged panel correlation b) partial correlation c) multiple regression d) factor analysis

62) Suppose there is a high positive correlation between reading speed and reading comprehension. You suspect that IQ is a potential third variable. You complete a partial correlation procedure and, with IQ controlled statistically, the high correlation between speed and comprehension remains. What do you conclude? a) IQ is an important third variable affecting the correlation b) IQ can be ruled out as a third variable underlying the correlation c) IQ must be the cause of the correlation d) not enough information to decide

8) What is illustrated by Goodall's observations of chimps killing each other? a) her observations were hopelessly biased by what she expected to see b) observational research can serve the purpose of falsification c) in naturalistic observation with animals, subject reactivity cannot be avoided d) it's a good thing she didn't try participant observation

17) All of the following are closed questions except a) Is this a closed question? b) Is this an open question? c) How is a closed question different from an open question? d) Is this a poor multiple choice question?

19) In a study on "identitiy maintenance strategies" in newer versus older homeless individuals, a) the procedure could be described as naturalistic observation with minimal structure imposed by researchers b) researchers used a longitudinal design c) covert participant observation was used d) a large sample size was used

19) Which of the following is true about return rates for mailed surveys? a) anything less than 100% creates problems for interpretation b) researchers are happy with return rates between 70% and 85% c) as long as the total number of replies is large (>100), the rate is return is irrelevant d) if less than 80%, representativeness is a serious problem

2) Basic research is to applied research as ______ is to _______. a) field, laboratory b) experimental, correlational c) knowledge, problem solving d) between-subjects, within-subjects

2) Hall developed the "questionary" in order to a) discover the "contents of children's minds" b) disprove Galton's ideas about the inheritance of intelligence c) study facial expressions of emotion in different cultures d) prove that growing up in a city was vastly superior to a country life

20) According to the APA ethics code, a) there are no restrictions on observational research b) naturalistic observation is OK, but participant observation has been deemed unethical c) informed consent is not needed for unobtrusive observations in public environments d) in naturalistic observation, debriefing is only considered important in animal studies

25) Nonresponse bias occurs when a) the population from which the sample is taken is too small b) response rate is lower than anticipated c) those returning a survey differ in some important way from the initial sample d) those responding to a survey fail to answer a significant number of questions on the survey

26) In the box describing the case of the female journalist who was fired on the basis of a survey, which of the following occurred? a) the survey was not actually completed, the data were manufactured b) even though an elaborate (and appropriate) statistical analysis was done, the survey itself was hopelessly biased c) there was an inappropriate statistical analysis d) it a well-designed and fair survey, but used a biased sample

26) Which of the following is a problem with archival research? a) it is not possible to include an independent variable b) there is no way to control any extraneous factors c) the researcher is limited by the manner is which data were originally collected d) there is a very limited amount of archival data available to researchers

27) Archival research has to deal with all of the following problems EXCEPT a) experimenter bias b) nonrepresentative information c) subject reactivity d) missing data

29) In a negative correlation, a) high scores on one variable are accompanied by high scores on the second variable b) low scores on one variable are accompanied by low scores on the second variable c) high scores on one variable are accompanied by low scores on the second variable d) both alternatives a. and b.

32) How much information is in a correlation coefficient? a) the strength of a relationship b) the direction of a relationship c) both alternatives a. and b. d) none of the above

38) A regression line for a correlation of -1.00 would a) be parallel to the X-axis b) be parallel to the Y-axis c) higher for low values on the X-axis than for high values on the X-axis d) higher for high values on the X-axis than for low values on the X-axis

41) If a researcher is trying to predict college grades, knowing high school grades, then a) the predictor variable will be college grades b) the criterion variable will be high school grades c) the prediction will be poorer if only the top 20% of high school students are used than if they are all used d) multiple regression rather than bivariate regression must be used

44) In a study examining the relationship between A and B, the coefficient of determination a) indicates how much variability in A can be accounted for by B b) is found by squaring the value of Pearson's r c) both alternatives a. and b. d) none of the above

45) A researcher discovers a correlation of +.87 between study time and GPA. What can be concluded? a) if you study a lot, your GPA will go up b) if you have a high GPA, you will be forced to study more to keep up c) students who study a lot tend to have higher GPAs than those who don't study much d) the underlying cause of the correlation is native intelligence

48) A researcher discovers a strong correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV and the level of aggression shown at school. What can be concluded? a) watching a lot of TV causes children to become aggressive b) naturally aggressive children are led to watch a lot of TV c) knowing TV-watching patterns enables a prediction of aggressiveness d) because of the distraction of TV, those who watch a lot of it are not very aggressive

