test 3 review
In what ways are these countries similar to the United States and in what ways are they different? In what ways are these countries similar to the Israel and in what ways are they different?
Similar uncertainty avoidance to U.S. and to Israel
Israeli Media
TV wasn't available until 1968. Throughout much of its brief history, Israel has seen a higher level of cooperation between journalists and the government than is the case in many other parts of the world with a free press. dominant media medium is radio Israeli journalists tend not to be particularly representative of the population as a whole. -- more secular and educated 90% of population reads newspaper every weekday
What happened on Feb. 1, 2021?
The military seized control on 1 February 2021 following a general election which Aung San Suu Kyi's NLD party won by a landslide. It had backed the opposition, who were demanding a re-run of the vote claiming widespread fraud. The election commission said there was no evidence to support these claims.
What happened in Belarus and how was the country's Freedom House score affected?
The second-largest decline in this year's report occurred in Belarus, which lost eight points as security forces attempted to crush antigovernment demonstrations triggered by the fraudulent reelection of Alyaksandr Lukashenka. The crackdown left a handful of protesters dead and hundreds at risk of torture in the country's jails
Describe the situation in Eqypt.
The steady collapse of freedom in Egypt continued for the eighth straight year, as the regime of President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi stage-managed parliamentary elections and worked to silence the country's remaining independent journalists and civil society activists, including by harassing the Egypt-based families of dissidents living abroad.
Middle East Technology
There are nearly 1.2 cell phones for every person. The Internet penetration rate is 70 percent, compared to 59 percent globally. Kuwait, Qatar and the the United Arab Emirates all have 99 percent social media penetration rates, tied for the highest in the world. (On the other hand, there does appear to be somewhat of a social media digital divide in the region. Despite the fact that in the three countries previously mentioned virtually everybody is on social media, the regional penetration rate is 48 percent, 1 percentage point below the global average.) Both the number of internet users and the number of social media users in the region increased by 14 percent in 2019. That compared to global increases of 7 percent and 9 percent, respectively.
Which Middle Eastern country had the highest percentage of trust in mass media in 2017 and what was the percentage? Which Middle Eastern country had the lowest percentage of trust in mass media in 2017 and what was the percentage? How does trust in the mass media in the Middle East compare to that of the United States?
UAE 88% Tunisia 56% Trust in media has decreased in both Middle East and US, but US has decidedly less trust. More likely to trust mass media than social media
Which countries were included when calculating the Middle Eastern average?
United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Lebanon, Tunisia, Qatar
How is WhatsApp used differently in the Middle East as compared to the United States?
Whatsapp used much more in ME, 67% uses it and 28% get their news from there. Only 2% Americans get news from Whatsapp
To what extent is the company's founder investing around the world?
accessible around the world
Describe the differing reactions to the situation in Myanmar by the United States and China.
accused security forces of "reign of terror" us, uk, european union have imposed sanctions on military officials China blocked a UN Security Council statement condemning the coup, but has backed calls for a return to democratic norms.
In what ways are these countries similar to Australia and in what ways are they different?
australia has lower power distance, long-term orientation, uncertainty aus has higher individualism, indulgence similar masculinity
If you had to generalize about the Northern European countries you looked at, do they tend to be higher or lower in indulgence?
avg 50s/70s
What percentage of people in the Middle East and North Africa live in a free country, a partly free country, and a not free country? What percentage of countries in the Middle East and North Africa are free, partly free and not free?
by population: 5% free, 10% partly free, 85% not free by country: 11% free, 17% partly free, 72% not free
If you had to generalize about the Asian countries you looked at, do they tend to be more individualist, collectivist or mixed?
collectivist
If you had to generalize about the Eastern European countries you looked at, do they tend to be more individualist or collectivist?
collectivist
What percentage of countries in the Eurasia region are free, partly free, and not free? What percentage of people in the Eurasia region are free, partly free, and not free?
