Test #3 POLS 2401
Which of the following are human rights NGOs?
- Amnesty Int'l - Human Rights Watch
What are some of the examples through which globalization challenges state sovereignty?
- MNCs can more easily move across borders and escape regulation by governments -int'l organized crime has become so powerful in some places that it controls territory and large segments of a state's population - technology has made it possible to put pressure on a state by facilitation communication that goes around government restrictions - int'l financial institutions can grant or withhold resources and overrule the decisions of states
After the end of the Cold War, the UN created int's criminal tribunals to prosecute individual s responsible for ethnic cleansing, genocidal violence and crimes against humanity in which of the following countries?
- Rwanda -Yugoslavia
Which of the following are some of the ways through which celebrities can affect human rights?
- acting as UN Goodwill Ambassadors - using their celebrity status to raise awareness - engaging in philanthropic behavior by giving money to human rights causes -founding Human Rights Organizations
Which of the following are actions individuals can take to help achieve the SGDs?
- buy products from companies that have sustainable practice -don't waste food (buy only what you need freeze left-overs ) -whenever possible, bike, walk, or take public transportation -reduce, reuse, recycle -compost any food remains to reduce landfills -ask your local and nat'l authorities to engage in activities that don't harm people or the planet - save water, avoid baths, take shorter showers -turn off the lights
Which of the following are likely consequences of climate change?
- growing number of climate refugees -increased number of droughts -rapidly changing habitats and species extinction -increased flooding
The Paris Agreement was success in as much as it built on commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by amongst other, both the United States and China. However, it has been criticized for:
- having cuts that don't go deep enough -lacking mandatory cuts in emissions
What do we mean by the term "replacement fertility"?
- its is a term that describes the interaction between constant patterns of childbearing with constant mortality and migration to yield zero population change -it is the rate at which one generate of parents is replacing itself in the next generation
Cultural relativism is based on the notion that:
- local traditions trump the rights in the UDHR - the final author in determining what is right for citizenry lies with the people of their government
Which of the following were contributing factors to the outbreak of the civil war in Syria in 2011?
- permanent changes to rain and windfall patterns brought on by globe warming -increasing scarcity of water and food sources -the 2006 drought that had forced large numbers of rural Syrians into already crowded cities
The Brundtland Commissions 1987 report "Our Common Future: identified:
- poverty eradication as a necessary requirement for environmentally sustainable development -a need for world-wide development strategies that recognized the limits of our ecosystem
The concept of Responsibility to Protect (P2P), developed by the UN, shows the growing importance of human rights by:
- putting forward the idea that states have the responsibility to intervene in situations where a state fails to protect its population from e.g. genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes - stressing that states have the responsibility to protect their populations from e.g. genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes
The following factors show how globalization has helped in promoting human rights:
- social media platforms have allowed people to organize even when governments try to limit free speech and assembly - due to advances in technology and giant in literacy and education more people know about human rights - information technology has made it easier for human rights NGOs to communicate with their stakeholders and put greater pressure on governments to comply with human rights standards
Where second-generation rights require a proactive government to take action on behalf of its citizens, third-generation rights require __.
- solidarity - International cooperation
"Brain Drain" is:
- sometimes not entirely negative, as those who emigrate can sometimes return home with new skills or capital - the loss of highly skilled persons, mostly from, developing countries, as they migrate to, most often developed countries
Key "general tendencies" of int's population movements in an age of globalization include...
- the "feminization" of migration, as women are an increasing part of workforces' -the involvement of increasing number of countries, both as sending & receiving states - ongoing changes in where people go & where they come from - the increasing politicization of migration
In 1798 publication, Thomas Malthus argued that ...
- the "positive checks" of famine, war, & epidemics would bring populations back under control -the human desire to reproduce would lead to starvation, poverty, and human misery
What are reasons for why the U.S. didn't ratify the International Covenant on Civil & Political Rights ( ICCPR) until long after the treaty had gone into the effect?
