test earth

How many seismic stations are needed to locate the epicenter of an Earthquake? Question options: 5 An infinite number 2 1 3

3

Approximately what percent of the Earth is land? Question options: 15% 90% 50% 30% 70%

30

A magnitude 7 earthquake is 100 times stronger than a magnetude ___ earthquake. Question options: 5 9 .07 700 1

5

If a streak plate has a hardness of around 6.5, which of the following hardness numbers of minerals will NOT be able to leave a streak? Check ALL that apply. Question options: 10 7 5 8 6

7 , 8 , 10

Magnetic minerals within rock which have an inclination of 90 degrees (are perpendicular to the surface) indicate that the rock formed ____________ . Question options: At the geopraphic pole Underwater and opposed to land At the equator At the magnetic pole

At the magnetic pole

Which of the following planets are relatively small, dense, and made of mostly rocky material? Select all that apply. Question options: Venus Mars Earth Uranus Mercury Jupiter Saturn Neptune

Earth , Mercury , venus , mars

The geocentric theory stated that ____________ . Question options: Earth was the center of the universe The Sun was the center of the solar system The Sun was the center of the universe Earth was the center of the solar system

Earth was the center of the universe

Which of the following is NOT true about a hot spot? Question options: Hot spots are thought to be stationary plumes of hot mantle rock which move towards the surface. Hot spots are primarily located near plate boundaries The Hawaiian Islands are being formed by a hot spot Hot spot plumes originate from the core-mantle boundary

Hot spots are primarily located near plate boundaries

How were most of the elements heavier than iron (element number 26) formed? Question options: Artifically in partical accelerators and in the laboratory In stars through nuclear fusion In supernova explosions In the Big Bang In stars through nuclear fission

In supernova explosions

What are the 4 main elements that make up the whole Earth? Question options: Hydrogen, Oxygen, Helium, Nitrogen Silicon, Oxygen, Manganese, Hydrogen Iron, Oxygen, Silicon, Magnesium Iron, Nickel, Sulfur, Nitrogen Iron, Nickel, Aluminum, Silicon

Iron, Oxygen, Silicon, Magnesium

Match the fault type with its typical tectonic boundary setting. _____ Strike-Slip Fault _____ Normal Fault _____ Thrust Fault _____ Reverse Fault 1. Divergent Boundary 2. Convergent Boundary 3. Transform Boundary

Normal Fault C. Divergent Boundary Reverse Fault B. Convergent Boundary Strike-Slip Fault A. Transform Boundary Thrust Fault B. Convergent Boundary

The most common group of minerals are the ____________. Question options: Native Elements Oxides Hydroxides Silicates Sulfides

Silicates

Which concept is explained in the following definition: the apparent change in the frequency of a wave (sound, light, or other) based on the relative motion between an object and an observer? Question options: Nebula Theory Planetary Differentiation The Doppler Effect Conservation of Momentum The First Law of Thermodynamics

The Doppler Effect

Match the following geologic features with their type of plate boundary. _____ The San Andreas Fault _____ The Himilayan Mountains _____ The Red Sea 1. Transform Boundary 2. Divergent Boundary 3. Convergent Boundary

The San Andreas Fault - A. Transform Boundary The Red Sea - B. Divergent Boundary The Himilayan Mountain:s - C. Convergent Boundary

How did Earth's first atmosphere and oceans form? Question options: Volcanic Outgassing Melting and vaporization of icy comets colliding with Earth By the capturing of solar wind and particles from the sun Earth's early atmosphere was leftover material of our nebula that did not coalesce

Volcanic Outgassing

Earthquakes most commonly occur due to _________________ . Question options: Landslides Meteorite impacts Changes in mineral structure Fault slip Volcanic eruptions

Volcanic eruptions

Why was Alfred Wegner's Theory of continental drift not accepted? Question options: the apparent fit of continental coastlines is blurred when the margins are defined by the edges of continental shelves rather than sea level He could not explain when and how the first continents were first created He could not explain what caused the continents to move. He forgot to take into account Earth's gravity and rotation. His mathematical calculations of plate motions were off

He could not explain what caused the continents to move.