countries: 33% partly free, 67% not free population: 18% partly free, 82% not free
What percentage of countries in the European region are free, partly free, and not free? What percentage of people in the European region are free, partly free, and not free?
countries: 81% free, 17% partly free, 2% not free population: 83% free, 4% partly free, 13% not free
How have the Saudis dealt with Al-Jazeera?
disliked it, deemed controversial banned men from watching at work
Who is Aung San Suu Kyi? Why has her international reputation suffered?
elected leader myanmar's treatment of rohingya minority (thousands killed, 700k forced to flee to bangladesh)
If you had to generalize about the Eastern European countries you looked at, do they tend to be more masculine or feminine?
fem
If you had to generalize about the Northern European countries you looked at, do they tend to be more masculine or feminine?
fem
What is Bhangra? Where can it be found?
folk dance originating from the Indian state of Punjab. It's a high-impact, high-energy, aerobic style of dance which involves a lot of jumps and high knees. Bhangra music and dance is often incorporated into Bollywood. Bhangra also has a sizable presence in Western music.
If you had to generalize about the Asian countries you looked at, do they tend to be high, low or mixed on power distance?
high
If you had to generalize about the Eastern European countries you looked at, do they tend to be high or low on power distance?
high
If you had to generalize about the Eastern European countries you looked at, do they tend to be higher or lower in terms of uncertainty avoidance?
high
If you had to generalize about the Western European countries you looked at, do they tend to be higher or lower in indulgence?
high germany low tho
Alibaba has various ways it profits on any transaction. Explain.
host businesses and merchants sell bulk orders to suppliers who then sell on their websites buying, selling, financing
If you had to generalize about the Northern European countries you looked at, do they tend to be more individualist or collectivist?
individualist
If you had to generalize about the Western European countries you looked at, do they tend to be more individualist or collectivist?
individualist
Who founded Alibaba? What are his ambitions?
jack maw wanted to rival ebay
What are Hindi and Urdu? What role do they play in Bollywood films?
languages spoken in India Bollywood films and songs are all done in Hindi. Urdu makes recurring appearances in both bc it has a large presence in Indian poetry
If you had to generalize about the Eastern European countries you looked at, do they tend to take a more long-term orientation or a more short-term orientation?
long
If you had to generalize about the Western European countries you looked at, do they tend to take a more long-term orientation or a more short-term orientation?
long-term
If you had to generalize about the Asian countries you looked at, do they tend to take a more long-term orientation, more short-term orientation or mixed?
long-term india is exception, 51 but everywhere is 80s+
If you had to generalize about the Asian countries you looked at, do they tend to be high indulgence, low indulgence, or mixed?
low
If you had to generalize about the Eastern European countries you looked at, do they tend to be higher or lower in indulgence?
low
If you had to generalize about the Northern European countries you looked at, do they tend to be high or low on power distance?
low
If you had to generalize about the Northern European countries you looked at, do they tend to be higher or lower in terms of uncertainty avoidance?
low
If you had to generalize about the Western European countries you looked at, do they tend to be high or low on power distance?
low
If you had to generalize about the Western European countries you looked at, do they tend to be more masculine or feminine?
masc
Who is Min Aung Hlaing?
military commander-in-chief
If you had to generalize about the Asian countries you looked at, do they tend to be higher, lower or mixed in terms of uncertainty avoidance?
mixed china: 30 india: 40 japan: 92 south korea: 85 taiwan: 69
If you had to generalize about the Western European countries you looked at, do they tend to be higher or lower in terms of uncertainty avoidance?
mixed germany: 65 switzerland: 58 uk: 35
If you had to generalize about the Asian countries you looked at, do they tend to be more masculine, feminine or mixed?
mixed china: 66 india: 56 japan: 95 south korea: 39 taiwan: 45
What is Bollywood dancing and what are its influences?
modern Indian dance, eclectic in nature and inspired. by classical Indian dance and Western genres like jazz, hip hop, contemporary
Who is Sadyr Japarov and what impact did he have on his country's Freedom House score and rating?
nationalist politician serving time on a kidnapping conviction—seized power as both prime minister and president. At year's end, Japarov had advanced a new draft constitution that could reshape Kyrgyzstan's political system in the mold of its authoritarian neighbors. The country earned an 11-point score decline— the largest in Freedom in the World 2021—and its status declined to Not Free.
