Test 3 Study Guide

A self-defeating attributional style associated with loneliness involves attributing loneliness to a. Internal, stable factors b. Internal, unstable factors c. External, stable factors d. External, unstable factors

a

Aaron exhibits both masculine and feminine personality traits. According to gender identity theory, he would be classified as a. Androgynous b. Androcentric c. Undifferentiated d. Cross-gender-typed

a

According to research, the largest proportion of adults (& children) have which type of attachment style? a. secure b. avoidant c. inconsistent d. anxious-ambivalent

a

According to the text, for which the cognitive domain does one find the most "compelling" (i.e., well documented) gender differences? a. spatial b. verbal c. mathematics d. quantitative e. answers c & d are correct.

a

Among the family life cycle stages listed below, which period often is associated with the highest levels of marital satisfaction? a. newly married b. family with young children c. family with adolescent children d. launching children in adulthood

a

Cultural expectations about what is appropriate for each gender are called a. display rules. b. gender roles. c. secondary sex characteristics. d. gender schema.

a

Endogamy refers to a. The tendency to marry within one's social group b. The tendency to marry someone with similar attitudes c. The final marriage in serial monogamy d. Norms that promote marriage outside of one's social unit

a

One concern about evolutionary explanations of gender differences is a. They are difficult to test empirically. b. They focus too much on the biology and neurotransmitters. c. The statistics used in such studies are too difficult for most to understand.

a

Sara's supervisor implied that she would get a promotion if she would go out on a date with him. This is an example of a. Quid pro quo harassment b. Hostile environment harassment c. Benevolent sexism d. The Queen Bee phenomenon

a

Taken as a whole, gender differences in verbal abilities are a. Small and favor females b. Large and favor females c. Nonexistent d. Small and favor males

a

The mere exposure effect refers to an increase in positive feelings due to a. Seeing someone often b. Interacting with someone c. Communicating via email often d. Seeing someone once

a

Truc and Hiroshi have plenty of financial resources. In their marriage, arguments about money a. May be common b. Don't occur c. Are a big problem only if the wife earns more than her husband d. Are unrelated to marital satisfaction

a

When discussing diversity, for example group differences between women and men, it is important to remember that a. the similarities between the groups often outweigh the differences. b. the observed differences allow for easy and accurate predictions about specific individuals. c. most of the differences we see in people are due to gender differences. d. answers a and b are correct. e. answers a and c are correct. f. answers b and c are correct. g. answers a, b, & c are correct.

a

gender-role identity

a person's identification with the qualities regarded as masculine or feminine

sexual orientation

a person's preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same gender, the other gender, or either gender

intimate partner violence

aggression toward those who are in close relationships to the aggressor

mere exposure effect

an increase in positive feelings toward a novel stimulus (such as a person) based on frequent exposure to it

family life cycle

an orderly sequence of developmental stages that families tend to progress through

instrumentality

an orientation toward action and accomplishment

expressiveness

an orientation toward emotion and relationships

aggression

any behavior intended to hurt someone, either physically or verbally

A sociocultural explanation for the finding that women emphasize economic potential more than men in choosing partners is that women a. Have better vision than men b. Have historically had less economic power than men c. Are less superficial than men d. Have to compensate for being more romantic than men

b

Four-year-old Rachel seems to pay particular attention to what her mother and her older sister do, and she often imitates them. What is taking place? a. Punishment b. Observational learning c. Reinforcement d. Self-socialization

b

Ross is going through a painful breakup. He is ruminating about his dissatisfaction, the costs of his relationship, and his alternatives. Steve Duck would say Ross is going through which of the following? a. Breakdown processes b. Intrapsychic processes c. Dyadic processes d. Social processes

b

The evidence suggests that the negative effects of divorce on former spouses' physical health and mortality are a. Exaggerated for both sexes b. Greater for men than women c. Greater for women than men d. About the same for men and women

b

The finding that males exhibit more cerebral specialization than females supports which of the following biologically based explanations for gender differences? a. Evolutionary theory b. Brain organization c. Hormones d. Social constructionism

b

The idea that individuals can move between gender identities is referred to as a. Gender nonconformity b. Gender fluidity c. Transgender d. Androgyny

b

The matching hypothesis suggests a. people who have similar attachment styles tend to attract each other. b. people of similar levels of attractiveness tend to gravitate toward each other. c. we affiliate with people who have similar socioeconomic status as we do. d. evolutionary based changes make us seek similar individuals.

