Test 3 Quiz Questions

Compared to children in the elementary grades, young adolescents: A. Can be fairly possessive about their friends B. Rarely share their weaknesses and vulnerabilities with close friends C. Intentionally seek friends who are very different from themselves D. Rely less on their friends for emotional support

A. Can be fairly possessive about their friends

Students have just done well on what was obviously an easy assignment. If their teacher praises them for their success, they are likely to: A. Conclude that they have low ability B. Develop a mastery orientation C. Have high self-efficacy for academic tasks D. Exert more effort next time

A. Conclude that they have low ability

In fifth grade last year, Elena was a happy, easygoing student. Now that she's moved to junior high school and begun sixth grade, she's becoming increasingly anxious and uptight. Three of the following are probable reasons for her growing anxiety. Which one is LEAST likely to be true? A. Her junior high school teachers want to know more about her than her fifth-grade teacher ever did. B. It's harder to get the good grades she was used to getting in elementary school. C. She is finding that she has to compete with her peers, both for grades and for a place on the girls' basketball team. D. She's uncomfortable with the many ways that her body is changing now that she's reached puberty.

A. Her junior high school teachers want to know more about her than her fifth-grade teacher ever did.

When school lunch is delayed for an hour due to an unexpected power outage in the cafeteria, 14-year-old Henrietta is asked to share her box of home-baked cookies with her classmates. Given what developmental researchers have learned about how distributive justice and children's sense of fairness change with age, we would expect Henrietta to: A. Share the cookies equally, but give any extra cookies to classmates whose families don't have much money B. Share the cookies equally among her classmates C. Hide about a third of the cookies for herself and hand out the rest D. Refuse to share any of the cookies, arguing that she baked them herself and so has every right to keep them for herself

A. Share the cookies equally, but give any extra cookies to classmates whose families don't have much money

Ms. Smythe keeps Eric after school whenever he swears in class. Even though Eric has been kept after school each day for the past three weeks, his swearing has increased rather than decreased. Given what we know about the effects of punishment on behavior, Ms. Smythe should probably conclude that: A. Staying after school is reinforcing for Eric. B. The punishment is too severe. C. Eric's swearing will decrease eventually. D. Her punishment is only temporarily suppressing Eric's swearing.

A. Staying after school is reinforcing for Eric.

Only one of the following statements is accurate regarding similarities or differences in moral standards across cultures. Which one? A. Virtually all cultures tend to value both individual rights and compassion for others. B. Intentionally telling lies is considered to be morally wrong in all cultures. C. Because youngsters' notions of right and wrong are based on universal (and possibly inherited) moral principles, there are cultural differences only in social conventions, not in moral standards. D. Because cultures can be so very different from one another, similarities in moral standards are few and far between.

A. Virtually all cultures tend to value both individual rights and compassion for others.

Imagine you are a teacher. You are currently attending a meeting that was convened to discuss Martin, a student in your sixth-grade class whose behavior has been quite disruptive. A psychologist who has recently conducted an in-depth psychological evaluation says that Martin has an emotional-behavioral disorder. From this information you should know that: A. You can't jump to conclusions, Martins problems are probably due to a combination of environmental and biological factors. B. Previous teachers have been inconsistent in how they've treated Martin; some may have been too strict, whereas others have been quite lenient. C. Martin's behavior problems are probably the result of a brain injury or abnormal body chemistry. D. Martin's parents or other primary caregivers have been largely to blame for his behavior problems

A. You can't jump to conclusions, Martins problems are probably due to a combination of environmental and biological factors.

The belief that the person's ability can increase through hard work and persistence is an _______ view of ability. A. incremental B. attributional C. entity D. efficacy

A. incremental

With regard to aggression and prosocial behavior, twin studies suggest that A. monozygotic (identical) twins tend to be more similar than dizygotic (fraternal) twins. B. twins tend to be both more aggressive and more prosocial than non-twin siblings. C. aggression and prosocial behavior do not have a noticeable biological or genetic basis. D. boys are more aggressive than girls, and girls are more prosocial than boys.