Al-Jazeera
network was started by the Emir of Qatar, whose goal was to launch a regional station that would challenge Saudi Arabian dominance of Middle Eastern media. Al-Jazeera's motto is "opinion and the other opinion." Bush reportedly had to be talked out of having the military bomb Al-Jazeera's headquarters as it Qatar.
How are journalists and people on social media supposed to refer to the war in Ukraine?
not allowed Russian officials claim that journalists writing critically about the war — or calling it a "war" or an "invasion" — are undermining the national interest, even referring to them as traitors.
What's surprising about the fact Psy writes his own songs and choreographs his own videos?
not typical of south korean artists
Satellite TV
one of the highest adoption rates of satellite television in the world the content is free to viewers. 300 satellite channels operating in the region.
How have these owners used their power to influence media content?
only talk good of SA
What is "Gangnan Style" about?
ostentatious wealth and self-importance
Who is Rodrigo Duterte? What does Freedom House say has happened in his country?
philippines president used the pandemic to silence people — shuttered major broadcaster, arrested social media users for critical posts, adopted vaguely worded antiterrorism law that allowed people to be arbitrarily labeled as terrorists/detained without warrants for speech-related offenses
What percentage of the population in Asia-Pacific is free, partly free, and not free? By country status, what percentage of countries in Asia-Pacific are free, partly free and not free?
population: 6% free, 54% partly free, 40% not free country: 44% free, 33% partly free, 23% not free
Describe the situation in Thailand.
protesters who claimed for democratic reforms were arrested and water cannons were used against them status changed from partly free to not free
What's Echo of Moscow and how did it respond to Russia's new law?
radio station in Russia shut down under pressure from state
Describe the situation in Myanmar.
restricted public assembly following coup
"Face"
saving face is not just about maintaining one's own reputation but about not bringing shame to one's family or in-group Western models of communication don't adequately capture how people communicate in the East because they don't factor in empathy for the other communicator people in the East are far more likely to consider the feelings of the other person
If you had to generalize about the Northern European countries you looked at, do they tend to take a more long-term orientation or a more short-term orientation?
short
What do credit cards and coffee have to do with anything?
south koreans have more credit card debt than americans, many live off credit since mid-90s. avg adult has 5 credit cards coffee expensive in south korea
Describe what happened in Cambodia.
spread of misinfo generated by political leaders flooded communication lines, hid reliable data, and jeopardized lives. dictators exploited crisis and grew stronger prime minister Hun Sen presided over arrests of many people who allegedly spread misinfo linked to covid
What makes the song "surprisingly subversive"?
subtext with a surprisingly subversive message about class and wealth in contemporary South Korean society. That message would be awfully mild by American standards -- this is no "Born in the U.S.A." -- but South Korea is a very different place, and it's a big deal that even this gentle social satire is breaking records on Korean pop charts long dominated by cotton candy.
Arab Journalists
tend to be young, male and Muslim one in five reported making less than $250 a month When given a list of possible roles journalists should play, the one selected most often was calling for political reform (75 percent) roles traditionally ranked high by Western journalists, such as investigating claims of government (40 percent), fell far down the Arab priority list. Arab journalists report having a low levels of editorial autonomy. Arab journalists tend to say economic issues (such as advertising and profit expectations) have a large influence on how they do their jobs. Arab journalists say their bosses have a medium high to high level of influence over their work. Arab journalists say their personal networks have a lot of influence on how they do their jobs. Whether Arab journalists say procedural factors have a little influence or a lot of influence on how they do their jobs tends to vary by country. Arab journalists tend to embrace the collaborative role. Arab journalists tend to embrace the interventionist role. Arab journalists tend to embrace the populist role. Whether Arab journalists embrace the monitorial role tends to vary by country. This probably relates back to the fact that the degree to whether procedural factors are an issue (see above).