What kind of ground can liquefaction take place if an earthquake occurs? Question options: Wet loose sediment Dry loose sediment Solid bedrock Cracked bedrock

Wet loose sediment

Magmas are composed of solids, liquids, and gases. Question options:True False

true

Millions of earthquakes happen every year. Question options:TrueFalse

true

Oceanic crust is primarily composed of __________ while continental crust is composed of ____________. Question options: limestone ; granite gabbro ; sandstone basalt ; granite barite ; greenstone granite ; basalt

basalt ; granite

If a mineral breaks along flat planes of weakness it is said to have _______________ . Question options: cleavage fracture low hardness inclusions nice luster

cleavage

Which layer of the Earth is by far the thinnest? Question options: Outer Core Crust Mantle Lithosphere Inner Core

crust

Oceanic crust is formed at __________ boundaries and destroyed at ___________ boundaries. Question options: divergent ; convergent convergent ; divergent transform ; convergent divergent ; transform

divergent ; convergent

A rock which is said to have two different dominant grain sizes most likely due to two different stages of cooling is described as _______________ . Question options: being both a felsic and maficrock having a porphyritic texture a pluton or batholith containing xenoliths having euhedral crystals

having a porphyritic texture

Which of the following will cause a magma or lava to have a high viscosity? Question options: low gas content high gas content low silica content high temperature low temperature high silica content

high silica content

The Big Bang Theory explains ____________ . Question options: how our solar system was formed how stars are formed how our universe will eventually "die" how our universe was formed the formation of Earth's moon

how our universe was formed

The point at which an earthquake originates is the ____________ . Question options: supercenter triple junction epicenter fault hypocenter

hypocenter

As the distance from an earthquakes epicenter increases, the time between the S and P wave arrivals at a seismic station will ___________ . Question options: increase decrease stay the same

increase

The hardness of a mineral refers to ___________________ . Question options: its ability to resist scratching the number of planes along which atoms are bonded weakly its ability to bend (flexibility) how easily the mineral breaks its ability to withstand high temperatures and pressures

its ability to resist scratching

Which of the following layers of Earth is the largest by volume? Question options: Lithosphere Mantle Core Crust

mantle

Select all of the following which can make the following statement true: The oceanic crust ___________________ than the continental crust. Question options: sits lower in the mantle is thicker is rougher is more dense sits high in the mantle is less dense is thinner

more dense , lower in mantle, thinner

Which layer of the Earth is responsible for creating Earth's Magnetic Field? Question options: Mantle Asthenosphere Lithosphere Inner Core Outer Core

outer core

Which of the following is the only completely liquid layer of the internal Earth? Question options: Asthenosphere Inner Core Outer Core Moho Mantle

outer core

Light from distant galaxies is _________ - shifted indicating that our universe is ___________ . (Note: The answer on the left of each row belongs to the first blank and the answer on the right corresponds to the second blank). Question options: blue ; contracting red ; expanding None of the above. Sound is used to tell whether the universe is expanding or contracting, not light. red ; contracting blue ; expanding

red ; expanding

When the hanging wall slides up with respect to the footwall a __________ fault is formed. Question options: Normal None of the Above Reverse Strike-Slip

reverse

The piece of paper which records the amplitude of shaking from an earthquake is referred to as a ___________ . Question options: seismogram seismograph seismometer seismic station

seisogram

The powder left behind by a mineral once it is rubbed on a streak plate is referred to as its ______________ . Question options: crystal habit streak cleavage luster fracture pattern

streak

An igneous rock forms from _____________________ . Question options: crystallization of the outer core which are later bought to the surface compaction and cementation of sediments high temperatures and pressure being put on preexisting rock the cooling of magma or lava

the cooling of magma or lava

Which factor most notably affects the grain sizes of the crystals in an igneous rock? Question options: the force of gravity the cooling rate the silica content the chemical composition

the cooling rate

The silicates are typically subcategorized based on _____________ . Question options: how the silica tetrahedrons are organized and share oxygens the primary metallic ion their abundance and locations on earth the dominant anion group

the dominant anion group

Approximately how fast do tectonic plates move? Question options: 1-15 m/yr 1-15 mm/yr 1-15 cm/yr 1-15 km/million years 1-15 km/yr