A. monozygotic (identical) twins tend to be more similar than dizygotic (fraternal) twins.

Edward is a timid 8-year-old who is shy around his peers. He gets easily frustrated with challenging school assignments and would much prefer to do simple tasks that he can accomplish quickly. If we were to consider three key dimensions of temperament described in the textbook—extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control—we would rate Edward high on: A. negative affectivity B. effortful control C. none of these D. extraversion/surgency

A. negative affectivity

Charlie often struggles to understand and remember what she reads even though she has good word reading skills. Three of the following strategies are consistent with recommendations for promoting reading comprehension. Which one is NOT recommended? A. Ask Charlie to stop occasionally and imagine what is happening in a story, almost as if she were watching a movie in her head. B. Ask Charlie to read at a slower pace than she usually does—ideally, no more than two words per second. C. Ask Charlie to summarize a short textbook passage. D. Draw comparisons between events in a story and Charlie's personal experiences.

B. Ask Charlie to read at a slower pace than she usually does—ideally, no more than two words per second.

Young children sometimes pretend to write "grocery lists," restaurant "menus," and doctors' "prescriptions" in their sociodramatic play. Parents and preschool teachers are apt to see three of the following characteristics in such pseudowriting. Which one are they LEAST likely to see? A. Some drawing mixed in the "writing" B. Periods or commas at the ends of "sentences" C. A few alphabet letters mixed in with other letterlike shapes D. Small spaces between individual letters

B. Periods or commas at the ends of "sentences"

As a parent, you are committed to using induction as a way of promoting your children's moral development. You just discovered that one of your children, John, has been teasing another child every day at recess. You should respond by A. Punishing John by sending him to his room when he gets home from school. B. Punishing John but also asking him to reflect on the other child's feelings about being teased. C. Start teasing John at home whenever possible so he can see what it feels like. D. Talking with the teacher about an appropriate consequence either at school or at home.

B. Punishing John but also asking him to reflect on the other child's feelings about being teased.

The emotions guilt and shame are different from emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger in that they: A. Don't appear until the upper elementary grades at the earliest B. Require awareness of society's standards C. Are seen in boys far more often than in girls D. Are seen only in industrialized societies

B. Require awareness of society's standards

Julie, a sixth grader, nearly always eats lunch with the same five or six girls. They usually spread out at the table so no other girls can join them. Julie's group appears to be: A. a subculture B. a clique C. a gang D. a dominance hierarchy

B. a clique

In a middle school science lab activity, students are looking at how much water objects of varying sizes and weights displace. Lab partners Jack and Jennifer have just put two equal-size balls—one made of plastic and one made of lead—into separate beakers of water and measured how high the water rose in each one. They've observed that the water rose the same amount in the two beakers. Jack says, "That can't be right. The lead ball should push the water up more because it's heavier." Jennifer responds, "We must have measured wrong. Let's try the experiment again." The two students' reasoning reflects A. a nativist view of science development. B. a confirmation bias. C. a substance schema. D. poor visual-spatial ability.

B. a confirmation bias.

As described in the textbook, popular children tend to A. act prosaically to some children but ignore others. B. are socially skilled, showing sensitivity to others and acting cooperatively. C. hold high-status positions in schools, such as being on sport teams. D. use relational aggression to obtain higher social status.

B. are socially skilled, showing sensitivity to others and acting cooperatively.

David loves to interact with other students, and he readily asserts his opinions in class. Within the context of the five dimensions of personality listed in the textbook, you would be most likely to rate David high on A. neuroticism B. extraversion C. conscientiousness D. agreeableness

B. extraversion

While his mother fills out an application form at a new preschool, 18-month-old Colin happily explores a few toys nearby. When Mom momentarily steps out to use the washroom, Colin becomes upset, but he quickly calms down and smiles upon her return. Colin's behavior is most consistent with a(n): A. disorganized attachment B. secure attachment C. insecure-resistent attachment D. insecure-avoidant attachment

B. secure attachment

Which one of the following best describes Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? A. a progression of increasingly abstract understandings of social situations B. A process of becoming increasingly self-confident through the years as one's competence improves C. A series of stages, each of which has a unique developmental task to be addressed D. a series of stages in which people develop increasingly more sophisticated social skills

C. A series of stages, each of which has a unique developmental task to be addressed

Three of the following are accurate statements about the shortcomings of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning. Which one is inaccurate? A. Most elementary school children distinguish between two kinds of "wrong" behaviors—those that are morally wrong and those that violate cultural standards. B. Kohlberg overlooked the importance of caring and compassion in moral reasoning and behavior. C. Children often show conventional thinking consistently for several years and then revert back to preconventional thinking when they reach adolescence. D. The same child may reason at different levels depending on the situation.

