Test Two- Orgs and Management

Motivating with goal-setting theory?

• Give employees specific, challenging goals. • Make sure workers truly accept organizational goals. • Provide frequent, specific, performance-related feedback.

What are the basic components of goal-setting theory?

• Goal specificity • Goal difficulty • Goal acceptance • Performance feedback

What are the five steps to motivating workers with reinforcement theory?

• Identify • Measure • Analyze • Intervene • Evaluate

Steps managers can take several practical steps to motivate employees:

• Start by asking people what their needs are. • Satisfy lower-order needs first. • Expect peoples' needs to change.

The stages of team development?

1. Forming 2. Storming 3. Norming 4. Performing 5. De-Norming

The ______ is a rule of thumb used by the courts and the EEOC

80% Rule

What is extension?

A reinforcement strategy in which a positive consequence is no longer allowed to follow a previously reinforced behavior. By removing the positive consequence, extinction weakens the behavior, making it less likely to occur.

What are outplacement services?

Advice and training in preparing résumés, getting ready for job interviews, and even identifying job opportunities in other companies.

Transformational leaders _____.

Are accurately described by all of these

What is evaluate?

Assessing the extent to which the intervention actually changed workers' behavior. This is done by comparing behavior after the intervention to the original baseline of behavior before the intervention.

Which of the following is an example of a subjective performance measure?

Behavioral observation scales

What is Alderfer's ERG theory?

Collapses Maslow's five needs into three: existence (safety and physiological needs), relatedness (belongingness), and growth (esteem and self-actualization.

Which of the following questions is deemed acceptable (i.e., "legal") for employers to ask applicants during the selection process?

Convicted of a crime

Which one of the following traits refers to high levels of effort and is characterized by achievement, motivation, ambition, energy, tenacity, and initiative?

Drive

Which of the following statements about résumés and job application forms is true?

Employee-related laws apply to job applications

The states that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that they are offered attractive rewards.

Expectancy theory

What is performance feedback?

Information about the quality or quantity of past performance and indicates whether progress is being made toward the accomplishment of a goal.

Which of the following is the best leadership style for all situations?

None of these

Group cohesion tends to be relatively strong at the ______ stage of team development.

Norming

Team performance?

On average, there is a 66 percent chance that cohesive teams will outperform less cohesive teams.

Which of the following provides employment counseling services for employees faced with downsizing?

Outplacement services

The goal of the Apollo 11 moon flight was to put a man on the moon. According to Charles Garfield, who worked at NASA on the Apollo mission, Apollo 11 was off-course 90 percent of the time between here and the moon. But the crew of Apollo 11 used that allowed it to make rapid course corrections.

Performance feedback

One of the reasons items manufactured in Southeast Asia are imported into the United States less expensively is that workers are paid a small amount of money for each item produced. The manufacturers operating in Southeast Asia use what type of pay plan?

Piecework

What is affirmative action?

Purposeful steps taken by an organization to create employment opportunities for minorities and women.

_____ is the form of sexual harassment in which employment outcomes such as hiring, promotion, or simply keeping one's job depend on whether an individual submits to sexual harassment.

Quid pro quo sexual harassment

Which of the following statements about Internet recruiting is true?

Reach a large number of people.

______ is the process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior.

Reinforcement

______ are the cause-and-effect relationships between the performance of specific behaviors and specific consequences.

Reinforcement contingencies

What is identity?

Singling out critical, observable, performance-related behaviors. These are the behaviors that are most important to successful job performance. In addition, they must also be easily observed so that they can be accurately measured.

________ occurs when workers withhold their efforts and fail to perform their share of the work.

Social loafing

What is positive reinforcement?

Strengthens behavior (i.e., increases its frequency) by following behaviors with desirable consequences.

What is negative reinforcement?

Strengthens behavior by withholding an unpleasant consequence when employees perform a specific behavior.

Interviewing typically leads to much more accurate hiring decisions (i.e., correctly predicting which job applicants will perform better, and therefore should be hired).

Structured

What is analyze?

Studying the causes and consequences of these behaviors. Analyzing the causes helps managers create the conditions that produce these critical behaviors, and analyzing the consequences helps them determine if these behaviors produce the results that they want.

What is McClelland's theory of needs?

Suggests that people are motivated by the need for affiliation (to be liked and accepted), the need for achievement (to accomplish challenging goals), or the need for power (to influence others).

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, what leadership style involves being friendly and approachable to employees, showing concern for them and their welfare, treating them as equals, and creating a friendly climate.

Supportive leadership

What are extrinsic rewards?

Tangible and visible to others and are given to employees contingent on the performance of specific tasks or behaviors.

______ describes the average level of ability, experience, personality, or any other factor on a team.

Team level

What is valence?

The attractiveness or desirability of various rewards or outcomes.

Which of the following statements about social loafing is true?

The consequences of social loafing include a loss of efficiency.

What is social integration?

The degree to which group members are psychologically attracted to working with each other to accomplish a common objective.

What is goal difficulty?

The extent to which a goal is hard or challenging to accomplish.

What is goal specificity?

The extent to which goals are detailed, exact, and unambiguous.

What is goal acceptance?