- the U.S. was reluctant to expose itself to international criticism - the U.S. had concerns that ratifying the treaty could erode its national sovereignty
Which of the following are correct statements about fertility rates?
- the fertility rate for the world as a whole is about 2.51 births per women -the fertility rate in more developed countries is below replacement and stands at about 1.67 per woman - the fertility rate is a strong indicators of over-all population growth - the total fertility rate measures the average number of births per woman of childbearing age. -the fertility rate is poorer (less or least developed) countries is higher, often significantly higher, than replacement level the fertility rate is more developed regions of the world id higher than the fertility rate in less developed regions
What was the immediate context for why the UDHR was drafted?
- the horror of over 50 million dead in WWII -the terrible atrocities committed during WWII, such as the Holocaust
What can we say about trends in global population growth?
- the world's population continues to grow but the rate of population growth is decreasing -fertility rates in the least developed countries are declining but still very high - more than 80% of the world's population is located in the less-developed world
As discussed in the context of Uruguay, what is the role of human rights rapporteur?
- to ensure justice and compensation for survivors of human rights abuses -to assess progress in discovering the truth about pass atrocities committed in a country
Sustainable development involves
- using renewable energies -increasing efficiency -reducing consumption
Which of the following are examples through which technological innovations have been successfully used to promote human rights?
- when Egyptian protestors in 2011 used Twitter to publicize videos of police violence - when a solar-powered internet network allowed villages in Uganda to get access to crop information and thus to improve their yields and incomes
What change in thinking is linked to Agenda 21?
-a growing recognition that developing countries should integrate the environment into their development strategies -a growing recognition that economic development strategies need to be in harmony with nature -a growing recognition that economic developed countries should cut down on their wasted consumption patterns
What are the reasons for why small island states are particularly concerned with reducing carbon dioxide emissions?
-a rise of one meter in sea level could flood the small island states -rising sea levels could destroy their economies
Why are some gases considered greenhouse gases?
-because they trap solar radiation in the atmosphere - because of their effect on the warming of the atmosphere
Which of the following are alternative energy sources?
-biomass -hydroelectricity
Which of the following are listed as part of the MDGs?
-combat HIV/AIDS and other diseases -reduce child mortality -promote gender equality and women's empowerment -improve maternal health -develop a global partnership for development -eradicate extreme poverty and hunger -achieve universal primary education -ensure environmental sustainability
Which of the following are examples of geoengineering?
-creating a planetary filter to reflect sunlight - changing ocean chemistry to increase their carbon absorption -finding ways to capture and safely store carbon dioxide -manipulation of earth's cloud cover
Sustainable development has been defined as:
-development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations ti need their own needs -development that improves the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems -sound environmental planning without sacrificing economic and social improvements
Across the globe, urbanization has been caused by?
-environmental decline , such as the overgrazing of land -technological developments, "pushing" people off the farm -industrialization, "pulling" people into cities
Which is correct about global warming and climate change?
-global warming refers to the earth's rising temperature due to increased greenhouse gases - climate change refers to the consequences of global warming on whether patterns over time
Which of the following are questions that remain unanswered even after the SDGs were adopted?
-how should the roles and responsibilities of implementations be shared between developing and developed states? -who will decide on how much of the financial costs will be takes on by public and how much by private sources? -will MDGs carry a greater share of the financial obligations than LDCs?
What are some of the reasons for why the world's population drastically increased over the past 70 years?
-improved food production & distribution -major public health advances -reduced mortality rates
Which of the following are common themes connecting all models of thought on the questions of how to address population growth?
-increasing sustainability of food production -improving the status of women -poverty reduction -improvement in water quality
The International Criminal Court:
-is currently investigation cases involving defendants who come mostly from African states - can try cases involving crimes against humanity, war crimes and genocide
One of the key outcomes if Rio+20 was a focus on building a green economy/ A green economy is an economy that:
-is low-carbon, resource-effieciant and socially inclusive -improves human well-being and social equity while reducing environmental risks
Which of the following is true about population and population growth?