1-15 cm/yr

Order the following magma and igneous rock chemical compositions from highest silica content to lowest silica content (1 being highest silica and 4 being lowest silica). _____Intermediate_____Mafic_____Ultramafic_____Felsic

1. Felsic 2. Intermediate 3. Mafic 4. Ultramafic

The Universe is approximately ___________ years old while our solar system is about ____________ years old. (Note: the first number in the rows below is the age of the universe and the second number is the age of our solar system). Question options: 13.7 million ; 4.56 billion 13.7 million ; 4.56 million 13.7 billion ; 4.56 million 13.7 billion ; 4.56 billion Both were created at the same time 13.7 billion years ago during the big bang.

13.7 billion ; 4.56 billion

Which of the following choices best explains how our Moon formed? Question options: The newborn Earth had a very fast rotation causing some of the molten material to be flung off into orbit around the Earth. The Moon and Earth formed at the same exact time near each other in space, coalescing from debris in the same "neighborhood." The Moon is a man made structure made by ancient civilizations. A Mars-sized object crashed into the early Earth and ejected molten fragments of the Earth into space which began to coalesce and orbit the Earth. The Earth's gravity captured the Moon in its orbit as it was flung from the outer solar system towards the sun.

A Mars-sized object crashed into the early Earth and ejected molten fragments of the Earth into space which began to coalesce and orbit the Earth.

What is the main difference between a dike and a sill? Question options: A dike is usually mafic and a sill is usually felsic A dike comes from the deep mantle while a sill forms near the surface A dike is usually coarse grained while a sill is fine grained A dike cuts across layers of rock while a sill is squeezed in between or parallel to layers of rock

A dike cuts across layers of rock while a sill is squeezed in between or parallel to layers of rock

At which geologic setting do we NOT find igneous rocks or igneous activity? Question options: At hot spots At a continental rift At a transform boundary Near subduction zones Along a mid ocean ridge

At a transform boundary

Where do earthquakes tend to occur most commonly? Question options: At any type of plate boundary At convergent and transform boundaries only At convergent boundaries only In the middle of tectonic plates far away from a boundary Deep within the Earth

At convergent boundaries only

Which of the following is NOT a common element in igneous rocks or magmas? Question options: Oxygen (O) Sodium (Na) Carbon (C) Magnesium (Mg) Silicon (Si)

Carbon

Which of the following is/are NOT true about extrusive igneous rocks? Select all that apply. Question options: Composed of only one mineral Have fine grained crystals which typically cannot be seen with the naked eye Cool at earth's surface Typically felsic in composition Undergo rapid cooling

Composed of only one mineral

What causes tectonics plates to move? Question options: Convection in the Mantle Earth's Rotation The Wind Isostatic Forces Tidal forces from the Moon

Convection in the Mantle

Which term below refers to the shape or arrangement of a single crystal or a cluster of crystals? Question options: Differentiation Euhedral Crystal Habit Polymorphic

Crystal Habit

Match the plate boundary with its motion _____ Transform Boundary _____ Converget Boundary _____ Divergent Boundary 1. Plates Spreading Apart 2. Plates moving together and colliding 3. Plates sliding next to each other side by side 4. Plates moving up and down with respect to each other

Divergent Boundary- A. Plates Spreading Apart Convergent Boundary - B. Plates moving together and colliding Transform Boundary - C. Plates sliding next to each other side by side

