Test 3 Review

What is a muscle producing particular movement called?

Agonist or prime mover

What is a muscle whose actions oppose those of the prime mover?

Antagonist

What is the enlarged fleshy portion of a muscle made up of muscle fibers?

Belly

Identify: Origin-Xiphoind process, costal cartilages of last six ribs and lumbar vertebrae. Insertion-central tendon. Action-Pulls central tendon inferiorly.

Diaphragm

Identify: Origin-Anterior belly: Digastric fossa of the mandible. Posterior belly: Mastoid groove or notch of the temporal bone. Insertion-Hyoid bone. Action-Depressed mandible-elevates hyoid.

Digastric

Identify: A massive extensor consisting of three groups that are found from the sacrum to the skull and work to extend the spine or, if only one side contracts, to bring about lateral flexion.

Erector spinae

What muscle forms the bulge on either side of the medial furrow (the depression running along most of the length of the back)?

Erector spinae

List the four characteristics of muscle tissue.

Excitability Contractility Elasticity Extensibility

Identify: Origin External surface of 5th to 12th ribs. Insertion-Anterior half of iliac crest, pubic tubercle, and linea alba (The linea alba is a white line of fibrous tissue running vertically from the sternum to the pubic symphysis in the anterior abdominal wall.) Action-Compresses's and supports abdominal viscera; flexes and rotates trunk.

External abdominal Obliques

Identify: Origin-Inferior border of a rib from costal tubercle to end of a rib at articulation with costal cartilage. Insertion-Superior border of rib just inferior to rib of origin. Action-Elevates ribs during inspiration as needed.

External intercostals

In regard to muscles, what are those which have their origin outside of the structure on which they have their action.

Extrinsic

How might the sternocleidomastoid aid in respiration?

Help lift the top of the chest in inspiration

Most skeletal muscles cross one or more joints to bring about movements in those joints. Which attachment of a muscle usually moves when a muscle contracts?

Insertion

Identify: Origin-Anterior 2/3 of iliac crest, lateral half of inguinal ligament, and thoracolumbar fascia (the thoracolumbar fascia is an aponeurosis on the posterior side of the body in the thoracic and lumbar regions). Insertion-Lines alba, costal cartilage of last three or four ribs. Action Compresses and supports abdominal viscera; flexes and rotates trunk.

Internal Abdominal Oblique

Identify: Origin-superior border of a rib from costal angle to sternum. Insertion-Inferior border of rib just superior to rib of origin. Action-Interchondral portion elevates and draws ribs together during inspiration as needed. Interosseous portion depresses and draws ribs together during expiration as needed.

Internal Intercostals

In regard to muscles, what are those whose origin and insertion are both within the structure under consideration?

Intrinsic

Identify: Origin-Superior head: Infratemporal surface and infratemporal crest of greater wing of sphenoid bone. Inferior head: Lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate. Insertion-Superior head: Articular disc and capsule of temporomandibular joint. Inferior head: Anterior side of mandibular condyloid process. Action-Protracts mandible.

Lateral pterygoid muscle

Identify the muscle located in the ocular region, but not attached to the eyeball. It arises from the under surface of the small wing of the sphenoid, inserts on the eyelid, and acts to raise it.

Levator palpabrae superioris

Identify: Origin- zygomatic arch. Insertion Lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible. Action-elevates and protracts mandible.

Masseter

Identify: Origin-deep head: Medial surface lateral ptyergoid plate and pyramidal process of palatine bone. Superficial head: Tuberosity of maxilla. Insertion-Medial ramus of mandible. Action-Elevates and protracts mandible. Moves mandible medially.

Medial pterygoid muscle

What is the study of muscles?

Myology

Identify: Origin: Sternal ends of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th ribs Insertion: Coracoid process of the scapula Action: Pulls scapula forward and downward.

Pectoralis minor

What is the thin, superficial, sheet-like muscle originating on the fascia of the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles and inserting on the lower border of the mandible and the corners of the mouth? It draws the corners of the mouth downward and may assist in opening the mouth.