-nearly 60% of the world's population lives in Asian countries -the world's population continues to grown but the rate of population growth is decreasing -nearly one-fifth of the world's population lives in China -more than 80% of the world's population is located in the less-developed world -European populations make up about 10% of the world's population -patterns of population growth differ significantly between more- and less- developed regions of the world -fertility rates in the least developed countries are dealing but still very high
What are reasons for why in 2000 the UN General Assembly adopted the MDGs?
-official development assistance from industrialized countries had declines since the 1992 Rio Summit -a growing recognition that the world was failing to reach most of the goals set out in Agenda 21 -increasing concerns over globalization and emerging issues such as the HIV/AIDS pandemic
The Cornucopian perspective rests on the following ideas:
-population growth is positive as it increases economic productivity and capacity for economic progress - use of natural resources is best managed through market forces -technological innovation can overcome problems of population growth
What is the main critique that developing states (LDCs) levy against industrial state (MDCs) over global environmental issues?
-that the long history of MDC industrialization processes has been the great contributor to global environmental problems - that the average person in an industrialized country accounts for significantly more resource consumption than someone in a poorer country
What were the concerns raised with Kyoto Protocol?
-the degree to which carbon sinks should count toward a country's effort to reduce global warming -the fact that key developing counters (i.e., China and India) did not participate meaningfully (i.e. didn't face binding emissions targets) -the U.S. never ratified it -the vagueness on how emissions trading could achieve reductions
Which of the following were the key outcomes of the Johannesburg Summit in 2002?
-the forming of nearly 300 voluntary partnerships between private sector and civil society organizations to support sustainable development -a pledge by the world's leaders to commit fully to the goal of sustainable development -an implementation plan detailing a comprehensive program of action with quantifiable goals and targets
Which of the following are points of criticism made against the SDGs?
-the goals are presented as if the isolation and this could contribute to missing important connections that undermine the goals of sustainability - there are too many goals and targets for them to be effective - the SDGs are internally inconsistent because they don't acknowledge that global poverty and ecological decline are ties to extreme wealth, inequality and overconsumption
Which of the following are correct statements about the world's population?
-the world has added one billion people since 2005 -the world has added two billion people since 1993 -int's migration at or around current levels will be unable to compensate fully for the expected loss of population in areas with low levels of fertility, especially in the European region -the number of persons aged 80 or over is projected to triple by 2050, by 2100 to increase to nearly seven time the number in 2017
What are some of the ways in which MNCs can promote human rights?
-they can use their access to markets around the world as a way of building networks based on real-time data exchanges allowing the UN faster response time during emergencies - through public private partnerships they can help develop the technology needed for the UN or NGOs to get more data on human rights issues
Which of the following are greenhouse gases?
-water vapor -methane -carbon dioxide -chloroflucrocarbons(CFCs) -ozone
Which of the following is NOT true about the role of technology in human rights?
-whether people live in developed or undeveloped countries, technology has benefited everyone equally -technology can't be used for positive and negative purposes at the same time
Rank the following alternative energy sources according to how much they contribute to all alternative energy:
1. hydroelectricity 2. wind power 3. biomass 4. solar energy 5. geothermal 6. marine energies
While the MDGs included 8 goals and 21 targets, the SDGs include:
17 goals and 169 targets
When was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted?
1948
The Paris Agreement (2016, which focused on renewed efforts to set emissions reduction targets to be met by both developing and developed countries was signed by __ states.
195
At which of the following conference was the UN's Environmental Program (UNEP) created?
1972 Stockholm Conference
Which of the following environmental conferences first combined specific issues with broader political, social, and economic issues?
1972 Stockholm Conference
When did the first World Climate Conference in Geneva take place?
1979
The U.S. President Jimmy Carter signed the ICCPR in 1977. When did the U.S. ratify the treaty?
