Test 3 - Forensic Psychology

Vrij, Mann, & Fisher (2006)

"An empirical Test of the Behaviour Analysis Interview" (BAI or "Reid Technique") Police use this book The book described the behaviour analysis interview/the Reid Technique Any professional interrogator has read this book It's the guideline for interrogation in north America

Results

"No complete microexpressions involving both the upper and lower halves of the face simultaneously (as described by Ekman & Friesen, 1975) were detected in any of the 697 analyzed expressions" "9 participants exhibited 14 partial microexpressions, 7 in the upper and 7 in the lower facial region. These partial microexpressions occurred in the following emotional contexts: 6 during genuine, 3 during simulated, 4 during masked, and 1 during a neutralized expression. The 5 microexpressions occurring during masked and neutralized emotional portrayals all were congruent with the felt emotion" Prof is saying these microexpression findings might not have to do with lying, but maybe the participants were just tired or something

Inconsistent Emotional Expressions

% of frames that deviated from the wanted microexpressions Shows that people are expressing emotions super well The fear micro-expression was the hardest to maintain

Profiling Methods

1. Deductive profiling method - profiling the background characteristics of an unknown offender based on evidence left at the crime scenes (inference/subjective) 2. Inductive profiling method - profiling the background characteristics of an unknown offender based on what we know about other solved cases (statistics/objective) Organized-disorganized model - a profiling model used by the FBI that assumes the crime scenes and backgrounds of serial offenders can be categorized into organized or disorganized There is no clear research validating any of these approaches

Criminal Profiling

A technique for identifying the major personality and behavioural characteristics of an individual based on the analysis of the crimes he or she has committed Most profilers are experienced and specially trained law enforcement officers

Consequences for Victims

30% of victims contract STIs 5% of victims are impregnated Rape Trauma Syndrome (Burgess & Holmstrom) - a group of symptoms or behaviours that are frequent after-effects of having been raped Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Rates of Sexual Assault in the US

1 in 20 children/youth 1 in 5 women Childhood sexual abuse is higher in girls than boys

Rapist Typologies (Groth)

1. Anger rapist - more force than necessary, high levels of anger directed towards women, not motivated primarily by sexual gratification (50% of rapists) 2. Power rapist - intention is to assert dominance and control over the victim, not motivated primarily by sexual gratification (40% of rapists) 3. Sadistic rapist - obtain sexual gratification by hurting the victim, high levels of victim injury, frequent violent sexual fantasies (5% of rapists)

PTSD Primary

A repeated experiencing of the traumatic event, or, in contrast, an avoidance of situations, ideas, and feelings that were related to the event A psychic numbing or reduced responsiveness to the environment

Child Molester Typologies - Groth's Typology of the Fixated and Regressed Child Molester

1. Fixated child molesters - primary sexual orientation is towards children, interest begins in adolescence and is persistent, male children are primarily their targets, no stress, offences are planned, emotionally immature, poor social skills, usually single/no interest in adults, no history of drug or alcohol abuse, often feel no remorse or guilt over their behaviour 2. Regressed child molesters - primary sexual orientation is toward adults, sexual interest in children begins in adulthood after a stressful event or feelings of inadequacy and is episodic, female children are their targets, feelings of stress and inadequacy are present, offences are more impulsive, often are married and are having marital problems, maybe of their offences are related to alcohol use, more likely to report feelings of remorse

Female Sexual Offenders Typologies (Atkinson)

1. Teacher/lover - initiate sexual abuse with males whom they relate to as a peer, often in a position of authority or power, likely not experienced own sexual abuse, substance use problems are common, not aware their behaviours are inappropriate, victims often report they do not feel victimized 2. Male-coerced - forced or coerced into sexual abuse by an abusive male, usually submissive and passive 3. Male-accompanied - engage in sexual abuse with a male partner, more willing than the male-coerced type 4. Predisposed - offender engages in abuse alone, often experienced sexual abuse as a child, victims are often their own children and they also physically abuse and neglect the child

NRC 2003

14 scientists (including Raichle, Laskey, & Ekman) and 4 staff members reviewed all the polygraph evidence they could find "The physiological responses measured by the polygraph are not uniquely related to deception (blood pressure can go up for other reasons other than lying) Theoretical rationale for CQT is weak Lab studies overestimate accuracy No field studies found that satisfy minimum criteria for a quality study GOOGLE STUFF ON THIS SLIDE