What event convinced many of Saudi Arabia's wealthiest individuals to become media owners?
the Gulf War people were left out of the loop, wealthy people stepped in to ensure media was available in SA
A number of countries in the Middle East and North Africa took advantage of __________________ to tamp down protests.
the pandemic
What percentage of Middle Easterners say they get news on their phone daily? What about in America?
two-thirds less
What's the new penalty in Russia for disseminating "false" information about the war in Ukraine?
under the new law, "those who lied and made declarations discrediting our armed forces will be forced to suffer very harsh punishment." The text of the new law offered few details about what constituted an offense, but Russian journalists and Kremlin opponents take it to mean that any contradiction of the government's statements on the invasion could be treated as a crime. Besides criminalizing the sharing of "false information," it makes "discrediting" Russia's use of its military in Ukraine, calling on other countries to impose sanctions on Russia or protesting Russia's invasion of Ukraine punishable by fines and years of imprisonment.
What are Psy's ties to America? How does the article suggest these ties may have influenced him?
went to school in us, exposed to american society
Who was invited to the White House press briefing described in the article and why were they invited?
30 top tiktok stars tiktok has become a source of news re the war
What makes Park Jaesang such an unlikely star?
34 south korean celebrities are typically very young he's also been busted for marijuana/avoiding country's mandatory military service
Taiwan
5,000 Seven Eleven convenience stores
Where did Alibaba begin and how many countries does it operate in?
5mil people use it every month founded by ceo jack maw in 1999 in china, used in 200+ countries
How does the percentage of people who get news daily on their phone compare to the percentages for TV news, newspapers and radio news?
78% TV, 67% smartphone, 33% radio, 20% computer, 17% newspaper, 13% tablet
Communication Tech in Asia
Although it has more than one mobile connection per person, only 56 percent of the population has internet access, and the social media penetration rate is 50 percent. On the other hand, things are changing quickly. In 2019, internet and social media penetration rates increased by 9.2 percent and 9.8 percent, respectively. And because Asia is the most populous continent, there's still plenty of room for growth. In terms of the raw numbers of new internet users in 2019, there were five Asian countries in the top 10. India led the way, followed by Indonesia and China. Remarkably, India saw a 23 percent increase in internet users in one year. And there's plenty of room for additional growth on the continent. There are more than a billion people in Southern Asia without internet access and another 625 million without internet in East Asia. More than half of all Indians didn't have internet access at the start of the 2022, and the same was true for 29 percent of people in China. By region, Eastern Asia had an internet penetration rate of 73% at the start of 2022, compared to 46% in South Asia. Clearly, there remains a digital divide in the region.
Asian Journalists
Asian journalists tend to have relatively little autonomy, but journalists in India report medium levels of autonomy. Journalists in a majority of Asian countries for which we have data report medium-high organizational influences. Journalists in Asia tend to report medium high to high economic influence on their work. Procedural influences tend to be low in much of Asia but are high in India. Of the four journalistic roles, the collaborative role is the most dominant, with high support across much of the continent. The next most popular role is the populist role, with medium high support. The third most popular role is the interventionist role, with medium to medium-high support. The least popular role is the monitorial role, with medium to medium -low support.
What does the article have to say about the BBC?
BBC is being accused and has ceased operation of media in the country
Who is considered the Rupert Murdoch of the Middle East?
Bin Talai
What other name does the country go by? Why does it have two names?
Burma ruling military changed name from burma to myanmar 1989. mean the same thing, myanmar is the more formal version. other countries (UK included) used the name to deny the regime's legitimacy
Fill in the blanks: ______________ placed the democracies of Europe, ___________________________________ in Freedom in the World 2021, under severe strain. Leaders confronted hard choices, postponing _______________ and locking down ___________, and their decisions were implemented __________: enforcement of restrictions on _____________, for example, often discriminated against _________________, including _________ in France and ________ in Bulgaria.