1992
How much of the global electricity supply comes from alternative energy sources?
20%
When was the Kyoto Protocol set to expire?
2012
In 2014, the number of people living as refugees or internally displaces people worldwide was estimated by the United Nations High Commissioner - from Refugees (UNCHR) at :
55 million
The world's population is currently at about...
7.6 billion people
How many countries abstained from voting on the UDHR in 1948?
8
The medium estimation for the world's population has it increasing to what level by 2050?
9.7 billion people by 2050
Where do you find the majority of countries identifies as the most severely impacted by HIV/AIDS?
Africa
Which region has the most cases currently before the ICC:
Africa
What is replacement fertility?
Approximately 2.1 births per woman
As noted in your reading, which of the following has the highest 2014 total carbon dioxide emissions from consumption energy?
China
Which country has been known for it "One Child Policy"?
China
Which of the following countries is the leader in renewable energy investment?
China
The two countries with the largest populations will continue to see population growth, but where _ is projected to peak in size at 1.42 billion in 2030, _ ia projected to soon overtake it, reaching an estimated 1.71 billion by the middle of the 21st century
China/India
What was the biggest limitation of the Copenhagen Accord (2009) which included provisions for limiting Celsius and a commitment by the developed nations to generate $100 billion in additional resources to aid developing countries?
It was not legally binding
In what conflict in 2011 did the UN invoke the principle of R2P (Responsibility to Protect) as justification for military intervention
Libya
What is a key difference in climate change laws between more developed (MDCs) and less developed countries (LDCs)?
MDCs focus on cutting emissions, while LDCs focus on adaptation
In 2015 , the UNs __ expired and were repaired by the __.
Millennium Development Goals / Sustainable Development
How is a country's population size determined?
P=(+)births (-) deaths (+) in-migration (-) out-migration
What is the name if the idea that argues the int'l community has a responsibility tp intervene in situations where a Tate fails to protect its population from genocide, crimes against humanities, or war crimes?
Responsibility to Protect
What is the name of the idea that argues the international community has a responsibility to intervene in situations where a state fails to protect its population from genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes?
Responsibility to Protect
As noted in your reading, which of the following had the highest 2014 per capita carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy?
Saudi Arabia
Which writer first proposed a negative relationship between human population growth & the supply of food other resources?
Thomas Malthus
What does "UN MDGS" stand for?
United Nations Millennium Development Goals
What has been the demographic impact of HIV/AIDS in those countries most highly affected by disease?
a decline in life expectancy at birth from 62 to 52 between 1995 and 2005
Who was responsible for crafting the Millennium Development Goals?
a group pf UN experts under the guidance of the UN Security General
What do we call the graphical representation of the proportions of persons in different age groups in a population?
a population pyramid
What is the difference between a treaty and a declaration?
a treaty is a legally binding instrument whereas a declaration is a statement of principles
How much of the United States electricity supply is generated by alternative energy sources?
about 15%
According to scientists, what is the maximum concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that the Earth could sustain?
about 390 parts per million
What is a carbon sink?
an area that absorbs carbon, such forests, oceans, or croplands
When did the world's population reach 1 billion people?
at the beginning of the 19th century
By how much has the Earth's average temperature risen since 1900?
by 1.6 degrees Fahrenheit
First - generation rights are influenced by the philosophical tradition of __, whereas second-generation rights are influenced by the philosophical tradition of __.
capitalism/ socialism
Geoengineering is the planned manipulation of Earth's climate to counteract the effect of global warming. Geoengineering can be divided into two main categories
carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management
What countries will continue to hold the largest share of the world's population?
countries in Asia
The demographic transition model suggests that as societies industrialize & urbanize:
death rates will fall and when values shift from large to small families, fertility rates will decline
What do well call the study of population change and characteristics?
demography
The practice by countries that reduce their emissions below their allotted level to sell their "unused emissions" is called:
emissions trading
Which of the following is a first-generation right?
everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion
Which of the following is an example of second-generation rights?
everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work
Which generation of human rights includes freedom of speech and assembly?
first
For how long has scientific research on carbon dioxide been conducted?
for about 150 years
While __ is a term that refers to the concern that increased greenhouse gases increase the Earth's temperature, __ is the term that includes referent to changes in extreme of temperatures and precipitation.
global warming/ climate change
Who was responsible for crafting the sustainable development goals (SDGs)?
governments working together in he open working group on sustainable development
Certain gases in the atmosphere - water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide- can trap solar radiation and cause the atmosphere to warm. These are called:
greenhouse gases
The role of women in population control:
has been seen as central because women's empowerment tends to lead to smaller but healthier families
U.S. support for int'l family planning programs:
has shifted with changing administrations, with Republicans barring fertility control programs that include legal access to abortions, and Democrats supporting such programs
Universalism is represented by the idea that
human rights are accorded to everyone regardless of citizenship or status
The International Criminal Court (ICC) is located
in the hague
Where first-generation rights are often associated with the rights of __ people, second and third - generation right reflect the rights of __ people.
individual / groups of
What action did the UN take in 2015 to push for greater environmental stewardship in its development agenda?
it adopted the Sustainable Development Goals
What regions hold what percentage of the world'a population? The more developed counties (MDCs) hold _ of the world's population, whereas the less developed countries (LDCs) hold - of the world's population
less than 20%/ more than 80%
In general:
many less developed countries (LDCs) have enacted policies to reduce population growth while many more developed countries (MDCs) have enacted policies to increase population growth
Which of the following statements is true about urbanization?
more developed countries (MDCs) are more urbanized than less developed countries (LDCs)
Those pointing out that we need to focus on the structural dimensions of social change, argue that:
population growth, in particular high fertility, is a consequence rather than a cause of slow economic development
Which of the following provide evidence that at warming planet is related to human behavior?
scientists have shown a close relationship between global carbon dioxide levels and average global temperatures, while demonstrating that there has even an increase in atmospheric carbon due to the burning of fossil fuels
Sovereignty assumes:
that countries are self-governing, have territorial integrity and self-determination
While NGOs do not have official membership status at the UN they do age important influence through their close cooperation with:
the Economics and Social Council (ECOSOC)
The 1997 agreement that contains legally binding emission target for key greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide:
the Kyoto Protocol
Prior the creation of the UDHR, what document first mentions human rights?
the Preamble to the UN Charter
Which UN organ can authorize military actions to enforce human rights?
the Security Council
While negotiated independently of the 1992 Earth Summit, what legally-binding treaties are also associated with the conference in Rio de Janero (and sometimes, referred to as the Rio Convention)
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity
Which country accepts the largest total number of immigrants worldwide?
the United States
What is the name of the key human rights document of the post-WWII era?
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
What distinguishes the Brundtland Commission's definition of sustainable development from the one proposed by the Int's Union for the conservation of Nature the United Nations Environment Program, and the World Wide Fund for Nature?
the former focuses on the well-being of humans while the latter extends the definition to the biosphere
Critics of the demographic transition model argue that:
the model applies to the record of population change & development in Europe and N.A. as the universal standard
What apparent tension is part of the concept of sustainable development?
the tension between economic health, social health and ecological health
The hypothetical example used to explain why groups of individuals might overexploit shared environmental resources even when they know that it consul be against their long-term interests is known as:
the tragedy of the commons
First-generation right are also known as negative rights because:
they prohibit certain government action and a therefore based on the absence of government interference
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is typically divided into _ generations, or categories:
three
The difference between a negative and a positive obligation imposed on states by human rights rests on __.
whether and how much, action a government needs to take to ensure that rights are protected
The tension over sustainable development can be states as:
whether the focus should be on environmental conservation of living and nonliving resources or on enhancing economic growth and development
The majority of the world's refugees & internally displaced people are:
women and children