Female Sexual Offenders

2% to 5% of incarcerated sexual offenders are female Rate of sexual reoffending is substantially lower in female offenders (1.5%) Female offenders receive shorter sentences on average Some researchers have speculated the rate of sexual abuse by females is underestimated (able to mask their abuse through caregiving, more likely to target their own children, they target boys and boys are less likely to disclose)

Concealed Information Test - CIT

A type of polygraph test designed to determine if the person knows details about a crime. It does not assess deception, but instead seeks to determine whether the suspect knows details about a crime that only the offender would know Series of questions in multiple-choice format, each question has one right answer (critical option) and four incorrect answers (foils) The guilty suspect is assumed to display more physiological responses to the right answer compared to the incorrect answers. An innocent person should not have any changes Not really used in North America If you were the one who robbed the bank, then you will know what was used as a weapon. The weapon was: a) Knife b) Axe c) Shotgun d) Revolver e) Rifle You get a statement and a list of items, you're told you have to pick one. If they have a unique reaction to the weapon that was really used, maybe they're guilty CIT questions take longer to develop, CIT is used more in the middle east

Comparison Question Test - CQT

A type of polygraph test that includes irrelevant questions that are unrelated to the crime, relevant questions concerning the crime being investigated, and comparison questions concerning the person's honesty and past history prior to the event being investigated The pretest interview is important, the examiner will convince the suspect that the polygraph is very accurate and even do a card trick Guilty suspects should react more to the relevant questions than the comparison Innocent people should react more to the comparison questions than the relevant The test has three possible outcomes: truthful, deceptive, inconclusive Most commonly used polygraph to investigate criminal acts Do you live in Canada? (Irrelevant) Between the ages of 18 and 28 did you ever plan to physically hurt someone? (Comparison) Did you stab Jane Doe on the night of March 10? (Relevant) Prior to 2009 did you ever verbally threaten to hurt anyone? (Comparison)

Accuracy of Polygraph Tests

CQT is pretty accurate at labeling guilty people as guilty CQT has high false-positive rate - people who are innocent are being labeled as guilty CIT is accurate at labeling innocent people innocent, and okay at labelling guilty people as guilty. More false-negatives

Empathy

Although some offenders have a general deficit in empathy (psychopaths), most have a specific deficit in empathy toward their victims. They minimize the abuse and do not see the victims as suffering and therefore, cannot empathize with them Measures of empathy have focused on self-report questionnaires, such as the Rape Empathy Scale, and interviews Empathy training typically focuses on getting the offender to understand the impact of the abuse on the victim and the pain caused, and to develop feelings of remorse. Offenders read survivor accounts of rape and childhood abuse and compare them to how their victim may have felt Some programs will have offenders meet with adult survivors of rape or childhood sexual abuse

Geographic Profiling

An investigative technique that uses crime scene locations to predict the most likely area where the offender resides Offenders usually live close to the areas where they commit their crimes Geographic profiling systems - computer systems that use mathematical models of offender spatial behaviour to make predictions about where unknown serial offenders are likely to reside

Rape Trauma Syndrome (Burgess & Holmstrom)

Based on 92 women in the sample who were victims of forcible rape They looked at the common features of the victims Two phases after rape, acute and long-term These victims were asked to be a part of this study 30 minutes after they arrived at the hospital after their rape It was a very varied sample of people (age, ethnicity) Rate trauma syndrome - experts have testified in court about the behaviour of the rape victim

How to Study Malingering

Case study Simulation design - people are told to pretend they have specific symptoms or a disorder, someone tries to detect when someone is malingering Known-group designs - comparing genuine patients and malingers attempting to fake the disorder that the patients have

Facial Expressions

Convey emotion Universal Difficult to completely suppress

Countermeasures to the Polygraph

Countermeasures - techniques used to try and conceal guilt CQT - bite your tongue, press toes to floor, count backwards from 200 by 7 Honts, Raskin & Kirchner (1994) showed success with both measures 50% of the guilty participants beat the polygraph using these techniques CIT - anti-anxiety drugs do not help you beat the test