The extent to which people consciously understand and agree to goals.

According to the path-goal theory, which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency?

The formal authority system

What are intrinsic rewards?

The natural rewards associated with performing a task or activity for its own sake.

What is expectancy?

The perceived relationship between effort and performance.

What is instrumentality?

The perceived relationship between performance and rewards.

Which of the following signs would indicate that a team is too small?

The team has no sense of responsibility

What is Least Preferred Coworker scale?

There are two basic leadership styles. People who describe their LPC in a positive way have relationship-oriented leadership styles. People who describe their LPC in a negative way have task-oriented leadership styles.

A directive leader, one who lets his employees know precisely what is expected of them, give them specific guidelines for performing tasks, schedules work, set standards of performance, and makes sure that people follow standard rules and regulations would most likely have _______.

Told employees precisely what he expected them to do

In a(n) _______ reinforcement schedule, consequences follow a behavior after different times, some shorter and some longer, that vary around a specified average time.

Variable interval

Virtual teams ________.

Very flexible

______ is leadership that creates a positive image of the future that motivates organizational members and provides direction for future planning and goal setting.

Visionary leadership

What is punishment?

Weakens behavior (i.e., decreases its frequency) by following behaviors with undesirable consequences.

Team Performance with Independent Tasks?

When teams perform independent tasks, there is only a 60 percent chance that cohesive teams will outperform less cohesive teams.

Team performance with Interdependent tasks?

When teams perform interdependent tasks, there is a 73 percent chance that cohesive teams will outperform less cohesive teams.

What is an underreward?

When you are getting fewer outcomes relative to your inputs than the referent.

What is an overreward?

When you are getting more outcomes relative to your inputs than the referent.

According to the text, a(n) is a small number of people with complementary skills who hold themselves mutually accountable for pursuing a common purpose, achieving performance goals, and improving interdependent work processes.

Work team

Reinforcement theory says behavior is a function of _______.

it's consequences

What is diversity?

A variety of demographic, cultural, and personal differences among an organization's employees and customers.

Team norms in an organization can create ____.

All of these

What is intervene?

Changing the organization by using positive and negative reinforcement to increase the frequency of these critical behaviors.

What are higher-order needs?

Concerned with relationships, challenges, accomplishments, and influence.

For punishment to work (i.e., to weaken the frequency of undesirable behaviors without creating a backlash), the punishment must be strong enough to stop the undesired behavior and must be administered ______.

Consistently, contingently and quickly

What is measure?

Determining the baseline frequencies of these behaviors. In other words, find out how often workers perform them.

What is surface-level diversity?

Differences such as age, sex, race/ethnicity, and physical disabilities that are observable, typically unchangeable, and easy to measure.

What is deep-level diversity?

Differences such as personality and attitudes that are communicated through verbal and nonverbal behaviors and are learned only through extended interaction with others.

_______ is the extent to which people consciously understand and agree to goals

Goal acceptance

A _______ is a purposeful, systematic process for collecting information on the important work-related aspects of a job.

Job analysis

_______ help companies meet the legal requirement that their human resource decisions be job-related.

Job specs, job analysis, job descriptions

What is leadership?

Leadership is the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals.

Needs satisfaction

Needs are the physical or psychological requirements that must be met to ensure survival and well-being. A person's unmet need creates an uncomfortable, internal state of tension that must be resolved.

What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Suggests that people are motivated by physiological (food and water), safety (physical and economic), belongingness (friendship, love, social interaction), esteem (achievement and recognition), and self- actualization (realizing your full potential) needs.

Who are leaders?

Trait theory says that effective leaders possess traits or characteristics that differentiate them from non-leaders. Those traits are drive, the desire to lead, honesty/integrity, self-confidence, emotional stability, cognitive ability, and knowledge of the business.

________ generates awareness and acceptance of a group's purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interest for the good of the group.

Transformational leadership

The achievement of stretch goals is made easier when the team members have ____.

Bureaucratic immunity

What is the difference between leaders and managers?

By contrast, leaders have a long-term focus and are concerned with change, with ends rather than means, and with inspiring and motivating others to solve their own problems. Organizations need both managers and leaders. But in general, companies are over-managed and under-led. Leaders begin with the question, "What should we be doing?" while managers start with "How can we do what we're already doing better?"

________ is the extent to which team members are attracted to a team and motivated to remain with it.

Choesiveness

Which of the following types of tests accurately predicts job performance all kinds of jobs?

Cognitive ability tests

What are lower-order needs?

Concerned with safety and physiological/existence requirements.

In terms of simplicity and effectiveness, which of the following reinforcement schedules may be the best choice for managers?

Continuous

______ is the extent to which goals are detailed, exact, and unambiguous.

Goal specificity

Transformational leaders that pay special attention to followers' individual needs by creating learning opportunities, accepting and tolerating individual differences, encouraging two-way communication, and practice being a good listener describes the component of transformational leadership known as ______?

Individualized consideration

Which of the following statements about the two basic leader behaviors that are central to successful leadership is true?

Initiating structure and Consideration

According to expectancy theory, in order for people to be highly motivated, _______ must be high.

Instrumentality