Test 3 Cognitive Psychology

In the context of cognitive psychology and conceptual models, a tool would be classified as a(n) ________.

artifact

Which of the following terms is most closely associated with semantic networks?

cognitive economy

A flashbulb memory is?

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the ___________ approach to categorization.

exemplar

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery

is based on spatial or language mechanisms.

Kosslyn's island experiment used the ___________ procedure.

mental scanning

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of

24 hours

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird.

583: 653: 518 ms

According to the concept of topographical mapping, which of the following stimuli encountered on a beach trip will activate the farthest forward in the visual cortex?

A pink beachball on your towel

Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. What was the primary result of that research?

After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect?

Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.

___________ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.

Exemplars

What is likely to occur if a person sustains damage to the parietal lobe of the brain?

Image processing will be reduced by half.

What is true about the cognitive interview technique?

Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.

According to the cognitive hypothesis, experiences that occur during periods of rapid personal development followed by periods of stability tend to be easier to remember due to which of the following?

Strong encoding

Which type of research employed a "train on perception, test on perception" method to demonstrate imagery/perception overlap?

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

What would be in a basic level category?

Truck

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside

a bumblebee

Monique is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using

a depictive representation.

Mental scanning experiments found

a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?

a field sparrow is an animal

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether

a presented stimulus is a word.

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of

a sequence of actions

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be

a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.

One criticism of the embodied approach is that it doesn't explain how humans can recognize ________.

abstractions

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

after the event

A propositional approach may use

an equation, abstract symbols, a statement

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing

at the far side of the front yard, away from the house.

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ___________ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units.

back propagation

The ___________ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.

semantic network

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder

can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

category members that have been encountered in the past.

Measuring the amount of time a person requires to complete different cognitive tasks is the goal of mental ________.

chronometry

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the

cognitive hypothesis

Two different definitions of ___________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "categories of objects, events, and abstract ideas."

concepts

One of the key properties of the ___________ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

connectionist

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with

connectionist networks

According to the ______ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

constructive

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the

constructive nature of memory.

The key difference between depictive representation and propositional representation is based on which of the following?

content

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved

creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge

In the multiple-factor approach, the fact that people exhibit physical attributes, actions, and emotions is known as ________.

crowding

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ___________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.

crowding

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as

cryptoamnesia

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on

cultural expectation

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the

size of the field of view

The other day, Thuy experienced a Proustian effect memory. What did Thuy likely do to trigger this experience?

smell perfume

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the ___________ approach to categorization.

definitional

The four proposals addressing the representation of concepts in the brain all agree that the information is ________.

distributed

Mental imagery involves

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is NOT influenced by

failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is

family resemblance

Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated

imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup,

increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects.

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of __________ on memory.

source misattributions

Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used ___________ in playing the game.

inner audition

The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory

involves making inferences.

According to the typicality effect

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

A spatial imagery test measures a person's capacity with imaging which of the following?

layout

Which of the following lies at the foundation of a connectionist network?

learning

"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated

less efficiently than normal.

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that

memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.

Shepard and Metzler measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using

mental chronometry

Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the ___________ experiment.

mental walk

Trinh is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., fish sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Trinh is using ___________ to organize her memories.

method of loci

After witnessing a bank robbery downtown, Javier completed a cognitive interview at the police station. What term would Javier likely use to describe his interview experience?

multidimensional

Ganis and coworkers (2004) used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that

perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex

plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

Latoya is remembering a fun day at the beach that she had with her dad when she was a little girl. Which region of brain will have the LEAST connection to the more personal aspects of Latoya's memory?

prefrontal cortext

"3 x + 9 = 16" is a ___________representation.

propositinal

Which of the following representation types is associated with abstract concepts?

propositional

Memories of the past that have been pushed out of a person's consciousness are considered to be ________.

repressed

As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on

rhymes, associations, and visualizations

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen

schema

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____.

script

A person who has been diagnosed with ________ dementia has difficulty recognizing both living things and artifacts.

semantic

According to the ___________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain.

semantic category

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?

source monitoring

A mental rotation task is focused on the ________ aspect of imagery.

spatial

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ___________ representations.

spatial

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of ___________ into their network model.

spreading activation

Complete the following analogy: Perception is to ________ as imagery is to ________.

stone; smoke

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ___________ categories results in the largest gain in information.

superordinate level to basic level

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

the distance that must be traveled through the network.

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when

the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned.

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as

the method of loci

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos

the person took themself

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like a car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed

the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is ___________ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

the same as

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves

the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (e.g.,, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because

they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.

Leaving a footprint in the wet sand—with a deep indentation for the heel, a rise for the arch, and each toe clearly identified—is similar to which concept?

topographic map

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that __________ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.

transition points

Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town, so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately ___________ seconds.

two

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ___________ effect.

typicality