Aura of Infallibility

Current research is spotty with little effect on jurors Tipping point cases have not been assessed We don't necessarily have the aura, but judges think we do

Rapist Typologies - Revised Rapist Typology (Knight & Prentky)

Developed at the Massachusetts Treatment Center 1. Opportunistic type - generally impulsive, they often commit other types of crimes 2. Pervasively angry type - high level of anger that is directed at both men and women, tend to use unnecessary force and cause injury 3. Sexual type - primarily motivated by sexual fantasies 4. Sadistic type - must be a sadistic element to the crime 5. Vindictive - angry at women, purpose is fully to demean and degrade the victim

Origins of criminal profiling

Developed by FBI agents in the 1970s But there were profiles before this

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

DSM-5 - a trauma and stress related disorder that may develop as a result of exposure to death, serious injury, or sexual violence, whether actual or threatened. Four symptom clusters of PTSD: Avoidance of stimuli Reoccurring distressing memories Negatively altered cognition and mood Altered state of arousal and reactivity

Investigative Psychology

David Canter - the founder of investigative psychology Investigative psychology - similar to criminal profiling, but includes the use of psychology more

Deviant Sexual Interests

Deviant sexual interests motivate some sexual offenders One of the most popular methods to assess deviant sexual interests is the use of penile phallometry, a measurement device placed around the penis to measure changes in sexual arousal Aversion therapy - the offender is given an aversive substance to smell (i.e., ammonia) whenever he has a deviant sexual fantasy. The underlying goal is to reduce the attractiveness of these deviant fantasies by pairing them with a negative event Masturbatory satiation - offender is told to masturbate to ejaculation to a non-deviant fantasy. After ejaculation he is told to switch to a deviant fantasy, thus pairing the inability to become aroused to this deviant fantasy When combined with psychotherapy, pharmacological interventions appear to be effective at suppressing deviant sexual desires. In the past, the medications that were used caused all sexual interests to be suppressed. Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors have shown to be the most effective for sexual offenders with paraphilia, exhibitionism, compulsive masturbation, and pedophilia

PTSD Secondary

Difficulty falling or staying asleep Irritability or outbursts of anger Difficulty concentrating Hypervigilance Exaggerated startle response Physiological reactivity upon exposure to events that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event PTSD was made to understand male soldiers coming home from war, it is hard to apply it generally to women who have been raped

Jack the Ripper - 1888

Dr. George Phillips and Dr. Thomas Bond Examined the wounds for insight into the offender's psychological makeup Would kill his victims outdoors in a secluded area, he would cut them up Victims were all women and all prostitutes They couldn't catch him Profile - male, loner, well-dressed maybe with a large overcoat, not married

Acute Phase: Disorganization

Duration - days to weeks Symptoms: Very high levels of fear, anxiety, and depression. Heightened levels of distrust and self-blame. Physical trauma, skeletal muscle tension, gastrointestinal irritability, genitourinary disturbance (disturbed sleep?) Fear (mostly of death) - traumatophobia

Long-Term Phase: Reorganization

Duration - months to years Symptoms include: development of phobias, development of sexual problems and depression, dramatic life changes, chronic physical symptoms, nightmares, changes in lifestyle (move, get a new job, change everything) Within a year, most of the women had made major changes in their lifestyles Within a year, most of the women had the belief that any man they encountered could be a rapist

Aboriginal Offenders

Lack of research on Aboriginal sexual offenders 40% of the Aboriginal offender population in Canada has committed a sexual offence Majority of offenders are aged 19 to 40 years old 89% were under the influence of alcohol when committing the offence Less likely to have male victims Less likely to victimize young children The majority of the victims know their offender and are also Aboriginal

Brain-Based Deception Research

Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) - brain activity measured by placing electrodes on the scalp and by recording electrical patterns related to presentation of stimulus P300 - type of ERP that has shown promise - there should be a large P300 response in a CIT when they ask the guilty person about the weapon that was used, there should be no P300 response when an innocent person is asked fMRI - measures blood flow to areas in the brain, lying produces more blood flow to certain areas of the brain (lies and honesty can be determined with 90% accuracy)

Expert Witness for sexual assault cases

Expert witnesses are asked to testify on: Consent Victim behaviour Damages

Behaviour

Facial temperature - study (in textbook) that showed that 8/10 guilty were caught and 14/15(?) innocent were seen innocent - Voice stress analysis Tone of voice or vocal cues Body movements (language) - Ekman studied this Micro-expressions (facial expressions)