COVID-19 placed the democracies of Europe, the top performing region in Freedom in the World 2021, under severe strain. Leaders confronted hard choices, postponing elections and locking down cities, and their decisions were implemented imperfectly: enforcement of restrictions on movement, for example, often discriminated against marginalized groups, including immigrants in France and Roma in Bulgaria
Chinese Mass Media
China has more broadcast TV stations than any other country in the world, and it has more than 2,000 newspapers and another 9,000 magazines. Until the last few decades, all Chinese media were owned and controlled by the state. Even now, most media are owned by the government or the communist party. However, even government owned media outlets are expected to pay their own way through advertising revenue. It wasn't until 1979 that media were even allowed to sell advertising. Over the last 30 years, advertising in China has grown by an average of 35 percent a year. This growth has been fueled by a couple things. The first is China's growing middle class, which has money to spend on products and services that are advertised. The second is that China has deregulated various business sectors and allowed more competition, firms in those sectors have had a greater need to compete for customers. China has the largest censorship apparatus of any government in history and reportedly spends billions of dollars to control information. China is rated as "not free" by Freedom House and falls just outside the worst of the worst. The first TV station was launched in 1958 with the express goal of promoting the government and party agenda. There are 2,262 broadcast stations in China, more than any other country in the world. Every single station if affiliated with some level of government. All stations have to give a portion of their advertising revenue back to the government. Competition for ratings has become fierce. because of the power of TV to reach large audiences, stations are censored to a greater degree than other media. For example, a talk show that discussed homosexuality was shutdown even though the topic is widely discussed on the Internet. The government a few years back came up with a moral code it called the 8 Honors and 8 Shames that identified good and bad behaviors and all stations were forced to promote it. China essentially has its own version of the internet because of what's know as the Great Firewall of China. People in China can communicate with one another but are largely cut off from the outside world. Then there's the fact that every person in China needs an identification code to log onto the internet, which means there's no such thing as anonymity as far as the government is concerned. Lest anybody forget, cartoon figures pop up on the Internet to remind people that the government is watching what they read and write on the Internet. Finally, there's something called the 50 Cent Army. These People are paid that amount to post pro-government comments on websites. The Internet drives a good deal of the content in traditional media. One reason is that if a story is already on the Internet, then editors feel a little more emboldened to cover it themselves. It's also the fact that China is a massive place and no news organization can possibly know everything that's going on. By watching what non journalists are posting (and what people are already talking about and commenting on), journalists find stories they might no otherwise know about. One area where Chinese Media have changed and grown dramatically is the area of business journalisms. This includes business journalism in traditional newspapers and magazines as well as business publications and websites. As China has moved to more of a market-based economy, there has been a much larger demand for business information. If you want to make money, timely and accurate information is crucial. Interestingly, the government has show much less inclination to censor business information than other types of information. More than 96 percent of people have access to TV, and most watch several hours a day. What's remarkable about this is that when the first TV network was launched in 1958, there were only about 30 TV sets on which to watch it. The dominant network is China Central Television, which has 16 channels and reaches the entire country. References to sex and violence are generally censored. And if there ever is any violence, the bad guys must eventually pay. The government limits the amount of foreign content that can be shown, but American shows such as "Everybody Loves Raymond" and "ER" have been broadcast. But what happens more often than not is that Chinese producers rip off an idea from another country without paying any royalties. Game shows and other forms of reality television are hugely popular. In fact one critic noted that "the curse of Chinese TV, apart from being state-controlled and defacto censored, is the proliferation of stupid low-budget 'reality' shows." In terms of media ownership in China, one increasingly major player is the Alibaba Group. Alibaba is one of the 10 largest companies in the entire world and when it began selling stock on the New York Stock Exchange a few years back it had the largest initial public offering in history up to that point. The company initially began as China's alternative to eBay but it's expanded well beyond that.