C. Children often show conventional thinking consistently for several years and then revert back to preconventional thinking when they reach adolescence.

For the past four afternoons Sheila and Rachel have acted out the same scene with their dolls: The girls put their dolls to bed. The dolls want the light left on. The girls tell the dolls that the light must be turned off at night. The girls then explain at length that the dolls will be safe in bed with the light off. The scene ends with the dolls going to sleep in the "dark" room. Such fantasy play is apt to: A. Intensify the girls' own fear of the dark by focusing their attention on it B. Have little effect on the girls' fear of the dark C. Help the girls constructively work through their own fear of the dark D. Enable the girls to deny their own fear of the dark by projecting it onto the dolls

C. Help the girls constructively work through their own fear of the dark

Which one of the following metacognitive skills related to writing poses a great challenge for even older children and adolescents? A. Writing about a single topic in depth B. Writing complex sentences with one or more dependent clauses C. Identifying problems in their own writing D. Taking the audience into account when writing

C. Identifying problems in their own writing

Which one of the following statements most accurately describes the nature of knowledge telling in a child's writing? A. It is an intentional effort to evoke visual imagery in the reader. B. It reveals a child's inability to use conventional spelling and punctuation. C. It reveals a child's attempt to list facts or ideas, but does not show an awareness of an audience. D. It reflects a child's ability to engage in abstract thinking and scientific reasoning.

C. It reveals a child's attempt to list facts or ideas, but does not show an awareness of an audience.

Three of the following adults are acting in ways consistent with the textbook's recommendations regarding television and interactive media. Which one is NOT? A. During a unit on Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice in her high school English class, Ms. Ingalls shows students excerpts from a recent movie based on the book. B. Mr. Gregorian asks children to speculate on possible reasons why violence is so common in prime-time television programs. C. Mr. Edwards warns children of the many sexual predators on the Internet and urges them not to go online until they are at least sixteen. D. Ms. Ferraro points out how television commercials are intentionally designed to entice children to purchase certain foods, toys, and clothing.

C. Mr. Edwards warns children of the many sexual predators on the Internet and urges them not to go online until they are at least sixteen.

Three of the following factors are influential in young children's ability to form one or more secure attachments to caregivers. Which factor is LEAST important? A. Frequent expressions of affection B. Adults' willingness to let children sometimes take the lead in interactions C. Presence of the same caregiver throughout the day D. Consistency in responding to children's needs

C. Presence of the same caregiver throughout the day

Three of the following are accurate statements about cultural differences in children's emotional responding. Which statement is NOT ACCURATE? A. Children in collectivist cultures are less likely to display negative emotions that might disrupt a group's harmony. B. Group differences in emotional expression are largely due to parental socialization practices. C. Within a culture, emotional expression tends to be consistent; there are few individual differences. D. Children in the United States tend to be more emotionally expressive than children in China

C. Within a culture, emotional expression tends to be consistent; there are few individual differences.

When do most youngsters begin to understand historical time and attach meaning to historical dates? A. about ninth grade B. Usually by kindergarten or first grade C. about fifth grade D. about second grade

C. about fifth grade

Catalina is talking about her experiences in pottery class. "At first I had a really hard time getting the clay centered on the wheel. Then I'd finally get it centered, but the pot would collapse when I tried to pull the walls up. (She laughs.) It was really frustrating, but I just kept practicing over and over. I am doing better now than I did at the beginning of the semester." From her comments, it is clear that Catalina has a: A. social goal. B. core goal C. mastery goal D. performance goal

C. mastery goal

When children in a sixth-grade class are asked whom they would and would not like to do things with, they often mention Willow as someone they don't want to spend time with. In the language of developmental researchers, Willow is a(n): A. shunned child. B. neglected child. C. rejected child. D. controversial child.