NOT Malingering

Factitious disorder - a disorder in which the person's physical and psychological symptoms are intentionally produced and are adopted for no external rewards Munchausen syndrome by proxy - a rare factitious disorder in which a person intentionally produces an illness in his or her child Somatoform disorders - Periodic paralysis - Headaches/migraines Defensiveness - conscious denial or extreme minimalization of physical or psychological symptoms (opposite of malingering)

CQT Field Studies

False negative - 17 False positive - 43 Used confessions and court records False positive rate is very high Blind ratings make the accuracy drop

CQT Lab Studies

False positive - said they were lying, but they were not False negative - said they weren't lying, but they were CQT lab studies seem to lean towards saying they are lying

Reasons Child Victims Don't Report

Fearful of what will happen to them or their parents Don't think they'll be believed Believe they are in some way to blame Not aware that what was happening was unacceptable

Theories of Sexual Aggression - Finkelhor's Precondition Model of Child Molestation

Four preconditions must be met for the sexual abuse to occur 1. Motivated to sexually abuse. 2. Lack of internal inhibitions (alcohol) 3. Offender must overcome external inhibitors (opportunity) 4. Offender must overcome the child's resistance (bribes/threat of harm)

Results

Global veracity judgements were 59.97% accurate

Results - Blink Rate

Highest blink rate in the masked condition Lowest blink rate in the neutral condition

Malingering

Intentional production of symptoms for external gain Punishment avoidance Drug seeking Military avoidance Financial gain Shelter

Sexual Assault

Level 1 - minor/no injuries - max 10 years Level 2 - bodily harm - max 14 years Level 3 - serious injury or threat to life - max life

Behaviour Analysis Interview (BAI) Assumptions

Liars are less helpful and unconcerned about being a suspect Liars exhibit more nervous behaviours (grooming, fidgeting) Guilty suspects answer quickly to knowledge questions and sound less sincere Motive questions will cause liar to shift position Guilty suspects are thought to be more evasive about the purpose of the interview (Q1); or to name someone they believe is innocent (Q5, because guilty suspects prefer to surround themselves with other possible suspects) Guilty suspects are also less likely to admit that a crime has taken place (Q6), and that they had the opportunity to commit the crime (Q7) Guilty suspects are also thought to express less confidence in being exonerated (Q14 and 16) and are less likely to have informed their loved ones about the interview (Q15)

Vocal Cues (well-supported in research)

Liars give fewer details Liars are less plausible, less likely to make sense Liars are less engaging, less fluent Liars are more nervous and less cooperative Deception cues were easier to pick up when the liar was motivated, or the lie was embarrassing

FACS - Ekman and Friesen (1976, 2002)

Looked at 40 muscles in the head and neck 10,000 expressions

Malleus Maleficarum - 1487

One of the first profiles Profile of witches Witches tend to be serial offenders Witches are often: women, strong personality, defies convention, does not cry at trial If penises are missing, there is probably a witch around

Porter, Woodworth & Birt (2000) - Truth, Lies, & Videotape: An Investigation of the Ability of Federal Parole Officers to Detect Deception

Method Parole officers and 3 students controls (with feedback, without, feedback + cue information) View tapes of personal accounts of serious events (half of them lie) Assess deceit detection in 4 time periods (initial assessment, training, assessment, training, assessment, training, assessment - extensive training and feedback given to parole officers Training 1. Myth dissolution: An attempt was made to debunk the prominent myths surrounding deception. For example, the mistaken idea that there is a single ''rule of thumb'' for detecting lies was discussed in depth with examples. 2.Information provision: The officers were given a detailed overview of research on deception detection (e.g. autobiographical memory, history of deception, deception in forensic contexts, verbal and nonverbal cues to deception, fact pattern analysis, effective interviewing techniques). 3.practice judgments, feedback, and knowledge testing Results Parole officers get better at lie detection after the training

Assessment and Treatment of Sexual Offenders

Most treatments are designed to address the following: denial, minimalizations and cognitive distortions, victim empathy, modification of deviant sexual interest, enhanced social skills, substance-abuse problems, and the development of relapse-prevention programs