Tectonic plates are part of the ____________ and float on the _____________ . Question options: Mantle ; Outer Core Mantle ; Crust Lithosphere ; Asthenosphere Lithosphere ; Hydrosphere Asthenosphere ; Lower Mantle

Lithosphere ; Asthenosphere

Which of the following earthquake scales measures the amount of damage caused by an earthquake? Question options: Richter Scale Moment Magnitude Scale Mercalli Intensity Scale Saffir-Simpson Scale

Mercalli Intensity Scale

Match the geologic feature or process with the associated plate boundary. _____ Sea Floor Spreading _____ Trench _____ Volcanic Arcs _____ Mid Ocean Ridge _____ Accretionary Prism 1. Divergent Boundary 2. Sudbuction Zone (convergent) 3. Transform Boundary

Mid Ocean Ridge - C. Divergent Boundary Trench - B. Sudbuction Zone (convergent) Sea Floor Spreading - C. Divergent Boundary Accretionary Prism - B. Sudbuction Zone (convergent) Volcanic Arcs - B. Sudbuction Zone (convergent)

Paleomagnetic stripes on the ocean floor run parallel to _____________ . Question options: Mountain Belts Geographic North Subduction Zones Mid Ocean Ridges Transform Boundaries

Mid Ocean Ridges

Where does decompression melting occur? Select all that apply. Question options: Mid Ocean Ridges Hot Spots Continental Rifts Subduction Zones Transform Boundaries

Mid Ocean Ridges Hot Spots

Check ALL of the following which ARE requirements to be a mineral. Question options: Must be found in only one location on Earth Must have a definite chemical composition Must have a crystalline structure Must have a use in industry Must be formed inorganically Must be a solid at Earth's surface Must be formed naturally in nature Must be composted of metallic elements

Must be formed inorganically Must be a solid at Earth's surface Must have a crystalline structure Must be formed naturally in nature Must have a definite chemical composition

Select ALL of the following celestial bodies which are considered Jovian planets. Question options: Mercury Jupiter Neptune Earth Pluto Saturn Uranus Venus Mars

Saturn , Neptune , Jupiter , Uranus

Which of the following descriptions most accurately describe flux melting? Question options: Ocean water seeps through cracks at divergent boundaries in the Earth's crust down into the mantle forcing it to melt and become more liquid. As a tectonic plate decends into the mantle, it heats up and melts producing magma. Water and other volatile substances within the rocks of the subducting plate get released to the mantle at certain depths lowering the melting point of the mantle rocks which can cause them to melt Friction between a subducting plate and the surrounding mantle produce heat which causes the mantle to melt producing magma

Ocean water seeps through cracks at divergent boundaries in the Earth's crust down into the mantle forcing it to melt and become more liquid.

Why isn't there much ocean crust older than 180 million years old? Question options: Old ocean crust becomes cold and dense and eventually subducts back into the mantle Over time the oceanic crust turns into continental crust Ocean crust only started to form for the first time a little over 180 million years ago The sediments on top of the ocean crust give ages of 180 million years old but the actual ocean crust is much older

Old ocean crust becomes cold and dense and eventually subducts back into the mantle

Which type of seismic wave moves the fastest? Question options: P wave F wave S wave L wave R wave

P waves

Which of the following did Alfred Wegner NOT use as evidence for his theory of continental drift? Question options: Paleomagnetic stripes on the ocean floor Paleoclimate Data Glacial Deposits Fossils from land animals Matching rock units

Paleomagnetic stripes on the ocean floor

Which of the following statements is true about an igneous rock with a glassy texture and composition? Question options: Glassy rocks are artificially made by humans Rocks made of glass do not have any mineral crystals Glassy rocks have perfect cleavage Glassy rocks form from slow cooling of magma at high pressures

Rocks made of glass do not have any mineral crystals

Minerals which have the same chemical formulas but different crystalline structures are called ____________. Question options: Crystal habits Euhedral Polymorphs Anisotropic Pseudomorphs