C. rejected child.

The one-to-one principle states A. that number names must be counted in the same order. B. that the last number name differs from the previous ones in a counting sequence by denoting the number of objects. C. that there must be one and only one number name for each object that is counted. D. the conventional sequence of the number names.

C. that there must be one and only one number name for each object that is counted.

Three of the following statements describe developmental trends in self-regulation that researchers have observed. Which statement is NOT necessarily consistent with researchers' findings? A. Emotional reactions become more restrained. B. Self-evaluations become more frequent. C. External rules and restrictions become internalized. D. Absent-mindedness largely disappears.

D. Absent-mindedness largely disappears.

Which of the following statements are true about children and adolescents who participate in after-school activities? A. They are not well behaved in the classroom, apparently because they have too much structure and not enough "down time". B. Their academic achievement is slightly lower, apparently as a result of less time for studying. C. They differ very little, if at all, from those who do not participate. D. As high school students, they are less likely to abuse alcohol or drugs.

D. As high school students, they are less likely to abuse alcohol or drugs.

Sam is at the mall with his friends. The other boys are playing video games, but Sam is just watching. Although Sam knows that playing video games is fun, he wants to save up his money to buy a computer. It is clear, then, that Sam: A. Responds to vicarious reinforcement B. Prefers primary reinforcers over secondary reinforcers C. Has an incremental view of ability D. Can delay gratification

D. Can delay gratification

Compared to preschoolers, children in the elementary grades are more likely to: A. Abandon old friendships and form new ones fairly often B. Form friendships with children of the opposite sex C. Be friends with the children of their parents' friends D. Choose friends on the basis of similar characteristics and interests

D. Choose friends on the basis of similar characteristics and interests

Which one of the following children is displaying extrinsic motivation? A. Brad wants to be a veterinarian because he loves animals and wants to help them. B. Roxanne wants to be an accountant because she likes working with numbers. C. Donnetta wants to become an actress because she thinks acting is fun. D. Elbert wants to become a professional football player so others will admire him.

D. Elbert wants to become a professional football player so others will admire him.

Carol Gilligan's theory of moral development differs from Lawrence Kohlberg's theory in that it: A. Proposes that boys exhibit more rapid moral development than girls B. Proposes that girls exhibit more rapid moral development than boys C. Focuses more on a "human rights" perspective of moral development D. Focuses more on the development of caring and compassion

D. Focuses more on the development of caring and compassion

Three of the following would be considered moral transgressions. Which one is an example instead of a conventional transgression? A. Telling a lie that ruins a classmate's reputation B. Stealing a fellow student's homework assignment C. Shoving a younger child to the ground D. Forgetting to say "thank you" when getting a gift

D. Forgetting to say "thank you" when getting a gift

Three of the following prosocial behaviors are typical for the age group. Which one is NOT typical? A. Ten-year-old Jack helps his mother organize materials for a school fundraiser. B. Fourteen-year-old Rose volunteers to help serve Thanksgiving dinner at a homeless shelter because she thinks that doing so will make her more popular at school. C. Two-year-old Mohammed tries to comfort a crying infant by offering her the blanket he usually sleeps with at naptime. D. Four-year-old Molly donates her favorite teddy bear to a toy collection for earthquake victims in Asia

D. Four-year-old Molly donates her favorite teddy bear to a toy collection for earthquake victims in Asia

Most developmental psychologists believe that temperament: A. Arises from the complex interaction of the genetic inheritance of the two parents B. Is almost completely a product of the socialization efforts of parents and other adults C. Has a strong biological basis and is resistant to socialization efforts. D. Involves certain genetic dispositions, which are moderately open to socialization

D. Involves certain genetic dispositions, which are moderately open to socialization

Fourteen-year-old Ruth mistakenly believes that the number 0.349 is larger than the number 0.80. Which one of the following explanations of her error is most likely? A. Most 14-year-olds are not yet capable of proportional reasoning. B. Ruth has not yet mastered the part-whole principle. C. Ruth has acquired few if any metacognitive strategies for learning and remembering mathematics. D. Ruth is misapplying a principle of whole numbers.