Purposes of criminal profiling

Narrow the search for suspects Help set traps to flush out an offender Determine whether a threatening mote should be taken seriously Give advice on how best to interrogate a subject Tell prosecutors how to break down defendants in cross examination

Sexual Assault Law

No rape law in Canada, some victims want to modify the law so there is a rape charge

Sex Assault Questionnaire (SAQ) Findings

Non-experts are at about chance on the questionnaire Question 2 is the most commonly incorrect - also 11, 13, and 17 Q2: The percentage of false rape reports is about equal to that of false reports of other crimes. T Q11: Most rapes are planned in advance rather than occurring spontaneously. T Q13: It is not rare for a rape victim to have experienced more than one sexual assault during her lifetime. T Q17: Because of the trauma of the rape experience, victims seek stability and tend not to make any sudden life changes, such as moving or changing jobs. F

Rape Trauma Syndrome (RTS) vs. PTSD

PTSD is in the DSM PTSD has validated, good diagnostic instruments PTSD covers the main RTS symptoms PTSD does not cover depression, anger, and sexual dysfunction specifically PTSD does not cover the specifics of sexual assault

Models of Malingering

Pathogenic - lying because of an underlying mental disorder Criminological - lying because they are bad Adaptational - lying because they have to

Polygraph Uses

Police use them to help in their criminal investigations Insurance companies may request a polygraph test to verify the claims of the insured In the US, to assess and monitor sexual offenders on probation Polygraph disclosure tests - polygraph tests that are used to uncover information about an offender's past behaviour To screen potential or current employees (only government agencies can do this)

The Polygraph Technique

Polygraph - a device for recording an individual's autonomic nervous system responses Polygraphy relies on the idea that deception is associated with physiological change Polygraphs measure: breathing, sweat, heart rate In Canada, polygraph training is provided by the Canadian Police College to police only

Admissibility of Polygraph Evidence

Polygraphs are not admissible in Canadian Courts

Definition of Sexual Assault

Prior to 1983: Rape - a male person commits rape when he has sexual intercourse with a female person who is not his wife, without her consent Current: Sexual assault - any non-consensual sexual act by either a male or female person to either a male or female person, regardless of the relationship between the people involved. There are 3 levels to sexual assault. Simple sexual assault - max 10 years Sexual assault with a weapon or causing bodily harm - max 14 years Aggravated sexual assault - max life imprisonment

Kocsis et al (2000)

Profilers, psychologists, police, students, and psychics The participants are given the crime science report, forensic biologists, and entomologist reports, ballistics report, preliminary post-mortem exam and pathologist's report, basic victim info, and photos of the crime scene and body They're asked to create a profile Participants were asked to give a detailed description of the offender, 45 item multiple choice questionnaire, adjective check list (ACL) describing the offender Features of the offender was broken down into: thoughts of the offender, physical features, what happened during the offence, social features, personality Scores - out of 30 possible points Psychics - 11.30 Police - 11.61 Students - 12.03 Psychologists - 12.56 Profilers - 13.80 Profilers aren't doing much better than non-profilers

Polygraph Admissibility

R. v. Beland (1987): The accused was charged with conspiracy to rob an armoured truck - it didn't take place because some of the accomplices turned the other accomplices in - witness credibility is important in this case Oath helping hasn't been allowed (friends can't come in and say you're truthful or not truthful - bringing in a lie detector test is still just testing oath helping Distraction - peripheral issues arise What if the polygrapher had no machine? Concern that juries are inordinately influenced by the fact that the polygraph is imbued with the "mystique of science"

Hypnosis

R. v. Trochym (2007) - not permitted in court - hypnotism pretty much makes you say what the hypnotist wants to say

Training in Lie Detection

Ruback (1981) Parole officer interviews lowered the accuracy of predicting success on parole When someone is going on parole, a parole officer will come and interview the person being released Parole officers were worse than chance, they were being tricked

Victims of Rapists

Rapists - 7 victims Female-victim child molesters - 20 victims Male-victim child molesters - 150 victims Offenders underreport their sexual assaults, and report way higher amounts when they're promised their answer will stay confidential