If you had to generalize about the Arab countries you looked at, do they tend to be more individualist, collectivist or mixed?
Collectivist
What's the plot of DDJL? At the time the article was published, how long had it been in theaters?
DDLJ is the acronym for the quintessential Bollywood rom-com, Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ("The Brave-Hearted Will Take the Bride"). Yes it's a mouthful, but it's a Bollywood must see. Starring heartthrob Shahrukh Khan, the movie follows the tale of a young couple who meet and fall in love during a vacation in Europe and all the complications which ensue thereafter. Till this date, DDLJ holds the world record for the longest-running film in theaters—a whopping 1009 weeks (almost 20 years)—due to its widespread popularity.
Who have Russian internet regulators accused of engaging in discrimination against Russian news media?
If you had to generalize about the Arab countries you looked at, do they tend to be higher uncertainty avoidance, lower uncertainty avoidance or mixed?
High
If you had to generalize about the Arab countries you looked at, do they tend to be high power distance, low on power distance or mixed?
High power distance
Describe emergency laws in Jordan and what impact they had on the country's Freedom House status.
In Jordan, emergency laws enacted in response to the pandemic were among those used to detain thousands of teachers who participated in massive strikes and protests led by the Teachers' Syndicate, which was ultimately dissolved. In light of its blanket ban on protests and the closure of the union, as well as an electoral framework that gave significant advantages to pro-government forces during the year's elections, Jordan's status declined from Partly Free to Not Free.
Compare what happened on Kosovo to what happened in Montenegro.
In Kosovo, the political old guard ousted Prime Minister Albin Kurti's short-lived government and formed a new one, unconstitutionally. Conversely, Montenegro bucked a six-year string of score declines, as elections resulted in the first transfer of power to the opposition in the country's independent history.
Describe what happened in Poland.
In Poland, the ruling party cited the health crisis as justification for an illegal, last-minute attempt to bypass the electoral commission and unilaterally arrange postal voting for the presidential election. Though this failed and the election was held at a later date, it was marred by the misuse of state resources and criminal charges against LGBT+ activists.
What did Freedom House have to say about Ukraine?
In Ukraine, President Volodymyr Zelenskyy's reform campaign faltered in the face of the pandemic and political corruption, culminating in a constitutional crisis. Armenian prime minister Nikol Pashinyan made some headway in his reform drive, but the consensus behind his government was shattered by defeat in the autumn war with Azerbaijan. That war brought death and despair to Nagorno-Karabakh, just months after the unrecognized territory held historically competitive elections. These gains evaporated amid the fighting, which claimed scores of civilian lives and led to an exodus of much of the ethnic Armenian population. COVID-19 inflicted suffering everywhere, although the notoriously opaque government of Turkmenistan remained in denial, claiming implausibly that the country was free of the virus. Among the pandemic's other effects on human rights across the region, separatist authorities closed down humanitarian corridors into the breakaway regions of Eastern Donbas in Ukraine and South Ossetia in Georgia.
Indian Mass Media
India is the world's largest democracy and is rated a free by Freedom House. However, Reporters Without Borders notes that journalists and bloggers do face serious challenges. Economically, India is one of the four BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China), which refers to fast growing and developing economies. India has a huge population, and it's adding 15 million people added each year. More than a quarter of the population is under 15. first film was made in 1913 and by the 1930s there were hundreds of films a year. Bollywood really came of age in the 1930s and 1940s. With India facing the Great Depression, WWII and social strife (it had yet to gain its independence from the British), people were looking for a way to escape. That tradition remains. The tradition is to try to appeal to a broad cross section of the audience rather than a narrower niche, as is often the case in Hollywood. These are mostly musicals with song and dance woven into the script. Indian moviegoers want to get a good value, so films typically try to give them a little bit of everything: music, a love triangle, comedy and action all mixed into one. There's also often social commentary mixed in.