Polymorphs

What is the replationship of pressure, temperature, and density to depth (i.e. how does pressure, temperature, and density change as you go from the Earth's surface to the core)? Question options: Pressure decreases ; Temperature decreases ; Density decreases Pressure increases ; Temperature decreases ; Density increases Pressure increases ; Temperature increases ; Density decreases Pressure increases ; Temperature increases ; Density increases Pressure decreases ; Temperature increases ; Density decreases

Pressure increases ; Temperature increases ; Density increases

Which of the following waves is or are responsible for causing the most damage during an earthquake? Select all that apply Question options: P waves R waves F waves L waves S waves

R , L

Which of the following waves moves through all layers of the Earth? Select all that apply. Question options: R waves L waves P waves S waves

R, P, S

What causes minerals to grow into their typical crystal forms with flat crystalline faces? Question options: Low pressure A molding into which it can grow Low temperature A high concentration of necessary elements needed to build the crystal Sufficient space to grow

Sufficient space to grow

Which statement below best describes the process, event, or conditions that must occur for a star to be born? Question options: A black hole swallows a substantial amount of matter and subsequently releases volatile elements and radiation The pressure at the center of a galaxy must become great enough in order to fuse Helium into Hydrogen. The center of a nebula must become hot enough to undergo nuclear fusion of Hydrogen into Helium The center of a nebula must become hot enough to undergo nuclear fission of Hydrogren into Helium The center of a nebula must become hot enough to cause Iron to undergo nuclear fission A section of space must have a high number of planets producing a strong gravitational field

The center of a nebula must become hot enough to undergo nuclear fission of Hydrogren into Helium

Minerals are classified into chemical groups based on _____________ . Question options: Those which react to acid (effervesce) and those which do not Their specific gravity The type of metal ion The dominant anion (negatively charged ion of an element or molecule) The most abundant element within the structure

The dominant anion (negatively charged ion of an element or molecule)

What does Bowen's reaction series describe? Question options: How rocks obtain different textures The chemical reactions and transitions that a rock undergoes when reacting with water The order of crystallization of minerals in a cooling body of magma The intensity of metamorphism that a rock has undergone All of the above

The order of crystallization of minerals in a cooling body of magma

How do scientists understand the internal geometric arrangement of atoms inside crystalline substances? Question options: Through X-ray diffraction patterns By testing and observing physical properties such as hardness, streak, luster, and cleavage. Through whole sample analysis under a microscope Through the use of mass spectrometers

Through X-ray diffraction patterns

Which of the following is NOT a way in which minerals can form? Question options: Solid-State Diffusion (Changes in Pressure and Temperature) Through radioactive forces By cooling of lava or magma Precipitation from a solution From deposition of a gas

Through radioactive forces

How do scientists know about Earth's interior and all of its layers? Question options: Through the analysis of seismic wave velocities through the Earth By drilling cores and analyzing rocks from each layer Through electric and magnetic readings of the Earth By firsthand exploration of caves and the depths of the oceans

Through the analysis of seismic wave velocities through the Earth

Which of the following about tsunamis is false? Question options: Tsunami waves can be caused by large underwater landslides Tsunami waves are sometimes imperceptable out in the deep ocean Tsunami waves move very fast (max of several hundred km per hour) Tsunamis can be caused by strong winds

Tsunamis can be caused by strong winds

If a mineral surface reflects a lot of light, is opaque (does not allow light to travel through), and may have a surface color similar to keys it is said to have ____________. Question options: a metallic luster a glassy luster a light luster no luster a non-metallic luster

a metallic luster

A light year is a unit of time. Question options:TrueFalse

false

Color is a great distinctive property for most minerals since most minerals tend to appear in the same color when found. Question options:True False

false

Which minerals inside of a rock are the first to melt when undergoing partial melting? Question options: Intermediate The whole rock melts at the same time Felsic Mafic Ultramafic

felisc