CQT and Psychopath

Raskin & Hare (1978) Patrick & Locono (1989) - "group contingency threat" - extremely motivated to do well - all of the guys brought in to do this and they're told everyone's going to get a bonus if you pass the polygraph - if you don't all pass the polygraph, no one gets a bonus and well tell who failed the polygraph NO DIFFERENCE between psychopath and non-psychopaths

Relapse Prevention

Relapse prevention programs consists of two main parts. First, offenders are asked to list emotional and situational risk factors that lead to either fantasizing sexual abuse or actually committing the abuse. Second, offenders need to develop plans to deal more appropriately with their problems and ways to avoid or cope with high-risk situations

Criticisms of Profiling

Relies on a classic trait model (assumes the primary determinants of behaviour are stable) The core psychological assumptions underlying profiling currently lack strong empirical support Information that is so vague and ambiguous they can potentially fit many suspects Professional profilers may be no better than untrained individuals at constructing accurate profiles

Profiling Uses

Serial arson Serial bombers Serial killers Serial rapists

Typical Prosecution Problem

Sexual assaults are often committed without witnesses Sexual assaults are often committed with minimal physical evidence

Effectiveness of Treatment

There is a lack of consensus about whether sex offender treatment is effective Incarceration does not appear to deter sexual offenders It would be unethical to carry out an ideal controlled study because that would mean not treating some sexual offenders Sexual offenders who refused treatment or who dropped out of treatment had higher rates of recidivism

Social Skills

Sexual offenders lack a variety of social skills, including self-confidence in relationships, capacity for intimacy, assertiveness, and dealing with anger Self-report questionnaires, interviews, and responses to scenarios have all been developed to assess social-skill deficits Treatment programs vary in terms of what social-skill deficits are targeted. Some focus on anger and communication skills, whereas some focus on relationship skills, anger control, and self-esteem

Denial, Minimalizations, and Cognitive Distortions

Sexual offenders often deny their accusations, say the victim consented, or minimalize their actions ("I was drunk") Cognitive distortions - deviant cognitions, values, or beliefs that are used to justify or minimize deviant behaviours ("Having sex with a child in a loving relationship is a good way to teach a child about sex) In treatment, offenders are asked to disclose in detail what happened before, during, and after the sexual abuse.

Micro-expressions: Lie to Me

Show: Lie to Me - character is based on Paul Eklan(?)

Investigative Psychology Approaches to Profiling

Similar to inductive approaches as they use statistics, but it places more emphasis on rigorously testing the validity of the characteristics that are proposed and the linkage between crime scene behaviours and the background characteristics

Kind of Expressions they asked them to make

Simulated - shown a neutral picture and asked to pretend to show a happy or sad emotion Masked - Neutralized - asked to make a neutral expression

Microexpression to Deception Detection Theory

Some people are amazingly good at naturally reading microexpressions Those same people are also very good at lie detection Darwin believed that facial expressions were genetic, not learned Ekman believed that the secret service members that got every lie detector right (naturals) were picking up something that others weren't They were picking up microexpressions

Communication

Spoken and written language Gestures - not all universal Facial expressions - tend to be universal, combo of genetics and learned behaviour They found a tribe that had never communicated with anyone except for those in the tribe - researchers brought in pictures of people with different emotional expressions - the tribe recognized the expressions just fine

Dr. Paul Ekman

Studied Fore tribes in Papua New Guinea Developed Facial Action Coding System (FACS) - took 7 years - a coding system to describe every possible movement your face can make Expression and micro-expression training Consulting with home lance security and the show about him

Polygraph Validation

Studies of the validity of polygraphs can be classified into two groups: 1. Laboratory studies - volunteers stimulate criminal behaviour by committing a mock crime. Advantage: experimenter knows the ground truth. May have limited application to real life. 2. Field studies - involve real-life situations and actual criminal suspects. Someone will be provided the examination sheet and note where the person was lying or telling the truth. Disadvantage: ground truth is hard to establish

Slide with long noses

Study that said they could catch liars 97% of the time, but could only tell truth-tellers about half of the time They exclude when someone is innocent, which was accurate about half of the time (guessing)

Porter & ten Brinke (2008) - Reading Between the Lies: Identifying Concealed & Falsified Emotions in Universal Facial Expressions

Study where they were looking at genuine and falsified microexpressions The idea behind microexpressions, people will show their true emotions for a split second through microexpressions