5) When survey items are all worded favorably , the result can be a response bias called a) the Hawthorne effect b) a social desirability bias c) response acquiescence d) nonresponse bias

56) A study using a cross-lagged panel correlation helps to solve the _______ problem. a) third variable b) restriction of range c) directionality d) multiple regression

64) A ______ variable is one that helps explain why a correlation between two variables exists. a) predictor b) criterion c) mediating d) moderating

66) In the textbook example, impulse control helps explain why a correlation between alcohol use and engaging in risky sex. In this case, impulse control is a ______ variable. a) predictor b) criterion c) mediating d) moderating

7) ________ occurs when the behavior of subjects is affected by their knowledge that they are being observed. a) naturalistic observation b) experimenter bias c) reactivity d) unobtrusive observation

8) What was the lesson derived from the example of the marketing campaigns for the Whopper and the Big Mac? a) some surveys have self selection problems b) be careful of writing survey items that have double-barreled questions c) beware of leading questions d) some items use words that are linguistically ambiguous

11) What is the major strength of the interview format for conducting survey research? a) it has fewer logistical problems than other methods b) more in-depth information can be acquired than with other methods c) unlike other methods, interviewer bias is seldom a problem d) it is cheaper than other methods

12) All of the following are designed to reduce observer bias except a) interobserver reliability b) event sampling c) behavior checklists d) unobtrusive measures

20) A major problem with phone surveying is a) sampling: too many people have unlisted numbers b) cost: face-to-face interviews are much cheaper c) logistics: it is difficult to collect a lot of data per unit of time d) selling disguised as surveying (sugging)

22) Researchers using ________ will use both inductive and deductive reasoning to analyze patterns of responses from qualitative data, often without predefined categories of variables. a) factor analysis b) meta-analysis c) content analysis d) thematic analysis

24) Ulrich's (1984) "room with a view" study includes all of the following EXCEPT a) archival data b) an independent variable c) limits on the type of patients studied d) random room assignment

24) Zezima (2010) reported that while nearly 100% of people reported that they wash their hands after using public restrooms, however actual observations of public hand washing behavior demonstrated much lower percentages. This illustrates a) invasion of privacy b) question ambiguity c) biased sampling d) a social desirability bias

27) Which of the following was true about the survey by Hartwig and Dunlosky (2012) on student study strategies? a) it contained all open-ended questions b) it was an interview format c) it had a small sample size d) it contained all closed questions

3) Naturalistic observation is to participant observation as ______ is to _____. a) highly structured, unstructured b) habituation, unobtrusive observation c) objective, subjective d) lower probability of reactivity, higher probability of reactivity

30) In a positive correlation, a) high scores on one variable are accompanied by high scores on the second variable b) low scores on one variable are accompanied by low scores on the second variable c) high scores on one variable are accompanied by low scores on the second variable d) both alternatives a. and b.

36) In order for a Pearson's r to reflect a meaningful relationship, which of the following must be true? a) the relationship must be nonlinear b) the variables must be measured on at least an ordinal scale c) the range of scores must be restricted on at least one of the variables d) the variables must be measured on either an interval or a ratio scale

39) A regression line for a correlation of +1.00 would a) be parallel to the X-axis b) be parallel to the Y-axis c) higher for low values on the X-axis than for high values on the X-axis d) higher for high values on the X-axis than for low values on the X-axis

40) Picture a regression line as a diagonal line running from the lower left to the top right on a scatterplot. For which of the following correlations would the points be closest to this regression line? a) -.90 b) -.30 c) +.40 d) +.70

46) If there is a strong correlation between variables A and B, what is the most likely explanation? a) A is causing B b) B is causing B c) A and B are caused by C d) could be any of the above — the correlation by itself does not allow one to decide

52) To predict college success from a combination of high school grades, weighted letters of recommendation, and SAT scores, an admissions department would probably use what procedure? a) bivariate analysis b) partial correlation c) factor analysis d) multiple regression

6) When should DK ("don't know") alternatives be used? a) when collecting demographic information b) never—they will be overused by respondents c) whenever you are surveying people with moderate to low IQs d) when there is good reason to believe that some respondents will genuinely not know an answer

65) A ______ variable is one that helps explain under what conditions a correlation between two variables exists. a) predictor b) criterion c) mediating d) moderating

67) In the textbook example, the type of living conditions helps explain under what conditions a correlation between alcohol use and engaging in risky sex. In this case, living condtion is a ______ variable. a) predictor b) criterion c) mediating d) moderating

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