Platysma

In some situations, as when you lay an object on a table, a muscle is actually getting longer while doing what you want. One of the characteristics of muscle is contractility. Yet a muscle allowing you to extend your elbow in a controlled fashion is not getting shorter. What is it doing in order to allow this controlled movement?

Producing force

Identify: Origin-Iliac crest and iliolumbar ligament. Insertion- Transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae and the twelfth rib. Action-Contraction of one side flexes the vertebral column laterally. Contraction of both sides extends the vertebral column.

Quadrantus lumborum

Identify: Origin-pubic crest and symphysis pubis. Insertion- Costal cartilages of fifth through seventh ribs and Xiphoid process. Action-Flexes vertebral column. Compresses and supports abdominal viscera.

Rectus Abdominis

What are brands of connective tissue that hold tendons in place? These are found in the extremities. Most are distal and hold the long tendons of muscles in place. Some occur in anterior portion of the knee to hold the patella in place.

Retinacula

Identify: Origin-Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae. Insertion-First and second ribs. Action-Flexes neck laterally. Elevates rib cage.

Scalenes

Identify: Origin: External surfaces of lateral parts of ribs 1-8/9 Insertion: Anterior vertebral border of the scapula Action: Pulls scapula forward and downward

Serrates anterior

What is a muscle that assists the prime mover in its action?

Synergist -Triceps -Anconeus

Identify: Origin-Temporal fossa and deep surface of temporal fascia. Insertion: Coronoid process of the mandible. Action-Elevates the mandible.

Temporalis

What are cordlike structures that attach muscle to bone, skin, or other structures?

Tendons

Identify: Origin-Iliac crest, inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia (the lumbar fascia is an aponeurosis in the lumbar region), and costal cartilage of last six ribs. Insertion Xiphoid process, linea alba, and pubis. Action- Compresses and supports abdominal viscera.

Transversus abdominis

Identify: Origin: Medial 1/3 of superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, & spines of C7 & all thoracic vertebrae. Insertion: Lateral third of clavicle, acromion process, & spine of scapula. Action: Elevates, retracts & rotates scapula; superior fibers elevate; middle fibers retracts; inferior fibers depress scapula; superior and inferior fibers work together in superior rotation of scapula.

Trapezius

Because of the tissue composition of an individual skeletal muscle what level of organization is a muscle such as the biceps brachlii or pectoralis major classified within?

an organ

What are sheets of tissue that connect muscle to bone, skin, or other structures?

aponeuroses

What is an expansive sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that separates individual muscles, binds together muscles with similar functions, forms sheaths to help distribute nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels, and fill spaces between muscles?

deep fascia

Identify: Origin: Posterior tubercles of transverse process of C1-C4 Insertion: Superior part of vertebral border of scapula and tilts its glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula

levator scapulae

What is another term for skeletal muscle cells?

muscle fibers

Define axial muscles.

muscles that have both their origins and insertions on parts of the axial skeleton

Identify the sphincter muscle originating medially on the bones of the bones of the orbit and inserting on the tissue of the eyelids. It permits blinking, winking, and squinting.

orbicularis oculi

What muscles close the eye?

orbicularis oculi muscle

Identify the complicated, multilayered muscle with most of its fibers running circularly from the facial node. Its fibers insert in the skin , mucosa of lips, and muscles around the orifice of the oral cavity. It closes the lips and aids in pursing the lips as in kissing.

orbicularis oris

Most skeletal muscles cross one or more joints to bring about movements in those joints. Which attachment of a muscle usually remains stationary when a muscle contracts?

origin

What primary tissue type makes up the bulk of a skeletal muscle such as the biceps brachii?

skeletal muscle

Identify: Origin-sternal head: Ventral surface of the manubrium. Clavicular head: Cranial surface of medial third of clavicle. Insertion-Lateral surface of mastoid process and superior nuchal line of occipital bone. Action-Turns head to side; flexes neck and head.

sternocleidomastoid

What layer of tissue is composed of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue that separates muscle from skin?

superficial facia