b

The transition to parenthood tends to be easier when a. The parents hold traditional gender roles b. The parents have realistic expectations c. The new parents are relatively young d. The father is not heavily involved in child care

b

Tracey's personal standard of what constitutes an acceptable balance of rewards and costs in a relationship is termed a. Social exchange b. Comparison level c. Proximity level d. Relationship satisfaction

b

Which is NOT cited by the text as a vulnerable area of marital adjustment? a. role expectations b. sexual behavior c. communication d. work/career issues

b

Which of the following reasons for cohabitation is associated with greater relationship commitment and satisfaction? a. Convenience b. Spending time together c. Testing the relationship d. Trial marriage

b

Which of the following statements regarding self-disclosure in online communication is accurate? a. Because online communication is anonymous, people take fewer risks in online self-disclosure b. Because online communication is anonymous, people take greater risks in online self-disclosure c. Because there is a potential record of one's online communication, people take fewer risks in online self-disclosure d. There is no difference in self-disclosure in online versus face-to-face communication

b

A problem with research on romantic relationships & love is that it suffers from ___, which is the ____. a. hindsight bias; the tendency to view relationships in the past more favorable b. evolutionary bias; the ability to explain phenomenon of the past but only because it is after the fact c. heterosexism, the assumption that people are in relationships with opposite sex partners d. definitional issues; fact that we cannot agree on how to define and measure love e. none of these are problems with this research, making this the best answer

c

All are cited by the text as prominent reasons why relationships end EXCEPT? a. Premature commitment to the other person b. Ineffective communication c. Similarity incongruence d. Attractive alternatives e. No exceptions, making this the best answer

c

Among the following traits, the largest gender differences are found in a. Verbal abilities b. Mathematical abilities c. Spatial abilities d. General intelligence

c

An androgynous person a. will have primarily female characteristics if male. b. will have primarily male characteristics if female. c. will have both male and female characteristics. d. is bisexual—just another term for it. e. is homosexual--just another term for it. f. Answers a & b are correct.

c

Based on trends in the data, which of the following couples has the greatest likelihood of marital success? a. Stephanie and David, whose parents are divorced b. Jane and Brian, who are both perfectionists c. Ruth and Randy, who had a long courtship d. Chris and Abby, who married at a very young age

c

Finances are least likely to affect marital satisfaction when a. couples have very little money. b. couples are wealthy and finically stable. c. couples make joint financial decisions. d. couples keep their finances separate.

c

If a researcher fails to determine the sexual orientation of her research participants and reports her findings without any mention of homosexuals, her study suffers from a. Homosexism b. Sexual dysfunction c. Heterosexism d. Homophobia

c

Jenna tends to keep her distance from others and is unconcerned about social rejection. She would be classified in which of the following attachment styles? a. Secure b. Preoccupied c. Avoidant-dismissing d. Avoidant-fearful

c

Most empirical studies suggest that maternal employment is a. very harmful to children b. moderately harmful to children c. generally not harmful and some benefits to children d. harmful initially but not in the long-term

c

Parents tend to respond negatively to __________ behavior, especially in __________. a. Gender appropriate; boys b. Gender appropriate; girls c. Gender inappropriate; boys d. Gender inappropriate; girls

c

The androcentric bias in gender stereotypes means that a. a greater number of traits are attributed to men than to women. b. a greater number of traits are attributed to women than to men. c. traits attributed to men are more complimentary than those attributed to women. d. traits attributed to women are more complimentary than those attributed to men.

c

The file drawer phenomenon in meta-analysis reflects a. that despite two groups may differing significantly on a characteristic, there is a great deal of overlap between the groups. b. the fact that meta-analyses cannot be applied to qualitative studies. c. the need to acquire all studies when doing a meta-analysis, including those that are unpublished, because not doing will likely bias the results/conclusions. d. the fact that most research data are stored in file drawers.

c

The notion that love is a prerequisite for marriage a. is a uniquely American tradition b. is a universal cultural phenomenon c. is a product of 18th century Western culture d. can be traced to Asian cultures of over 3000 years ago

c

The tendency to marry people with similar personal characteristics as yourself is referred to as a. monogamy b. endogamy c. homogamy d. heterogamy

c

Which of the following can an individual do to reduce the likelihood of being victimized by date rape? a. Offer token resistance to sexual advances b. Avoid communicating about sex altogether c. Beware of excessive alcohol and drug use d. View intrusive actions as non-threatening

c

hormones

chemical substances released into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands

gender schemas

cognitive structures that guide the processing of gender-relevant information

meta-analysis

combines the statistical results of many studies on the same question, yielding an estimate of the size and consistency of a variable's effects

gender roles

cultural expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each gender

In the text, biologically-based explanations of the origins of gender differences include all EXCEPT a. evolution. b. brain organization. c. hormones. d. neurotransmitters. e. there are no exceptions, making this the best answer.