Substance Abuse

Substance abuse problems are common in offenders It is likely that some sexual offenders use alcohol to facilitate offending by reducing their inhibitions Self-report measures are often used to assess drug and alcohol use problems Sexual offenders with substance abuse problems are often referred to substance abuse programs. These programs are usually based on the relapse-prevention model

Method

Tape of participants viewing images that were either: Highly positive and arousing Highly negative and arousing Neither pleasant not unpleasant and non-arousing (neutral) Participants were instructed to convey an emotion independent of the image being presented Disgust, happiness, sadness, or fear E.g., in the happiness set, participants viewed one neutral, one happy, and one sad image Frame-by-frame analysis of videotape to analyze microexpressions Presence and duration of universal emotional expression recorded Emotional expressions inconsistent with the intended emotional display, microexpressions, and blink rate (higher when lying?) were coded

Polygraphs

The Comparison Question Test (CQT) The Concealed Information Test (CIT) Relevant/irrelevant test - not used anymore

The Mad Bomber - 1940

The Mad Bomber planted 33 bombs in NYC, not all of them exploded Profile by Dr. James Brussel was extremely detailed They caught him and Dr. James Brussel was right on every single item except for age (he was 54), and heart disease

ViCLAS

The booklet contains 100+ questions regarding the offender's behaviour, the victim, and any available forensic information. The information is then downloaded into a centralized database where it can be compared to other crimes Specially trained ViCLAS analysts determine if there are any potential links and if there are, the crimes are highlighted and sent to the relevant police agencies Includes homicides, sexual assaults, missing persons, and non-parental abductions Linkage blindness - an inability for police to link geographically dispersed serial crimes committed by the same offender because of a lack of information sharing among police. ViCLAS helps prevent linkage blindness. Clinical vs. statistic judgement - ViCLAS isn't using clinical judgement, there are using statistical data to see in there are trends in any crimes They don't use it to generate measures for inference - they should use their system backwards as well, not just forwards - input criminal profilers and link those to unsolved crimes

Reasons Adult Victims Don't Report

They don't feel it is important enough They fear revenge by the offender They don't want to get the offender in trouble They don't want to bring shame or dishonor to their family Feel it is too personal to share with others Don't want to involve the police and go through the court system

Criminal Profiles Commonly Includes

They often contain personality traits, behavioural and demographic characteristics

History of lie detection

The idea that there are physiological tells for lying dates back centuries (dry mouth, nervous tremors) Cesare Lombroso - 1885 - used pulse and blood pressure William Marston - pneumograph - invented the lie detector? He said he could detect the truth with 98% accuracy - used the device to consult in a lot of different things - he was the guy who testified in the Frye test (ruling went against Marston)

Experiment

University students Goal was to tell a convincing story (complicated story) Someone would rate all of the items in the BAI in the story BAI rating from 1 to 5 (1 is the most compatible rating, most lines up with the BAI) The lowest scores will be the most compatible with the BAI Results: Compatibility with the BAI for lying is not very good

Adolescent Sexual Offenders

Vast majority of offenders are male Majority of offenders are aged 12 to 15 Often had been victims of sexual assault

Classification of Sexual Offenders - Voyeurs - Exhibitionist - Rapists - Pedophile - Child molester - Intra-familial child molester - Extra-familial child molester

Voyeurs - obtains sexual gratification by observing unsuspecting people, usually strangers, who are naked, in the process of undressing, or engaging in sexual activity Exhibitionist - obtains sexual gratification by exposing his or her genitals to strangers Rapists - person who sexually assaults victims over 16 years of age Pedophile - person whose primary sexual orientation is toward children Child molester - someone who has actually sexually molested a child Intra-familial child molester OR incest offender - someone who sexually abuses his or own biological children or children for whom he or she assumes a parental role, such as a step father or a live-in boyfriend. Also known as incest offenders. Extra-familial child molester - someone who abuses children not related to him or her

Through his research, Ekman found more expressions - this is the list of basic expressions now (happiness is gone)

• Amusement • Contempt • Contentment • Embarrassment • Excitement • Guilt • Pride in achievement • Relief • Satisfaction • Sensory pleasure • Shame

Basic Expressions

• Anger • Disgust • Fear • Happiness • Sadness • Surprise