Japanese Mass Media
Japanese media system is far from a carbon copy of the American system, altho some journalism unis in Japan are heavily influenced by America unique about the Japanese press system is the Kisha Club system. Much of the information that the Japanese government and major organizations put out to journalists is only made available at these press clubs. There are about 800 clubs in Japan (typically set up in a government office or some other official place), and only members of the club have access to the information. And clubs determine collectively what things individual journalists may report. News organizations must pay dues to belong to the clubs, which exclude freelance journalists and foreign correspondents. Critics of the Kisha system say that journalists get too chummy with their sources. Oi and colleagues described it this way: "The Kisha clubs operate as a kind of cartel for news based on close relationships between journalists and sources. Generally speaking, Japanese journalists don't see it as their role to seek social justice, arouse public opinion or to be a voice for the voiceless. journalists not only should be impartial observers or bystanders of events, but also should not take sides in analytical stories or editorial stories." Japanese newspapers have higher penetration rates than nearly any other country in the world. Virtually everybody in Japan has access to television, and the Japanese TV market is served by both public and commercial stations. The NHK (Nippon Hoso Kyokai, which translates as the Japanese Broadcasting Corp.) is similar to the BBC in England. It's funded by a tax on television sets that's used to fund 54 local stations as well as national satellite TV and radio networks. In addition to NHK, there are five national commercial TV networks. Each of these networks has a working relationship with one of the five leading newspapers in the country.
Describe the situation in Lebanon.
Lack of state accountability was also linked to the loss of human life in Lebanon, where a series of government failures led to a tremendous chemical explosion in Beirut's port complex that killed scores of people, injured thousands, and inflicted massive structural damage across the city. An investigation into the blast encountered considerable resistance from incumbent political forces.
If you had to generalize about the Arab countries you looked at, do they tend to be higher indulgence, lower indulgence or mixed?
Low indulgence
What's a Masala film and where does the name come from?
Masala is the Hindi word for "spice." Masala films have everything—romance, comedy, action, drama, songs, dances, thrills, and of course, melodrama. They are commercially successful and aim to please as wide an audience as possible. They are often considered mainstream in relation to other Bollywood films.
South Korean Mass Media
Mass Media in South Korea changed dramatically in 1987 when the country got a democratic government for the first time. One big thing that changed was the level of media competition. For example, the number of newspapers jumped from 30 in 1987 to roughly 100 five years later. Many South Korean media outlets have sought to find an audience by placing themselves at a particular place on the political spectrum. In this sense, it's similar to what FOX News and MSNBC have done in America. One difference is that newspapers have done this as well as broadcast outlets. Both audiences and advertising for news (print and broadcast) have declined in recent years. Son and colleagues note that "advertisers have emerged as the most influential element that affects journalists news selection." South Korea has become a hub for popular culture that is exported to the rest of Asia and even the United States (see Gangnam Style). The word for this is "hallyu," which means Korean Wave. South Korean media content reportedly sells better than American content (although that's popular as well) in Southeast Asia because Korean sensibilities are closer than American sensibilities to those of other Asian audiences. It's also the case that people find it easier to relate to TV and movie characters that look more like them.
If you had to generalize about the Arab countries you looked at, do they tend to be masculine, feminine or mixed?
More feminine (avg masculinity scores around 45)
Describe the outcome of the Russian referendum.
President Vladimir Putin was handed the right to stay in power through 2036 in a rigged referendum, with official results showing 78 percent approval. Comparatively free but flawed parliamentary elections in Georgia deepened that country's political crisis, as the second round of voting was boycotted by the opposition.
What's the Novaya Gazeta and how did it respond to Russia's new law?
Russia's last major independent newspaper said they were deleting content about the war
If you had to generalize about the Arab countries you looked at, do they tend to take a long-term orientation, a short-term orientation or are they mixed?
Short-term orientation