d

Jack and Liz have been dating for two years. They are a good example of the matching hypothesis. This means that they are matched on the basis of a. Religion b. Personality c. Socioeconomic status d. Looks

d

Problems with gender-role expectations for men include a. pressure to be to be successful at one's job—being a provider. b. the need to be "good in bed," which can interfere with performance. c. the difficulty juggling multiple roles. d. answers a & b are correct.

d

Social exchange principles (i.e., social exchange/interdependence theory, which involves relationship outcome, satisfaction, & commitment) usually apply to ____ but may operate differently in ___. a. sexual relationships; close relationships b. close relationships; business relationships c. communal relationships; exchange relationships d. exchange relationships; communal relationships

d

Social role theory suggests that a. we tend to explain role-related behaviors in term of situational factors. b. we construct our own reality on the basis of our individual social experiences. c. large gender differences in behavior tend to be downplayed by inconsistent social roles. d. minor gender differences are exaggerated by the social roles men and women occupy.

d

The "mere exposure effect" is associated with which factor of initial attraction? a. nearness b. physical attractiveness c. proximity d. familiarity

d

The internet a. is becoming less influential on relationships as people are realizing there are too many dishonest people taking advantage of it. b. may increase contact between people but few move on to face-to-face encounters. c. allows for dating relationships to develop, and it has been found that the all the factors that predict relationship development operate the same way on the internet as they do face-to-face. d. allows for close and romantic relationships to develop and persist, with most viewing positively.

d

There are several societal trends that challenge the traditional model of marriage. Which of the following is NOT one of the trends identified by in your text and our class notes? a. increased acceptability of being single b. increased acceptability of cohabitation c. voluntary childlessness d. geographic population changes

d

Which of the following characteristics in young children is related to maternal employment? a. Increased hyperactivity b. Higher anxiety c. Increased positive interactions with the mothers d. Increased prosocial behavior

d

Which of the following has been supported by research on intimate relationships among gay men and lesbians? a. The majority of same-sex couples have open relationships b. Same-sex couples avoid becoming involved in long-term relationships c. Same-sex couples have impoverished family relations d. Most gay men and lesbians desire a stable, long-term relationship

d

Which of the following is a social trend that is undermining the traditional model of marriage? a. Decreased acceptance of singlehood b. Less voluntary childlessness c. Reduced acceptance of cohabitation d. Reduced premium on permanence in marriage

d

Which of the following is not a problem associated with the male role? a. Pressure to succeed b. Emotional inexpressiveness c. Sexual problems d. The marriage mandate

d

Which of the following perspectives proposes that to be fully human, people need to move beyond gender roles as a way of organizing their perceptions of themselves and others? a. Social constructivism b. Evolutionary theory c. Gender-role identity d. Gender-role transcendence

d

Which statement(s) about mental disorders and gender differences is/are true? a. There are minimal to no differences in the overall rates of disorders. b. Girls and eventually women are more likely to show internalizing disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety). c. Boys and eventually men are more likely to show disorganized disorders (e.g. dissociative identity disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar). d. Answers a & b are correct. e. All answers are correct.

d

Women's same-gender friendships are typically based on __________; men's are typically based on __________. a. Shopping together; hunting together b. Attending sporting events; watching sports events on television c. Shared activities; intimacy and self-disclosure d. Intimacy and self-disclosure; shared activities

d

Women's same-gender friendships are typically based upon____ whereas men's are based on ___. a. shopping together; hunting together b. do housework; describing accomplishments c. shared activities; intimacy and self-disclosure d. intimacy & self-disclosure; shared activities

d

shyness

discomfort, inhibition, and excessive caution in interpersonal relations

sexism

discrimination against people on the basis of their gender

Gender role socialization occurs through all of the following ways EXCEPT? a. Parental influences b. Peer influences c. Educational system d. Through cartoons, TV commercials, & video games. e. No exceptions, making this the best answer.