D. Ruth is misapplying a principle of whole numbers.

Several students in Mr. Samber's class have trouble keeping themselves on task during independent seatwork assignments. Mr. Samber gives each of these students a piece of paper on which they are to make a check mark every time they find themselves doing something other than their assignment during seatwork time. Mr. Samber is applying which one of the following concepts? A. Vicarious reinforcement B. Primary reinforcement C. Extrinsic motivation D. Self-monitoring

D. Self-monitoring

Four-year-old Rosemary picks up a picture book and pretends to read it to one of her preschool classmates. "Once upon a time," she says, "there was a fairy princess. She was very beautiful. A handsome prince asked her to marry him. They lived happily ever after. The end." Which one of the following is the most reasonable interpretation of Rosemary's behavior? A. Her lack of attention to the words on the page suggests possible dyslexia. B. She is engaging in knowledge transforming. C. She has a good working sight vocabulary D. She has acquired a story schema for fairytales.

D. She has acquired a story schema for fairytales.

Researchers look at a variety of factors when they evaluate the quality of child care centers. Which one of the following are they LEAST likely to look at? A. The adult-child ratio at the center B. The training and experience of the staff C. The use of developmentally appropriate activities D. The ethnic and racial makeup of the children

D. The ethnic and racial makeup of the children

Tim and Sally are seventh graders at a school science fair. They both receive As on their science projects. Considering gender differences in children's attributions, how are the two students likely to explain their good grades? A. Tim will attribute his A to his many nights of hard work. Sally will think, "I got an A because I'm good in science." B. Tim will think that he is lucky when it comes to projects like this. Sally will think that she succeeded because her father is a scientist and she inherited his ability. C. Tim will think, "My project got an A because I had a lot of help from my friends." Sally will think, "I got an A because I'm smarter than the other kids." D. Tim will think, "I got an A because I'm really good in science." Sally will think, "I got an A because I worked really hard on my project."

D. Tim will think, "I got an A because I'm really good in science." Sally will think, "I got an A because I worked really hard on my project."

Which one of the following students is definitely demonstrating automatization in word recognition A. When Samantha reads aloud, her voice lacks expression. B. When Roland reads, he has to sound out most of the words. C. When Wyatt listens to someone say a new word, he closes his eyes and tries to imagine how it might be spelled. D. When Kristen reads, she recognizes words by sight and recalls their meanings immediately.

D. When Kristen reads, she recognizes words by sight and recalls their meanings immediately.

At a Parent Teacher Association (PTA) meeting at your school, several parents complain about the moral decline of today's youth and argue that the school should be giving regular lectures about the importance of honesty, loyalty, generosity, and so on. If the teachers and school administrators are up to date on research regarding moral development, they should respond by saying that such lecture A. Are likely to be effective for junior high and high school students but not for elementary school students B. Can be effective only if parents urge their children to take the lectures seriously. C. Are likely to be effective for elementary students but not for junior high and high school students. D. Would do little if anything to promote moral development.

D. Would do little if anything to promote moral development.

In the long term, rewarding children for engaging in prosocial behavior leads to: A. a reduction in bullying and other forms of antisocial behavior. B. an increase in prosocial behavior as children develop. C. internalization of morals and a desire to help others. D. a decline in true prosocial behavior and more self-serving behaviors.

D. a decline in true prosocial behavior and more self-serving behaviors.

Like authoritative parents, effective teachers generally had an approach that mixes which of the following factors? A. a hands-off approach and emphasis on student problem their own problems B. a focus on teacher-centered instruction and structured lessons C. Strict behavioral guidelines and effective enforcement D. clear rules and consideration of the students' needs

D. clear rules and consideration of the students' needs

Curtis works hard at school because he knows it will lead to good grades, praise from his mother, and money from his father. What kind of reinforcers are most effective with Curtis? A. vicarious reinforcers B. primary reinforcers C. situational intrest D. secondary reinforcers

D. secondary reinforcers