e

In general, for ongoing love relationships, which of the following component(s) in Robert Sternberg's triangular theory increase(s) and do not decrease over time? 1. passion 2. commitment 3. intimacy a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1 & 2 only e. 2 & 3 only f. 1 & 3 only h. 1, 2, & 3

e

Regarding attachment styles, which statement(s) is/are accurate? a. Securely attached adults tend to have relationships that last longer than other attachment style types. b. Once set by adolescents, attachment styles remain the same for nearly all people though their life time. c. Attachment styles among children are similar to attachment styles among adults. d. Attachment styles help us understand intimate relationships but are unrelated to other behaviors (e.g., health habits, sense of humor, job satisfaction) e. Answers a & c are correct f. Answers c & d are correct

e

Which is true of cohabitation? a. It is still illegal in some states. b. Rates are increasing in USA & are higher in areas of Europe. c. It is more frequent among educated and high income people d. It leads to less discord and lower divorce rates. e. Answers a & b are true. f. Answers b & c are true g. Answers a, b, & c are true. h. All answers are true/correct.

e

battering

encompasses physical abuse, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse of an intimate partner

Regarding non-heterosexual couples, compared to heterosexual couples, which is true? a. Gay and lesbian relationship priorities are very different from heterosexual couples. b. Gay male couples' relationship tends to be briefer and more prone to breakups. c. Most research supports the idea that gay marriage erodes family values. d. Gay and lesbian couples face more stress as they are likely to face prejudice and discrimination. e. Answers a & b are correct. f. Answers b & d are correct.

f

Which of the following is associated with a higher probability of marital success? a. shorter courtship period b. having divorced parents c. marrying later in life d. having fewer stressful events e. Answers b & c are correct. f. Answers c & d are correct

f

date rape

forced and unwanted intercourse in the context of dating

proximity

geographic, residential, and other forms of spatial closeness

polygamy

having more than one spouse at one time

reciprocal liking

liking those who show that they like you

cohabitation

living together in a sexually intimate relationship without the legal bonds of marriage

body image

one's attitudes, beliefs, and feelings about one's body

comparison level for alternatives

one's estimation of the available outcomes from alternative relationships

comparison level

one's personal standard of what constitutes an acceptable balance of rewards and costs in a relationship

socialization

the acquisition of the norms and roles expected of people in a particular society

relationship maintenance

the actions and activities used to sustain the desired quality of a relationship

social constructionism

the assertion that individuals construct their own reality based on societal expectations, conditioning, and self-socialization

social role theory

the assertion that minor gender differences are exaggerated by the different social roles that males and females occupy

heterosexism

the assumption that all individuals and relationships are heterosexual

corpus callosum

the band of fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain

androcentrism

the belief that the male is the norm

androgyny

the coexistence of both masculine and feminine personality traits in a single person

commitment

the decision and intent to maintain a relationship in spite of the difficulties and costs that may arise

loneliness

the emotional state that occurs when a person has fewer interpersonal relationships than desired or when these relationships are not as satisfying as desired

parental investment theory

the idea that a species' mating patterns depend on what each sex has to invest--in the way of time, energy, and survival risk--to produce and nurture offspring

interdependence theory

the idea that interpersonal relationships are governed by perceptions of the rewards and costs exchanged in interactions

social exchange theory

the idea that interpersonal relationships are governed by perceptions of the rewards and costs exchanged in interactions

matching hypothesis

the idea that people of similar levels of physical attractiveness gravitate toward each other

gender-role transcendence perspective

the idea that to be fully human, people need to move beyond gender roles as a way of organizing their perceptions of themselves and others

passion

the intense feelings (both positive and negative) experienced in love relationships, including sexual desire

divorce

the legal dissolution of a marriage

marriage

the legally and socially sanctioned union of sexually intimate adults

monogamy

the practice of having only one spouse at a time

cerebral hemispheres

the right and left halves of the cerebrum, which is the convoluted outer layer of the brain

gender

the state of being male or female

homogamy

the tendency of people to marry others who have similar personal characteristics

endogamy

the tendency of people to marry within their own social group

self-disclosure

the voluntary act of sharing personal information about yourself with another person

investments

things that people contribute to a relationship that they can't get back if the relationship ends

close relationships

those relationships that are important, interdependent, and long lasting

attachment styles

typical ways of interacting in close relationships

sexual harassment

unwelcome conduct on the basis of gender

intimacy

warmth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship

gender stereotypes

widely shared beliefs about males' and females' abilities, personality traits, and social behavior